Secure Remote Password protocol

The Secure Remote Password protocol (SRP) is an augmented password-authenticated key agreement (PAKE) protocol, specifically designed to work around existing patents.[1]

Like all PAKE protocols, an eavesdropper or man in the middle cannot obtain enough information to be able to brute force guess a password without further interactions with the parties for each guess. This means that strong security can be obtained using weak passwords. Furthermore, being an augmented PAKE protocol, the server does not store password-equivalent data. This means that an attacker who steals the server data cannot masquerade as the client unless they first perform a brute force search for the password.

In layman's terms, given two parties who both know a password, SRP (or any other PAKE protocol) is a way for one party (the "client" or "user") to demonstrate to another party (the "server") that they know the password, without sending the password itself, nor any other information from which the password can be broken. Further, it is not possible to conduct an offline brute force search for the password.

Overview

The SRP protocol has a number of desirable properties: it allows a user to authenticate themselves to a server, it is resistant to dictionary attacks mounted by an eavesdropper, and it does not require a trusted third party. It effectively conveys a zero-knowledge password proof from the user to the server. In revision 6 of the protocol only one password can be guessed per connection attempt. One of the interesting properties of the protocol is that even if one or two of the cryptographic primitives it uses are attacked, it is still secure. The SRP protocol has been revised several times, and is currently at revision 6a.

The SRP protocol creates a large private key shared between the two parties in a manner similar to Diffie–Hellman key exchange based on the client side having the user password and the server side having a cryptographic verifier derived from the password. The shared public key is derived from two random numbers, one generated by the client, and the other generated by the server, which are unique to the login attempt. In cases where encrypted communications as well as authentication are required, the SRP protocol is more secure than the alternative SSH protocol and faster than using Diffie–Hellman key exchange with signed messages. It is also independent of third parties, unlike Kerberos. The SRP protocol, version 3 is described in RFC 2945. SRP version 6 is also used for strong password authentication in SSL/TLS[2] (in TLS-SRP) and other standards such as EAP[3] and SAML, and is being standardized in IEEE P1363 and ISO/IEC 11770-4.

Protocol

The following notation is used in this description of the protocol, version 6:

All other variables are defined in terms of these.

First, to establish a password p with server Steve, client Carol picks a small random salt s, and computes x = H(s, p), v = gx. Steve stores v and s, indexed by I, as Carol's password verifier and salt. x is discarded because it is equivalent to the plaintext password p. This step is completed before the system is used as part of the user registration with Steve. Note that the salt s is shared and exchanged to negotiate a session key later so the value could be chosen by either side but is done by Carol so that she can register I, s and v in a single registration request. (Note server Steve should enforce a uniqueness constraint on all "v" to protect against someone stealing his database observing which users have identical passwords.)

Then to perform a proof of password at a later date the following exchange protocol occurs:

  1. Carol → Steve: I and A = ga
  2. Steve → Carol: s and B = kv + gb
  3. Both: u = H(A, B)
  4. Carol: SCarol = (B − kgx)(a + ux) = (kv + gb − kgx)(a + ux) = (kgx − kgx + gb)(a + ux) = (gb)(a + ux)
  5. Carol: KCarol = H(SCarol)
  6. Steve: SSteve = (Avu)b = (gavu)b = [ga(gx)u]b = (ga + ux)b = (gb)(a + ux)
  7. Steve: KSteve = H(SSteve) = KCarol

Now the two parties have a shared, strong session key K. To complete authentication, they need to prove to each other that their keys match. One possible way is as follows:

  1. Carol → Steve: M1 = H[H(N) XOR H(g) | H(I) | s | A | B | KCarol]. Steve verifies M1.
  2. Steve → Carol: M2 = H(A | M1 | KSteve). Carol verifies M2.

This method requires guessing more of the shared state to be successful in impersonation than just the key. While most of the additional state is public, private information could safely be added to the inputs to the hash function, like the server private key.

Alternatively, in a password-only proof the calculation of K can be skipped and the shared S proven with:

  1. Carol → Steve: M1 = H(A | B | SCarol). Steve verifies M1.
  2. Steve → Carol: M2 = H(A | M1 | SSteve). Carol verifies M2.

When using SRP to negotiate a shared key K which will be immediately used after the negotiation the verification steps of M1 and M2 may be skipped. The server will reject the very first request from the client which it cannot decrypt.

