Seabee

Naval Construction Battalions
The Seabee logo
Active	5 March 1942 – present
Country	United States
Branch	United States Navy
Role	Militarized construction
Size	7,000 active personnel 6,927 Reserve personnel 13,815 total
Nickname(s)	Seabees
Motto(s)	Latin: Construimus, Batuimus "We build. We fight" "CAN DO" "The difficult we do now, the impossible takes a little longer"

CB Navy Yard Bougainville with the Seabee Expression - Seabee Museum

3rd Marine Division, 2nd Raider's sign on Bougainville. 53rd NCB was the shore party to the 2nd Raiders of Green beach D-day - Seabee Museum

United States Naval Construction Battalions, better known as the Seabees, form the Naval Construction Force of the United States Navy. Their nickname is a heterograph of the first initials "C.B." from the words Construction Battalion.^[1][2]

Naval Construction Battalions were conceived of as a replacement for civilian construction companies working for the US Navy after the United States was drawn into World War II with the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor on 7 December 1941. International law made it illegal for civilians to resist enemy attack, doing so would classify them as guerrillas, for which they could be summarily executed.^[3] The Seabees would consist of skilled workers that would be trained to drop their tools if necessary and take up their weapons at a moments notice to defend themselves.^[4][5] The concept model: A USMC–trained Battalion of construction tradesmen (a military equivalent of those civilian Companies) that would be capable of any type of construction, anywhere needed, under any conditions or circumstance. It was quickly realized that this model could be utilized in every theater of operations as it was seen to be flexible and adaptable. The use of USMC organization allowed for smooth co-ordination, integration or interface of both the NCF and Marine Corps elements. In addition, Seabee Battalions could be deployed individually or in multiples as the project scope and scale dictated. What distinguishes Seabees from Combat Engineers are the skill sets. Combat Engineering is but a sub-set in the Seabee toolbox. They have a storied legacy of creative field ingenuity, stretching from Normandy and Okinawa to Iraq and Afghanistan. Admiral King wrote to the Seabees on their second anniversary, “Your ingenuity and fortitude have become a legend in the naval service.”^[6] Seabees believe that anything they are tasked with they "Can Do" (the CB motto). They were unique at conception and remain so today. In the October 1944 issue of Flying magazine the Seabees are described as " a phenomenon of world war II ".^[7] In 2017, the Seabees celebrate their 75 years of service without having changed from Admiral Ben Moreell's conceptual model.

History

U.S. Naval predecessors

War of 1812

As far back as the War of 1812, US Navy seamen were employed in large numbers for major shore construction. In 1813, Essex, under command of Captain David Porter, rounded Cape Horn from the Atlantic Ocean, becoming the first Navy ship to carry the American flag into the Pacific Ocean. After capturing several British ships he discovered that a British naval squadron had been sent to search for him. Needing to repair and prepare Essex and his small squadron, he sailed for the Marquesas Islands to find a suitable site for him to build the US Navy's first "advanced base".

Selecting a bay on Nuku Hiva Island, Porter sent nearly 300 skilled artisans from his ships, which along with approximately 4,000 friendly natives, constructed Fort Madison along with numerous other buildings. During construction they were occasionally attacked by unfriendly natives, during which they would have to lay down their tools and take up their weapons to defend what they were building.^[8]

World War I

It wasn't until World War I that Navy craftsmen would be employed in large number again. In 1917, the Twelfth Regiment (Public Works) was organized at Naval Training Station Great Lakes.^[8]

When the US entered World War I in April 1917, the Navy had an immediate requirement to expand the Great Lakes Station in order to house, process, and train 20,000 naval recruits, this number would rise to 50,000 by the end of the year.^[8]

Lieutenant Norman Smith, a graduate of the US Naval Academy, was appointed Public Works Officer at Great Lakes on 18 June 1917, at which time about 100 enlisted men had been assigned to the Public Works Department.^[8]

Seeing that the department would need to expand with skilled craftsmen, architects, draftsmen, designers, and other professional and technical people, he began to screen incoming recruits with these skills. Finding many, but not enough, he expanded to recruiting civilians outside of the installation, getting many men willing to join the Navy as petty officers, with the understanding that qualified men could later apply for commissions.^[8]

This allowed the Public Works Department to grow to nearly 600 men by July 1917. They were organized into the Twelfth Regiment (Public Works), which was essentially the Public Works Department because staff officers could not exercise military command. Lieutenant William C. Davis was appointed commanding officer of the regiment, he exercised military control, but the Public Works Officers exercised technical control.^[8]

In October 1917, the regiment began building Camp Paul Jones. With its completion, on 30 December 1917, the regiment became "fully operational" with 1,500 men organized into three battalions.^[8]

By April 1918, the regiment consisted of 2,400 in five battalions. Men were withdrawn for assignments in the US and abroad. In spring of 1918, 100 men were given special mechanics and ordnance training before being sent to St. Nazaire, France, to assemble Naval Railway Batteries. Later they would join the gun crews and perform combat duties along the railway lines in proximity to the German lines.^[8]

The Twelfth Regiment reached its peak strength 5 November 1918; 55 officers and 6,211 enlisted men formed into 11 battalions. However, with the end of the war on 11 November 1918, the regiment gradually faded away by the end of 1918.^[8]

Formation

In the early 1930s, the idea that the Twelfth Regiment pioneered was still in the minds of many Navy Civil Engineers. The planners of the Bureau of Yards and Docks (BuDocks) began providing for "Navy Construction Battalions" in their contingency war plans. In 1934 Captain Carl Carlson's version of the plan was circulated to the Navy Yards, this idea of "Navy Construction Battalions" would later be tentatively approved by Chief of Naval Operations, Admiral William Harrison Standley. In 1935, Rear Admiral Norman Smith, Chief of BuDocks, selected Captain Walter Allen, the War Plans Officers, to represent BuDocks on the War Plans Board. Captain Allen presented the bureau's concept of "Naval Construction Battalions" to the Board. The concept was later adopted for inclusion in the Rainbow war plans.^[8] Later, once the Seabees were created, they named their first Training Center for Captain Allen.