The two parties also employ the following safeguards:

  1. Carol will abort if she receives B = 0 (mod N) or u = 0.
  2. Steve will abort if he receives A (mod N) = 0.
  3. Carol must show her proof of K (or S) first. If Steve detects that Carol's proof is incorrect, he must abort without showing his own proof of K (or S)

Implementation example in Python 

# An example SRP authentication
# WARNING: Do not use for real cryptographic purposes beyond testing.
# based on http://srp.stanford.edu/design.html
import hashlib
import random

def global_print(*names):
    x = lambda s: ["{}", "0x{:x}"] [hasattr(s, 'real')].format(s)
    print("".join("{} = {}\n".format(name, x(globals()[name])) for name in names))

# note: str converts as is, str( [1,2,3,4] ) will convert to "[1,2,3,4]"
def H(*args):  # a one-way hash function
    a = ':'.join(str(a) for a in args)
    return int(hashlib.sha256(a.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest(), 16)

def cryptrand(n=1024):
    return random.SystemRandom().getrandbits(n) % N

# A large safe prime (N = 2q+1, where q is prime)
# All arithmetic is done modulo N
# (generated using "openssl dhparam -text 1024")
N = '''00:c0:37:c3:75:88:b4:32:98:87:e6:1c:2d:a3:32:
       4b:1b:a4:b8:1a:63:f9:74:8f:ed:2d:8a:41:0c:2f:
       c2:1b:12:32:f0:d3:bf:a0:24:27:6c:fd:88:44:81:
       97:aa:e4:86:a6:3b:fc:a7:b8:bf:77:54:df:b3:27:
       c7:20:1f:6f:d1:7f:d7:fd:74:15:8b:d3:1c:e7:72:
       c9:f5:f8:ab:58:45:48:a9:9a:75:9b:5a:2c:05:32:
       16:2b:7b:62:18:e8:f1:42:bc:e2:c3:0d:77:84:68:
       9a:48:3e:09:5e:70:16:18:43:79:13:a8:c3:9c:3d:
       d0:d4:ca:3c:50:0b:88:5f:e3'''
N = int(''.join(N.split()).replace(':', ''), 16)
g = 2        # A generator modulo N

k = H(N, g)  # Multiplier parameter (k=3 in legacy SRP-6)

print("#. H, N, g, and k are known beforehand to both client and server:")
global_print("H", "N", "g", "k")

print("0. server stores (I, s, v) in its password database")

# the server must first generate the password verifier
I = "person"         # Username
p = "password1234"   # Password
s = cryptrand(64)    # Salt for the user
x = H(s, I, p)       # Private key
v = pow(g, x, N)     # Password verifier
global_print("I", "p", "s", "x", "v")

print("1. client sends username I and public ephemeral value A to the server")
a = cryptrand()
A = pow(g, a, N)
global_print("I", "A")  # client->server (I, A)

print("2. server sends user's salt s and public ephemeral value B to client")
b = cryptrand()
B = (k * v + pow(g, b, N)) % N
global_print("s", "B")  # server->client (s, B)

print("3. client and server calculate the random scrambling parameter")
u = H(A, B)  # Random scrambling parameter
global_print("u")

print("4. client computes session key")
x = H(s, I, p)
S_c = pow(B - k * pow(g, x, N), a + u * x, N)
K_c = H(S_c)
global_print("S_c", "K_c")

print("5. server computes session key")
S_s = pow(A * pow(v, u, N), b, N)
K_s = H(S_s)
global_print("S_s", "K_s")

print("6. client sends proof of session key to server")
M_c = H(H(N) ^ H(g), H(I), s, A, B, K_c)
global_print("M_c")
# client->server (M_c) ; server verifies M_c

print("7. server sends proof of session key to client")
M_s = H(A, M_c, K_s)
global_print("M_s")
# server->client (M_s) ;  client verifies M_s

Outputs 

#. H, N, g, and k are known beforehand to both client and server:
H = <function H at 0x101f1fa60>
N = 0xc037c37588b4329887e61c2da3324b1ba4b81a63f9748fed2d8a410c2fc21b1232f0d3bfa024276cfd88448197aae486a63bfca7b8bf7754dfb327c7201f6fd17fd7fd74158bd31ce772c9f5f8ab584548a99a759b5a2c0532162b7b6218e8f142bce2c30d7784689a483e095e701618437913a8c39c3dd0d4ca3c500b885fe3
g = 0x2
k = 0xb317ec553cb1a52201d79b7c12d4b665d0dc234fdbfd5a06894c1a194f818c4a

0. server stores (I, s, v) in its password database
I = person
p = password1234
s = 0x23c52769f89b02c0
x = 0x28a914ef69978f5fe544f030bea89eab675bcaa2ec79cd36efa1d410d27d5215
v = 0xa636254492ec0f7391d6b596ec926b91866775072dfd758c6ebc51bf7277ec6ca97f6cf0316d7fa90a2b9e87366cf813a53dcdc6ab303fcc932a5783f62affb7e0275189f165b8b919a2067404e6f2aa0534c99a3224a6365c1367dcd9ef005376d6f20a2b300c307f7afcedea08fb2d7a3340f13b5b9e35d52f0b82670ab17e

1. client sends username I and public ephemeral value A to the server
I = person
A = 0x48147d013e3a2e08ace222a0ab914a7ed67c704b2480716b53f9d229243d1725473cf4451904658597f487b0fa8bc7d544671b25563f095bad384cbb8da7f58f7f13c8fa8bb9d6aade5fe02df288f2b38d71d51036ede52802645f82cd7216535c0c978f90230e0f878163a638cf57ad11968169c26e467b8ee14eb2ca5b1614

2. server sends user's salt s and public ephemeral value B to client
s = 0x23c52769f89b02c0
B = 0x709f340738e62e46184634acd2cd7c861a7d92c5fde9eb43ac120226a0eb6601ee5d1a0b92ffb6254170d91fb451c3c02bbf8b41f9e7e3e885d709f0dc4808048e595c68448a2111b45eefaa1e2d6a4814d99ae038a5f2371c753b312c529cada66b23e6512c7ef814683f4cfe2a4c5413c434e21bc689d869fc969141b84a61

3. client and server calculate the random scrambling parameter
u = 0x78e4f2723b9ee5f69c7225469c70263cb39580dd4414b82ab9960def0ac9ef68

4. client computes session key
S_c = 0x94ea4b72b61d4330cf44f31e5c710491d41abdd6dd5b66b277bc517addbe89d9aa002645897567ae7796d1574f5d7f62cf96d2246dabfbc919cf1444d69097ceaf5476bc3964cacd52697e346f5e5a424c2c89b661d2eba34e5c7195573442195611497f606fa49639f873f385d0f6cdb9308fe2b0777d1a89bbaebe9df237a4
K_c = 0x3f1e089e02b3770a5e4ab27b3a04415e54826fe4b729cd37b86fbe59b9e0d3c6

5. server computes session key
S_s = 0x94ea4b72b61d4330cf44f31e5c710491d41abdd6dd5b66b277bc517addbe89d9aa002645897567ae7796d1574f5d7f62cf96d2246dabfbc919cf1444d69097ceaf5476bc3964cacd52697e346f5e5a424c2c89b661d2eba34e5c7195573442195611497f606fa49639f873f385d0f6cdb9308fe2b0777d1a89bbaebe9df237a4
K_s = 0x3f1e089e02b3770a5e4ab27b3a04415e54826fe4b729cd37b86fbe59b9e0d3c6

6. client sends proof of session key to server
M_c = 0x21d1546a18f923907b975091341316ca03bacf9cfd61b33f66d87e07eacff18

7. server sends proof of session key to client
M_s = 0x937ee2752d2d0a18eea2e7d4c5aa0dd0df54970f4c99fc13c75c5db3bba45643

Implementations

References

  1. ↑ "What is SRP?". Stanford University.
  2. ↑ Taylor, David; Tom Wu; Nikos Mavrogiannopoulos; Trevor Perrin (November 2007). "Using the Secure Remote Password (SRP) Protocol for TLS Authentication". RFC 5054
  3. ↑ Carlson, James; Bernard Aboba; Henry Haverinen (July 2001). "EAP SRP-SHA1 Authentication Protocol". IETF. Draft.
  4. ↑ Wu, Tom (October 29, 2002). "SRP-6: Improvements and Refinements to the Secure Remote Password Protocol".
  5. ↑ "SRP Protocol Design".

Manual pages

RFCs

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