However, a major weakness to this "Navy Construction Battalions" concept was that there would be dual control of the battalions; military control would be exercised by Navy officers while the construction side would be controlled the Navy Civil Engineer Corp officers. There would be no provision for good military organization and military training, which was felt to be requisite to creating high morale, discipline, and cooperation among the men. The plans also only allowed for the battalions to be formed to build training stations throughout the US and only on completion be moved to forward areas.^[8]

Rear Admiral Ben Moreell became the Chief of BuDocks in December 1937, a post he would hold through the war. With tensions rising in both Europe and Asia, authorization was sought, and quickly received, by the United States Congress for expansion of naval shore bases. New construction was started in the Caribbean and Central Pacific in 1939. These were awarded to private construction firms that would perform the work with civilian personnel under the administrative direction of a Navy Officer in Charge of Construction.^[8]

World War II

The Naval Infantry Battalion Flag, historically used for ships' landing parties and adopted by the Construction Battalions. - U.S. Navy

USMC directed fixed bayonett drill at Camp Peary NTC, VA in 1943. - Seabee Museum

By summer of 1941 civilian contractors were working on large naval bases at Guam, Midway, Wake, Pearl Harbor, Iceland, Newfoundland, Bermuda, and many other places. BuDocks decided there was a need to improve the Navy's supervision of these projects through the creation of "Headquarters Construction Companies". The men in these companies would report to the Officers in Charge of Construction and would be draftsmen and engineering aids needed for the administrative functions of the inspectors and supervisors overseeing the contracted work. These companies would consist of two officers and 99 enlisted men, but were not to do any actual construction. Rear Admiral Chester Nimitz, Chief of the Bureau of Navigation, authorized the formation of the first Headquarters Construction Company, on 31 October 1941. Recruitment started in November and as history would have it the company was formed on 7 December^[6] with the men undergoing boot training at Naval Station Newport, Rhode Island. By 16 December 1941, four additional companies had been authorized, but 7 December happened, plans changed and with them the ratings needed by a change in mission. The first Hq Construction Company provided the nucleus for the formation of the 1st Naval Construction Detachment sent to Bora bora in January 1942. Those men were part of Operation Bobcat^[9] and are known in Seabee history as the "Bobcats". In December 1941, Rear Admiral Ben Moreell, Chief of BuDocks, recommended establishing Navy Construction Battalions and on the 28th requested authority to carry this out. On 5 January 1942, he got the go-ahead from the Navy's Bureau of Navigation to recruit construction tradesmen for three Naval Construction Battalions. When Admiral Moreell submitted his request to form those Battalions the other four Hq Construction Companies had been approved and authorized, so Hq Companies 2 & 3 were combined to form the 1st Naval Construction Battalion (and then were deployed as the 2nd & 3rd Construction Detachments) followed by Hq Companies 4 & 5 being combined to form the 2nd Naval Construction Battalion (and deployed as the 4th and 5th Construction Detachments).^[8] While those four Hq Companies provided the nucleus for two Construction Battalions they were all deployed in a manner similar to the First Construction Detachment and this sort of thing continued through the 5th NCB.^[10] It was 6 NCB that was the first Battalion to deploy as a unit to the same place.^[10]

Before all this could happen, a major problem still confronting BuDocks was who would command the Construction Battalions. Naval regulations stated that military command of naval personnel was strictly limited to line officers, yet BuDocks deemed it essential that these Construction Battalions be commanded by officers of the Civil Engineer Corp, who were trained in the skills required for construction work. The newly formed Bureau of Naval Personnel (BuPers), successor to the Navy's Bureau of Navigation, strongly opposed this proposal.^[11] Admiral Moreell took the question personally to the Secretary of the Navy, Frank Knox, who, on 19 March 1942, gave authority for officers of the Civil Engineer Corps to exercise military authority over all officers and enlisted men assigned to construction units.^[11]

The first men in the Seabees were not raw recruits trade wise, they were recruited for their experience and skills and were given advanced rank for it. As a group they were the highest paid the United States had in uniform during WWII^[12] To find the men with the necessary qualifications, physical standards were less rigid than other branches of the armed forces. The age range was 18–50, with the average of 37, during the first years of the war. These first men had helped build Hoover Dam, the national highways, and New York's skyscrapers; who had worked in mines and quarries and dug subway tunnels; who had worked in shipyards and built docks and wharfs and even ocean liners and aircraft carriers. After December 1942, President Franklin D. Roosevelt ordered that men for the Construction Battalions had to be obtained through the Selective Service System. By that time 60 CBs had been formed. However, men could enlist and then volunteer for the Seabees with a written statement that they were trade qualified.^[13] This lasted until October 1943 when voluntary enlistment in the Seabees ceased until December 1944.^[13] During this period the recruits were generally younger and had much less developed skill sets due to their age.^[11] By the end of the war 325,000 had enlisted in the Seabees, with training in more than 60 skilled trades. Almost 11,400 officers would join the Civil Engineer Corps during World War II with 7,960 of them having served with the Seabees.^[11]

Recruits would receive three weeks of training at Camp Allen, Norfolk, Virginia, later Camp Bradford, Little Creek, Virginia and later still Camp Peary NTC, in Williamsburg, Virginia. The first five battalions were sent directly overseas because of the urgent need of immediate construction of war dictated infra-structure. The newly formed battalions that followed, would be sent to one of the Advance Base Depots and Naval Training Centers (NTC) at Davisville, RI., Gulfport, MS., or Port Hueneme, CA. The Davisville Advanced Base Depot became operational in June 1942, and on 11 August 1942, the Naval Construction Training Center(NTC), known as Camp Endicott, was commissioned. That Camp trained over 100,000 Seabees during World War II. Camp Thomas, a personnel-receiving station on the base, was established in October. Camp Rousseau at Port Hueneme became operational in May 1942. This base was responsible for staging about 175,000 Seabees directly to the efforts in the Pacific.^[11] The other CB Camps were: Camp Hollyday, Gulfport MS, Camp Parks, Livermore, CA. and Camp Lee-Stephenson, Quoddy, Maine.

The original purpose of the Seabees was the construction of Advance Bases in the Pacific^[14] as laid out by the Office of Naval Operations.^[15] These bases were code-named: i.e. BOBCAT (this was the small first Advance Base Operation at Bora bora), and then came LIONs, CUBs, ^{[16] [17] [18]} OAKs and ACORNs. The names were metaphors for base size with LION being a Main Fleet Advance Base(these were numbered 1–4 with Lion 1 on Espiritu Santo).^[19] A CUB was a Secondary Fleet Base (these were numbered 1–12, starting with Efate, Tongatabu,and Munda^[20]) and were 1/4 the size of a Lion. OAK an ACORN were the names given repurposed enemy air bases captured in an amphibious assault.^[15][21](CBs constructed, repaired or upgraded 111 major airfields with the number of acorn fields unknown)^[22] Acorn 1 was built at Aola, Guadalcanal, Acorn 8 was on Munda, Acorn 15 was Bougainville^[23], Acorn 17 was on Tarawa.^[24], and Acorn 23 was on Kwajalein^[25] When these plans were drawn up it was thought that two CBs would be what was needed to construct a Lion installation.^[15] This basic idea so grew and evolved that with the invasion of Okinawa the U.S. Navy put 4 Naval Construction Brigades of 55,000 Seabees on that island This was not Combat Engineering. This was building the infra-structure required to take the War to Japan. Along the way, the Navy had realised that it also needed Advance Base Construction Depots (ABCDs) to get the job done. So the Seabees built them at: 1. Noumea, 2. Pearl Harbor, 3. Brisbane, 4. Milne Bay, 5. Samar, 6. Subic Bay, 7.Okinawa).^[26] By the end of 1943 the Seabees had constructed over 300 different advanced bases on as many islands.^[27] More than 325,000 men served with the Seabees in World War II, fighting and building on six continents and hundreds of islands. In the Pacific, they built 111 major airstrips, 441 piers, bridges, roads, tanks for the storage of 100,000,000 US gal (380,000,000 l; 83,000,000 imp gal) of fuel, hospitals for 700,000 patients, and housing for 1.5 million men.^[28][29]

= Fleet Marine Force Combat Operation Insignia = for Seabees and Corpsman^[30]

53rd NCB first insignia : Naval Construction Battalion 1st Marine Amphibious Corps Seabee Museun

19th Naval Construction Battalion Plaque. The battalion was assigned to the 1st Marine Amphibious Corps and later redesignated 3rd Battalion 17th Marines / 1st Marine Division. . . Seabee Museum

Seabee badge worn instead of the USMC globe and anchor on the USMC issue garrison cap.

USMC historian Gordon L. Rottman wrote "that one of the biggest contributions the Navy made to the Marine Corps during WWII was the creation of the Seabees"^[31]. In turn, the Corps would be influential upon the CB organization and its history. In 1942 The Marines issued USMC dufflebags and uniforms to Battalions 17-20,^{[32][33] [34]} In the records of both the 18th and 19th NCBs they each claim that it was the first CB to be authorized to wear the USMC uniform. They both received that issue at Marine Training Center, New River, N.C.^[35] How many other Battalions received the USMC issue is not recorded but it is known that the 25th, 31st, 43rd,^[36] 76th,^[37] 121st and 133rd NCBs did also.^[38] The Marine Corps listed CBs on their Table of organization: D-Series "Division" for 1942^[39], E-Series "Division" for 1943^[40], and "Amphibious Corps" for 1944/45^[41]. But, going back to the 1st Naval Construction Detachment (a.k.a. Bobcats),^[9] The Marines redesignated them the 3rd Battalion 22nd Marines.^[42] They were the very first Seabees and that was only the beginning. Right after them part of the 4th Naval Construction Detachment was assigned to the 5th Marine Defense Battalion on Funafuti for two years.^[10] The Bureau of Yards and Docks original request of 28 December 1941 was for the authorization of 3 Construction Battalions.^[43] and, it is written that early in the war 3 Seabee Battalions were attached to the 3 existing Marine Divisions as Combat Engineers^[44] When those three Battalions were formed the Seabees did not have a fully functional base of their own. So, upon leaving Navy boot, those men were sent to National Youth Administration camps in Illinois, New Jersey, New York and Virginia to receive military training from the Marine Corps.^[45] It is also written the Marines wanted a Seabee Battalion for each Division in the Pacific, but were told no because of war priorities.^[44] However, by autumn 1942, things changed with a CB being assigned to each of the four active Marine Divisions.^[46] Those Battalions were posted to composite Engineer Regiments^[47] and redesignated as the 3rd Battalion in their Regiment.^[46] (see 16th Marine Regiment, 17th Marine Regiment,^[48] 18th Marine Regiment,^[49] 19th Marine Regiment, and 20th Marine Regiment^[50])(a footnote to these Regiments: due to the men in the CBs being given advanced rank upon enlistment the enlisted Marines referred to Construction Battalions as "Sergeant's Battalions". USMC sargents do not pull guard duty so the ranked Seabees would not be assigned)^[51] In August 1942 C Company 18th NCB was transferred to the C.B. Replacement Group, Fleet Marine Force, San Diego. The rest of the 18th was sent to the Fleet Marine Force Base Depot, Norfolk, VA. en route to Guadalcanal,.^[52] In November the 14th NCB landed with the 2nd Raider Battalion on Guadalcanal. Also in November the 25th NCB was transferred to the Marines until August 1945 (both operationally and administratively).^[53] The 33rd had 202 men posted to the 1st Pioneers as shore party for the 1st Marine Division on Peleliu^[54] as was the entire 17th Special NCB(segregated). ^{[55] [56] [57]} .^{[58] [59]} The 47th sent a detachment to Enogi Island assigned to the 1st and 4th Marine Raiders.^[42] The 121st NCB started out at MTC, New River, NC before being sent to Camp Pendleton. There it had to wait for the 4th Marine Division to be formed in order to be assigned to the 20th Marines. Two months earlier the 24th NCB supported the landing of the 9th Marine Defense Battalion on Rendova.^[60] In the fall of 1943 two sections or about half of the 6th Special NCB were sent to the Russells with the 4th Marines Advance Depot.^[61] In 1944 the Marine Engineer Regiments were inactivated. Before that happened, Commander Brockenbrough of the 71st NCB was named the Shore party Commander for the 3rd Marine Division on Bougainville with his Battalion supported by elements of the 25th, 53rd, and the 75th NCBs(and as well as the Marines).^[62] The 75th had a 100-man detachment volunteer to land with a Company of 1st Marines at Torokino Point Bougainville.^[63] Even with the Engineer Regiments inactivated Marine Divisions still had a CB Battalion posted to them. For Iwo Jima the 133rd and 31st NCBs were TAD to the 4th an 5th Marine Divisions. For Okinawa it was the 58th, 71st, and 145th NCBs that were TAD to the 6th, 2nd, and 1st Marine Divisions. In addition, CB Battalions were posted TAD to the various Amphibious Corps. The 19th NCB was assigned to the I Marine Amphibious Corps(I MAC)^[64] prior to being assigned to the 17th Marines. The 53rd NCB was also posted to I MAC as an element of the 1st Provisional Marine Brigade landing in the second wave with the 2nd Raiders on Bougainville and 3rd Raiders on Puruata Island.^[65][66] For Guam, the III Amphibious "Corps had the 2nd Special NCB and 25th NCB. V Amphibious corps (VAC)had the 23rd Special and 62nd NCBs on Iwo Jima. The 6th Naval Construction Brigade incorporated VAC's insignia as a part of the Brigade's indicating they were also posted to V Amphibious Corps.^[67](the 6th Brigade was composed of : the 29th Rgt. with CBs; 18,^[46] 50, 92, 107, & 135, the 30th Rgt. with CBs: 13, 67, 121,^[46]& 123, and the 49th Rgt. with CBs: 9, 38, 110, & 112th (and the 27th Special)^[68]).^[69] But, stepping back again to Iwo Jima, there the 31st and 133rd were not re-designated. The Marines were short Marines and the Seabees were ordered to fill in. C Co 31st NCB was a component of the 5th Shore Party Regiment and was on the beach D-day. The 31st NCB's Demolitions Section was under Divisional control through D-plus 10 with the 5th Marine Division.^[70] 133 was posted to the 23rd Marines as their Shore Party.^[71] The Battalion had each Company detached and tasked to the assault as follows: A Co – 1/23, B Co – 2/23, C Co – 3/23, and D Co – 2/25.(see Naval Mobile Construction Battalion 133) With Iwo Jima secured the 5th Marine Division returned to Camp Tarawa where it was joined by the 116th NCB. In August Japan fell and 116th NCB went with the 5th Marine Division as part of the occupation force. V-J day found thousands of Japanese troops still in China and the Third Marine Amphibious Corps was sent there to get them back to Japan. A portion of the 33rd Naval Construction Regiment was assigned to III Corps for this mission: the 83rd, 96th, 122nd CBs and the 33rd Special CB.^[72] With the war, over the Seabees ended up with the most unique standing any U.S. Military component has with the U.S. Marine Corps.^[73] Seabee historian William Bradford Huie wrote "that the two have a camaraderie unknown else-wheres in the United States military"^[74].

It should be added that even though they are "Navy" the Seabees adopted USMC fatigues with a Seabee insignia in place of the globe and anchor. During WWII a number of CBs adapted USMC insignia for their units, these included CBs 19, 25, 53, 117 and the 6th Brigade. The insignia modified were the globe and anchor, bulldog, gator with 3 stars, and a divisional crest.

• Historical note: The 23rd Marine Regiment had Seabees as Shore Party three times: Roi-Namur, Saipan, and Iwo Jima. Seabees were Shore Party for the Marines on Bougainville^[75], Peleliu^[76] Guam^[77], Purata Island^[78], Roi-Namur^[79] , Saipan^[80], Iwo Jima^[81], and Okinawa.^[82]. The Marines deployed them as combat engineers at Cape Gloucester^[83] Tarawa^[84], and Tinian^[85].
• Historical note: In Australia the 1st Marine Division organized a shooting competition to demonstrate their marksmanship. It gained notoriety as the "Battle of Melbourne" with the 19th Seabees taking first prize.^[86]

This ribbon is an example of the Asiatic-Pacific Campaign Medal with the Fleet Marine Force Combat Operation Insignia (a "Restricted" device for medals and ribbons). The restrictions being: that the Naval personnel had to be under fire with the Marines and under USMC "Operational" control.^[87] The Marine Corps considers this device to be a personal award. Ribbons would also have arrowheads to indicate landing in assaults and a star to indicate the campaign. Some Battalions issued award numerals instead of stars.^[88]

Naval Combat Demolition Units^[89]: NCDUs - Underwater Demolition Teams: UDTs

U.S. Naval Combat Demolition insignia. - U.S. Navy Seal Museum

In early May 1943, a two-phase "Naval Demolition Project" was directed by the Chief of Naval Operations "to meet a present and urgent requirement". The first phase began at Amphibious Training Base (ATB) Solomons, Maryland with the establishment of Operational Naval Demolition Unit No. 1. Eight Officers and thirteen enlisted men reported from NTC Camp Peary dynamiting and demolition school, for a four week course^[90]. Those Seabees were immediately sent to participate in the invasion of Sicily^[91]. NCDUs or Naval Combat Demolition Units consisted of one officer and five enlisted. After that first group had been trained Lt. Commander Draper Kauffman was selected to Command the operation and it was moved to Camp Peary's "Area E" because of the Seabee Dynamiting and Demolition school. Six classes were graduated from Camp Peary before the program was moved to Fort Pierce^[92] where the waters were warmer. Also closed and moved was the Amphibious Scouts and Raiders^[93] School (S&R) at Little Creek^[94]. The men in those first classes referred to themselves as "Demolitioneers"^[95]. The NCDUs operated in the Atlantic with 34 teams in England for the invasion of Normandy. With Europe invaded most the NCDUs were sent to Fort Pierce and integrated into the UDTs for the Pacific campaign.

In November of 1943 the Navy learned a hard lesson with the invasion of Tarawa. Admiral Kelly Turner ordered the formation of nine underwater demolition teams. UDTs 1 & 2 consisted of 180 Seabees plus 20 Amphibious Scouts and Raiders personnel that were graduates of Fort Pierce's NCDU program and additionally trained at Waimanalo,on Maui, TH.^[96]. Seabees made up over fifty percent of the men in the early teams^[97]. Eventually, 34 UDT teams were created with Seabees making up about twenty percent of all the teams^[98]. UDT 13 was a "Seabee" team that took part in the scouting of Iwo Jima. They help direct the first landing craft to the correct beaches on D-day and helped clear the beaches of debris on D-plus 2.

The Seabees were officially organized in the Naval Reserve on 31 December 1947. With the general demobilization following the war, the Naval Construction Battalions (NCBs) were reduced to 3,300 men on active duty by 1950.^[99] Between 1949 and 1953, Naval Construction Battalions were organized into two types of units: Amphibious Construction Battalions (ACBs) and Mobile Construction Battalions (MCBs), which were later designated Naval Mobile Construction Battalions (NMCBs) in the early- to mid-1960s to eliminate confusion with Marine Corps Base (MCB) in Vietnam.

Operation Crossroads

In early 1946 the 53rd NCB was sent to Bikini atoll to assist in the preparations for the nuclear tests of Operation Crossroads^[100]. The Battalion remained on the atoll for nine days after the second nuculear test when it was deactivated there^[101].

Korean War

The Korean War saw a call-up of more than 10,000 men. The expansion of the Seabees came from the Naval Reserve Seabee program where individuals volunteered for active duty. The Seabees landed at Inchon with the assault troops. They fought enormous tides as well as enemy fire and provided causeways within hours of the initial landings. Their action here and at other landings emphasized the role of the Seabees, and there was no Seabee demobilization when the truce was declared.

During the Korean War, the Navy realized they needed a naval air station in this region. Cubi Point in the Philippines was selected, and civilian contractors were initially selected for the project. After seeing the forbidding Zambales Mountains and the maze of jungle, they claimed it could not be done.

The Navy then turned to the Seabees. The first Seabees to arrive were MCB-3 on 2 October 1951; followed by MCB-5 on 5 November 1951. Over the next five years, MCB-2, −7, −9, −11 and −13 were also deployed to Cubi Point.

Seabees cut a mountain in half to make way for a nearly two-mile-long runway. Cubi Point turned out to be one of the largest earth-moving projects in the world, equivalent to the construction of the Panama Canal. The $100 million facility was commissioned on 25 July 1956, and comprised an air station and an adjacent pier that was capable of docking the Navy's largest carriers.

Following Korea, the Seabees embarked on a new mission. From providing much needed assistance in the wake of the 1953 Ionian earthquake to providing construction work and training to underdeveloped countries, the Seabees became "The Navy's Goodwill Ambassadors". Seabees built or improved many roads, orphanages and public utilities in many remote parts of the world.

Antarctica

MCB 1 Sled train departing Little America for traverse to Byrd Station(646 miles) or the South Pole(850 miles). The Navy special ordered SD-LGP D8s (SD=stretched)^[102] with the frames extended 4 feet and tracks 54 inches wide^[102] resulting in a ground pressure of 4.30 psi and blades 18.5 feet wide. There were two types of sleds: 10 ton or 20 ton that could be hitched in mulitiples. U.S.Navy

In 1955, Seabees began deploying yearly to the continent of Antarctica. As participants in Operation Deep Freeze, their mission was to build and expand scientific bases located on the frozen continent. The first "wintering over" party included 200 Seabees who distinguished themselves by constructing a 6,000-foot (1,800 m) ice runway on McMurdo Sound. Despite a blizzard that undid the entire project, the airstrip was completed in time for the advance party of Deep Freeze II to become the first to fly into the South Pole by plane. MCB 1 was assigned for Deep Freeze II.

Over the following years and under adverse conditions, Seabees added to their list of accomplishments such things as snow-compacted roads, underground storage, laboratories, and living areas. One of the most notable achievements took place in 1962, when MCB 1 constructed Antarctica's first nuclear power plant,^[103] which got them a Navy Unit Commendation. Another, in 1975, was the construction of the Buckminster Fuller Geodesic dome at Amundsen-Scott South Pole Station by NMCB 71.^[104] with a diameter of 164' x 52' high. This became a symbolic icon of the United States Antarctic Program until it was replaced.

During the Cold War, the Seabees undertook a number of other missions, including constructing the Distant Early Warning Line in the Arctic. Again operating often under extreme conditions, the Seabees successfully completed every mission assigned to them.

Vietnam War

Marvin G. Shields, CM3, MCB 11, Medal Of Honor

Battalion drill for NMCB-1, 2006. U.S. Navy

Seabees were deployed to Vietnam throughout the conflict beginning in small numbers in June 1954 and extending to November 1972. By 1962, they began building camps for Special Forces. In June 1965, Construction Mechanic 3rd Class Marvin G. Shields, part of Seabee Team 1104, was actively engaged at the Battle of Dong Xoai and was posthumously awarded the Medal of Honor for his actions there. Shields remains the only Seabee ever to be awarded the Medal of Honor. These "Civic Action Teams" continued into the Vietnam War where Seabees, often fending off enemy forces alongside their Marine and Army counterparts, also built schools and infrastructure and provided health care service. Beginning in 1965, full Seabee battalions (MCBs) and Naval Construction Regiments (NCRs), along with other unit types, were deployed throughout Vietnam. During the conflict the Marine Corps requested that the Navy make a name change to the "Construction Battalions" name. The Marines were using "MCB" for Marine Corps Base and the Navy was using "MCB" for Mobile Construction Battalions. The Navy then added "Navy" to MCB creating the NMCBs that now exist. In May 1968 two reserve battalions were activated (RNMCBs 12 and 22) which brought the total number of battalions rotating to Vietnam at 21 not including ACBs 1 and 2 or two CBMUs. During 1969 the total number of Seabees that had deployed topped out at 29,000 and then their draw-down began^[105] . The last battalion withdrew the end of 1971 which left 3 Seabee teams. They were out by at the end of 1972.

In Vietnam, the Seabees supported the Marines and built a staggering number of aircraft-support facilities, roads, and bridges; they also paved roads that provided access to farms and markets, supplied fresh water to countless numbers of Vietnamese through hundreds of Seabee-dug wells, provided medical treatment to thousands of villagers, and built schools, hospitals, utilities systems, roads and other community facilities. Seabees also worked with and taught construction skills to the Vietnamese people.

After Vietnam, the Seabees built and repaired Navy bases in Puerto Rico, Japan, Guam, Greece, Sicily, and Spain. Their civic action projects focused on the Trust Territories of the Pacific.

In 1971, the Seabees began their largest peacetime construction on Diego Garcia, a small atoll in the Indian Ocean. This project took 11 years and cost $200 million. The complex accommodates the Navy's largest ships and the biggest military cargo jets. This base proved invaluable when Iraq invaded Kuwait in August 1990 and Operations Desert Shield and Desert Storm were launched.

From the Cold War to terrorism

NMCB 15 Seabee mans a vehicle-mounted machine gun while travelling through Al Hillah, Iraq in May 2003. U.S. Navy

As the Cold War died down, new challenges were presented by the increased incidence of terrorism. There were also ongoing support missions to Diego Garcia, Guam, Okinawa, Navy and Marine Bases in Japan, the Philippines, Puerto Rico, Guantanamo Bay, Guatemala, the Naval Support Facility for Polaris and Poseidon Submarines in Holy Loch Scotland, Rota Spain, Naples Italy and Suda Bay Crete.

Seabee construction efforts led to the expansion and improvement of Naval Air Facility, Sigonella Sicily, turning this into a major base for the Navy's Sixth Fleet aviation activities.

There were combat roles as well. In 1983, a truck bomb demolished the barracks the Marines had secured in Beirut, Lebanon. After moving to the Beirut International Airport and setting up quarters there, Druse militia artillery began harassing the Marines. After consultations with the theater commander and Marine amphibious command and combat engineers, the forward deployed battalion, NMCB-1 in Rota Spain sent in a 70-man AirDet working party with heavy equipment. Construction of artillery-resistant quarters went on from December 1983 until the Marines' withdrawal in February 1984. Only one casualty occurred when an Equipment Operator using a bulldozer to clear fields of fire was wounded by an RPG attack. Seabee EO2 Kirt May received the first Purple Heart awarded to a Seabee since Vietnam.

Robert Stethem was murdered by the Lebanese Shia militia Hezbollah when they hijacked TWA Flight 847 in 1985. Stethem was a Steelworker Second Class (SW2), a Seabee diver and member of Underwater Construction Team ONE. The USS Stethem (DDG-63) is named in his honor. On 24 August 2010, onboard USS Stethem in Yokosuka, Japan, Stethem was posthumously made an honorary Master Chief Constructionman (CUCM) by the Master Chief Petty Officer of the Navy.

Persian Gulf War

During the Persian Gulf War, more than 5,000 Seabees (4,000 active and 1,000 reservists) served in the Middle East. In Saudi Arabia, Seabees built 10 camps for more than 42,000 personnel; 14 galleys capable of feeding 75,000 people; and 6 million ft² (600,000 m²) of aircraft parking apron and runways as well as 200+ Helo landing zones. They built and maintained two 500-bed Fleet Hospitals near the port city of Al-Jubayl.

Iraq, Afghanistan, and the War on Terror

Seabees continue to provide critical construction skills in connection with the effort to rebuild the infrastructure of Afghanistan. All active and reserve Naval Mobile Construction Battalions (NMCBs) and Naval Construction Regiments (NCRs) have been deployed to both Iraq and Afghanistan. The Seabees have been deployed since the beginning of the invasion of Afghanistan in 2001 and Iraq in 2003. One of their most high-profile tasks in Iraq has been the removal of statues of Saddam Hussein in Baghdad. In Afghanistan, the Seabees' main task has been the construction of multiple forward operating bases for U.S. and coalition forces.

Since 2002, Seabees have provided critical and tactical construction skills in an effort to win the hearts and minds of locals in the Philippines. Their efforts have begun to deter the rising influence of radical terrorists in the southern Philippines, most notably the Abu Sayyaf's jungle training area. Seabees work along with Army, Marines, and Air Force under Joint Special Operations Task Force-Philippines.

Disaster relief and recovery

Seabees set up tents to house displaced victims of a devastating flood that hit Ethiopia. U.S. Navy

• In 1969 when Hurricane Camille made landfall 20 miles west of Construction Battalion Center Gulfport, NMCB-121 was in homeport then and was called upon for cleanup, rescue, and community outreach for months to come. They fed displaced families and supported the community.
• In 1990 NMCB 133 sent a 100-man Detachment to American Samoa to aid in the recovery of Cyclone Ofa.
• 1994 Northridge earthquake, Seabees supported disaster recovery efforts for victims.
• In summer 1992, Seabees were called on to provide recovery assistance for Homestead, Florida following Hurricane Andrew.
• Seabees were also vital to the humanitarian efforts in Somalia during Operation Restore Hope from 1992 to 1993 sending 2 Battalions.^[106]
• In 1994, they were again called on to provide assistance to the Haitian Relief effort at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base, Cuba.
• On Christmas Day 1995, Seabees arrived in Croatia to support the Army by building camps as part of Operation Joint Endeavor, the peacekeeping effort in Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina. NMCB 40 played a pivotal role serving with the U.S. Army 1st Infantry Division "The Big Red One", in assisting with the dismantling of FOB's during the IFOR/SFOR phase.
• On 23 September 1998, Hurricane Georges plowed through the Caribbean Islands causing millions of dollars in damage and generating thousands of DRT (disaster recovery team) man hours for the Seabees. The Navy provided generators and water trucks that were taken to nearby cities and damage assessment teams were sent to the local islands.
• The Seabees immediately turned their focus towards Hurricane Mitch, which was the most powerful hurricane of the 1998 season. Mitch left more than 17,000 people dead due to the high winds and heavy rains, which led to mudflows that buried thousands in Central America. The Seabees deployed to Honduras, participating in operations with Joint Task Force Bravo, providing capabilities to conduct engineer reconnaissance, repair roads and bridges, clear debris, remove bridges, and build base camps. Naval Mobile Construction Battalion Seven was the first Navy element to arrive in Central America, taking part in their second humanitarian mission on the deployment.
• Seabees deployed in September 2004 in response to Hurricane Ivan's destruction to the Naval Air Station Pensacola in Florida. The Seabees cleared hurricane debris, repaired roads, erected tents, and otherwise assisted fellow service members.
• The Naval Construction Battalion Center in Gulfport, Mississippi, suffered damage during Hurricane Katrina in 2005. Seabees were tasked to rebuild the base and the Gulf Coast of the United States.
• Seabees of NMCB 7 deployed to provide construction support and disaster relief to Haiti following the earthquake in 2010. Seabee divers from Underwater Construction Team One along with ACB-2 and the Army Engineer divers made repairs to the heavily damaged port facilities in Port-au-Prince. This resulted in the re-opening of the port to allow humanitarian supplies into the country.
• Seabees from NMCB-133 and Underwater Construction Team Two deployed to Japan as part of the relief effort after the 2011 earthquake and tsunami.
• Seabees of NMCB 11 Air Detachment deployed for roughly two weeks to support federal, state, and local authorities in disaster recovery operations in the New Jersey and New York areas affected by Hurricane Sandy. The Air Detachment mounted out 90 personnel and 94 pieces of civil engineering support equipment including front-end loaders, backhoes, pumps, electric generators, storage containers, and other equipment which was convoyed to the disaster area.^[107] 110 Seabees from NMCB 5 were also deployed to assist in disaster relief efforts, performing vital utilities work and clearing roads and debris throughout the Sandy Hook area.^[108]

Department of State Duty at U.S. Embassies

There are a limited number of special billets for select senior nco's. These Seabees are assigned to the Department of State and attached to Diplomatic Security^[109]. Those chosen can be assigned individually or be part of a regional team traveling from one embassy to the next. Duties include the installation of alarm systems, closed-circuit cameras, electromagnetic locks, safes and vehicle barriers. They can also assist security engineers in sweeping embassies (electronic counter-intelligence). The information regarding this assignment is very scant, but State Department records for security in 1985 indicate there were 800 employees, plus 1,200 Marines and 115 Seabees^[110]that year.

Logo and unit insignias

Seabee Logo Pennants early 1942. First pattern CB. (drawn to be used as an identification stencil per BuDocks order not for uniforms)

On 1 March 1942 the Chief of BuDocks recommended that as a means to promote esprit de corps in the new branch of construction battalions, that an insignia be created for use on equipment similar to what air squadrons used on their aircraft. This was not something for the uniform.^[111] Frank J. Iafrate, a civilian plan file clerk at Quonset Point Air National Guard Station, Rhode Island, was the artist who designed the original "Disney Style" Seabee in early 1942 with a large capital letter Q around the edge as border. This design was sent to Admiral Moreell who made a single request: that this reference to Quonset Point be changed to a hawser rope and it would be officially adopted.^[112] That design remains in use to this day, predominantly unchanged. In late 1942, after designing the logo, Iafrate enlisted in the Seabees.^[113] It should be noted that the Camp PXs sold pennants with a different Seabee design on them that was stylistically similar to the Mosquito boat rating patch.

The Seabees also had a second Logo that much less has been written about. It was that of a Shirtless construction worker holding a sledge hammer with a rifle strapped across his back standing upon the words Construmius Batuimus USN. The figure is typically on a shield with a blue field across the top and vertical red and white stripes. A small CEC logo is left of the figure and a small anchor is to the right. The Camp's PXs sold two versions of brass badges with this logo, enameled or non-enameled. Despite little being written about this logo it is incorporated into many CB Unit insignias (or variations of it). A partial list of these CBs would be: 9, 15, 17, 23, 29, 41, 45, 50, 68, 75, 77, 86, 87, 90, 93, 95, 99, 145 & 18th Special, CBUs 408, 504, 535 and the 7th Brigade.^[114] Other units simply used it like 133 NCB did on the front cover of their unit history the "Rain Makers Log".^[115]

During World War II, artists working for Walt Disney in the Insignia Department designed logos for about ten Naval Construction units, including the 60th NCB,^[116] the 78th NCB^[116] the 112th NCB^[117] and the 133rd NCB^[118] Good candidates, though unknown, are the logos of the 1st NCB,^[119] 53rd NCB,^[120] , 615th CBMU,^[121] 30th Regiment^[122] and the 6th Brigade^[123] There are two Seabee logos in the book on WWII Disney insignia entitled "Disney Don's Dogtags" that are not identified with any unit.

A good spot to find Seabee unit insignia was on the sides of Tinian B 29s.^{[124][125][126]}

The end of WWII brought the decommissioning of nearly every Seabee Battalion. The Construction Battalions had been in existence less than four years when this happened and the Navy had not created a Historical Branch or Archive for the NCF. So, there was no central record of the Seabees History or archive for the insignia of the individual units . As history passed, first with Korea and them Vietnam, Construction Battalions were reactivated with the units having no idea what the WWII insignia had been so they made new ones, NMCB One has had three. NMCB 8 is the exception. That Battalion has a insignia very similar to what it had during WWII.

Battalions

During World War II, there were more than 140 battalions commissioned.^[127] Since then, battalions have been activated and deactivated as required by shifting national defense priorities. At present, there are six active-duty Naval Mobile Construction Battalions (NMCBs) in the United States Navy, split between the Pacific Fleet ( at Port Hueneme, CA) and the Alantic Fleet ( at Gulfport, MS). The remaining Battalions are Navy Reserve Battalions:

Pacific Fleet (Port Hueneme, California)

• NMCB 3 ("Better Than Best")
• NMCB 4 ('"4" Does More), a.k.a. "Fab-4" while in Davisville
• NMCB-5 ("The Professionals")

Coronado, California

• ACB 1 Amphibious Construction Battalion ( "We put the sea in Seabees" ) CO Capt. Cloyd.

NAB Coronado

Atlantic Fleet (Gulfport, Mississippi)

• NMCB-1 ("The First and The Finest"), a.k.a. unofficially as McBONE (pronounced "mick bone")
• NMCB-11 ("Lucky Eleven")
• NMCB-133 ("Kangroos" – "a" was intentionally left out – or "Runnin' Roos"), a.k.a. unofficially as "The Red Rats", because of the red Kangaroo in the Battalion emblem since 1966

Naval Reserve

• NMCB-14 ("Semper Fortis"): Located at Naval Construction Battalion Center Gulfport, Mississippi and consists of detachments in South Carolina, Tennessee, Georgia, Florida, Alabama, and Puerto Rico.
• NMCB-18 ("Skookum Mamook"): Headquartered at Naval Base Ventura County, California and consists of detachments in Washington, Oregon, California, Idaho, and Utah.
• NMCB-22 ("Lone Star"): Headquartered in Port Hueneme, California. The battalion has detachments throughout Texas and one in Oklahoma.
• NMCB-25 ("Spades and Clubs"): Located at Fort McCoy, Wisconsin and consists of Seabee detachments from Minnesota, Wisconsin, Illinois, North Dakota, Iowa, and Michigan.
• NMCB-27 ("Skibees"): Cold Weather Battalion, located at Westover Air Reserve Base, Chicopee, Massachusetts and includes detachments in six New England States and upstate New York.

Inactive battalions

• NMCB-2 (established 15 SEP 1950, decommissioned AUG 1956)
• NMCB-6 (established 15 APR 1951, decommissioned 17 NOV 1969)
• NMCB-7 ("Magnificent Seven") (established 15 AUG 1951, decommissioned AUG 1970, reestablished July 1985, decommissioned 5 SEP 2012))
• NMCB-8 (established 10 SEP 1951, decommissioned 20 DEC 1969)
• NMCB-9 (established 15 APR 1952, decommissioned 17 NOV 1969)
• NMCB-10 ("Men of Ten") [originally 103 NCB (WWII unit) re-commissioned 2 OCT 1952, decommissioned JUN 1976]
• NMCB-12 Headquartered at Davisville, RI (decommissioned September 1992)
• NMCB-13 Headquartered at Camp Smith, Peeksill, NY (decommissioned September 1994)
• NMCB-15 ("Bat Out of Hell"): Located at Belton, Missouri. Personnel are from ten detachments in five states, (Missouri, Kansas, Iowa, Nebraska, and South Dakota). (decommissioned September 2013)
• NMCB-16 : Located at Los Alamitos, California, and consisted of detachments in California, Arizona, and Nevada. (decommissioned September 1994)
• NMCB-17 ("Desert Battalion"): Located at Fort Carson, Colorado and consists of detachments in California, Arizona, Nevada, New Mexico, Colorado, Utah and Hawaii. (decommissioned 18 September 2014)
• NMCB-20 Headquartered at Rickenbacker Air National Guard Base, Columbus, OH. (decommissioned September 1994)
• NMBC-21 ("The Blackjack Battalion"): Headquartered in Lakehurst, New Jersey and consists of detachments in New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware. (decommissioned 21 September 2013)
• NMCB-23 ("The Blue and the Gray"): Headquartered in Fort Belvoir, Virginia. (decommissioned 30 September 2013)
• NMCB-24 ("Dixie Doers") Located at Red Stone Arsenal in Huntsville, Alabama (decommissioned 15 September 2013)
• NMCB-26 ("Packs a Punch"): Was located at Selfridge Air National Guard Base near Mt. Clemens, Michigan and included detachments in Michigan, Ohio, Indiana, and central Illinois. (decommissioned September 30, 2014)
• NMCB-28 ("The Old Pros"): Located at Barksdale Air Force Base, Louisiana and includes detachments in Arkansas, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, Oklahoma, Tennessee, and Texas. (decommissioned 2014)
• NMCB-40 ("Fighting Forty") ("Fighting Forty") (established 1 FEB 1966, decommissioned 12 SEP 2012)
• NMCB-53 (established 30 JUN 1967, disestablished 19 DEC 1969)
• NMCB-58 (established 15 MAR 1966, decommissioned 17 NOV 1969)
• NMCB-62 ("The Minute Men"), a.k.a. unofficially as "Sixty Screw" (established 2 JUL 1966, decommissioned 28 JUL 1989)
• NMCB-71 (established 4 OCT 1966, decommissioned 1 JUL 1975)
• NMCB-74 ("Fearless 74"), a.k.a. "Eager Beavers" in the 1980s (established 3 DEC 1966, decommissioned 2014)
• NMCB-121 (established 4 FEB 1967, decommissioned 31 AUG 1970)
• NMCB-128 (established 1 APR 1967, decommissioned 17 NOV 1969)

Support of Naval Special Warfare (SEAL Teams)

A small number of Seabees support Navy Special Warfare(NSW) units based out of Coronado, CA and Virginia Beach, VA. Seabees provide services such as power generation and distribution, logistical movements, repair of vehicles, construction and maintenance of small encampments, water purification and shower facilities in deployed locations.^{[128][129][130][131][132]} Seabees selected and assigned to support NSW are provided extra training in casualty care, small arms, driving, convoys and specialized equipment.^[128][130] The Seabees assigned to NSW are expected to qualify as Expeditionary Warfare Specialists with an emphasis on NSW history, NSW specific equipment and practices.^[133][134]

If desired or required by the unit, Seabees assigned to NSW are eligible to receive the following Naval Enlisted Classifications upon filling the requirements: 5306 – Naval Special Warfare (Combat Service Support) or 5307 – Naval Special Warfare (Combat Support).^[135]

Seabees not only support regular SEAL Teams or units but also are eligible to tryout and get selected to support Naval Special Warfare Development Group.^[136]

Museums

The Fighting Seabee Statue at Quonset Point where the Seabee Museum and Memorial Park is located

Fighting Seabee Statue at Naval Construction Battalion Center designed by Seabee Architect LJ Atkison in 1965. Originally designed for a Mardi Gras parade, it was retired to a statue in 1966. Gulfport, Mississippi U.S. Navy

The U.S. Navy Seabee Museum is located at Naval Base Ventura County, Port Hueneme, California near the entrance, but outside the main gate. Due to the location, visitors are able to visit the museum without having to enter the base proper. The museum re-opened on 22 July 2011 in a new building built by Carlsbad-based RQ Construction. The design of the single-story, 38,833 square foot structure was inspired by the Seabee Quonset hut. Inside are galleries for exhibition space, a grand hall, a theater for 45 people, collections storage, and research areas.

On 7 February 2011, the museum was certified as LEED Silver for utilizing a number of sustainable design and construction strategies. Features include the use of low-maintenance landscaping; a "cool" roofing system with high solar reflectance and thermal emittance; use of photocell-controlled light fixtures and energy-efficient lighting fixtures; 30% use of regional materials and 80% construction debris was recycled and diverted from landfills; low-volatility organic compounds (VOCs); and, use of dual-flush toilets and low-flow aerator faucets.

The Seabee Heritage Center is located in Building 446 at the Naval Construction Battalion Center. The Heritage Center is the Atlantic Coast Annex of the Seabee Museum in Port Hueneme.^[137] Opened in 1995, the Museum Annex commemorates the history and achievements of the Atlantic Coast Naval Construction Force (Seabees) and the Navy's Civil Engineer Corps.^[138] Exhibits at the Gulfport Annex are provided by the Seabee Museum in Port Hueneme.^[139]

The Seabee Museum and Memorial Park^[140] in Davisville, Rhode Island was opened in the late 1990s by a group of former Seabees. The Fighting Seabee Statue is located here.

See also

• Combat engineer
• Military engineering
• Military engineering of the United States
• Bruce Goff CB
• Frank J. Iafrate CB (designer of the SeaBee logo)^[141]
• Elmore Leonard CB
• William Levitt CB
• Ben Moreell^[142] CB
• Marvin G. Shields CB, Medal of Honor, Vietnam War
• Robert Stethem CB
• Marvin Shields Award, Silver Star, Vietnam War,Jack B. Feagins
• United States Navy Argus Units with Acorn Units

References

• "Seabee History: Introduction". 17 February 2017. Retrieved 15 March 2017. 
• "Seabee History: Formation of the Seabees and World War II". 1 July 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2017. 
• "Seabee History: Between the Second World War and the Korean War". 1 July 2015. Retrieved 15 March 2017. 

Further reading

• Huie, William Bradford (1997). Can Do!: The Story of the Seabees (Bluejacket Books Series). Naval Institute Press.
• Bureau of Yards and Docks (1946). Building the Navy's Bases in World War II, Volume I and II Government Printing Office.
• Huie, William Bradford(2012). From Omaha to Okinawa – The Story of the Seabee (Bluejacket Book Series). Naval Institute Press.
• Kubic, RADM Charles R. & James P. Rife (2009). Bridges to Baghdad: The US Navy Seabees in the Iraq War.
• Nichols, Gina (2007). The Seabees at Gulfport. Arcadia Publishing.
• Nichols, Gina (2005). The Seabees at Port Hueneme. Arcadia Publishing.
• Office of Naval Operations OP-30-(OP-415), "Advance Base Units -- Lions,Cubs, Acorns"
• Tregaskis, Richard (1972). Southeast Asia: Building the Bases Government Printing Office.
• Alan Gropman "The Big 'L' ": American Logistics in World War II" p. 224 (Lions, Cubs, Oaks, Acorns)
• ACORN35, ACORN39, CASU44 US Navy War Diaries
• NAVDOCKS-100, January 1944, U.S.Naval Construction Battalion Administration Manual

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to United States Navy Seabees.

• Official U.S. Navy Seabee website
• Navy.mil profile
• U.S. Navy Seabee Museum. Online Reading Room
• Seabee Units History at the Seabee Museum
• Seabee WWII Unit Histories,courtesy nmcb62
• Cruise books, Naval History & Heritage Command
• Seabee History, Naval History & Heritage Command
• Seabee & CEC Historical Foundation
• Seabee Museum & Memorial Park in Davisville, Rhode Island
• Seabees During World War II
• Seabees in the Antarctic: Base Construction
• Seabee Cruise books in the Dept of Navy Library
• Seabee Training at Navy.com
• Seabee Online: Official Online Magazine of the Seabees
• US Navy Seabee Yahoo Group
• the Marston mat and Seabee
• USMC Shore Party
• Oral history interview with Benjamin Walker, a Seabee during World War II from the Veterans History Project at Central Connecticut State University
• Oral history interview with Bruce Remillard, a Seabee during the Vietnam War from the Veterans History Project at Central Connecticut State University
• Pacific War Online Encyclopedia

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