Schaffhausen

Schaffhausen
Schaffhausen in 2012
Coat of arms
Schaffhausen Show map of Switzerland Schaffhausen Show map of Canton of Schaffhausen
Location of Schaffhausen
Coordinates: 47°42′N 8°38′E / 47.700°N 8.633°E / 47.700; 8.633Coordinates: 47°42′N 8°38′E / 47.700°N 8.633°E / 47.700; 8.633
Country	Switzerland
Canton	Schaffhausen
District	(None in canton of Schaffhausen)
Government
• Executive	Stadtrat with 5 members
• Mayor	Stadtpräsident (list) Peter Neukomm SPS/PSS (as of January 2017)
• Parliament	Grosser Stadtrat with 36 members
Area[1]
• Total	41.86 km2 (16.16 sq mi)
Elevation (Bahnhofstrasse)	403 m (1,322 ft)
Population (Dec 2015[2])
• Total	35,948
• Density	860/km2 (2,200/sq mi)
Postal code	8200, 8203, 8207, 8208, 8231 Hemmental
SFOS number	2939
Localities	Schaffhausen, Breite, Gruben, Buchthalen, St. Niklausen, Herblingen, Hauental, Hemmental
Surrounded by	Beringen, Büsingen am Hochrhein (DE-BW), Büttenhardt, Dörflingen, Feuerthalen (ZH), Flurlingen (ZH), Merishausen, Neuhausen am Rheinfall, Stetten, Thayngen
Twin towns	Sindelfingen (Germany), Singen am Hohentwiel (Germany), Dobrich (Bulgaria)
Website	www.stadt-schaffhausen.ch Profile (in German), SFSO statistics

Imperial City of Schaffhausen
Reichsstadt Schaffhausen
Free Imperial City of the Holy Roman Empire
1190 or 1218–1330 1415–1501
Capital		Schaffhausen
Government		Republic
Historical era		Middle Ages
•	Gained Reichsfreiheit	betw 1190 and 1218
•	Pledged to Habsburgs	1330
•	Bought independence	1415
•	Associate member of     Swiss Confederacy	1454
•	Joined Switzerland	1501
•	Swiss independence     recognised	1648
Preceded by Succeeded by All Saints' Abbey (Switzerland) Canton of Schaffhausen

Imperial Abbey of All Saints in Schaffhausen
Reichskloster Allerheiligen, Schaffhausen
Imperial Abbey of the Holy Roman Empire
1080–1529
Capital		Schaffhausen
Government		Principality
Historical era		Middle Ages
•	Consecrated (Leo IX)	22 November 1049
•	Papal grant of     Nellenburg lands	1080
•	Gained Hiltensweiler     lands	1122–1389
•	City became     Swiss Associate	1454
•	City joined Switz.	1501
•	Converted to     monastery and     cathedral church	1524
•	Disestablished in     Reformation	1529
Preceded by Succeeded by Landgraviate of Nellenburg Canton of Schaffhausen

Schaffhausen (German: [ˈʃafˌhauzən]; Alemannic German: Schafuuse; French: Schaffhouse; Italian: Sciaffusa; Romansh: Schaffusa; English: Shaffhouse) is a town with historic roots, a municipality in northern Switzerland, and the capital of the canton of the same name; it has an estimated population of 36,000 as of December 2016. It is located right next to the shore of the High Rhine; it is one of four Swiss towns – besides Neuhausen a. Rhf., the historic Neunkirch and Stein a. Rh. – that is located on the northern side of the Rhine.

The old portion of the town has many fine Renaissance era buildings decorated with exterior frescos and sculpture, as well as the impressive old canton fortress, the Munot. Schaffhausen is also a railway junction of Swiss and German rail networks. One of the lines connects the town with the nearby Rhine Falls in Neuhausen am Rheinfall, Europe's largest waterfall, a tourist attraction.

The official language of Schaffhausen is (the Swiss variety of Standard) German, but the main spoken language is the local variant of the Alemannic Swiss German dialect.

Etymology

The town is first mentioned in 1045 as Villa Scafhusun. There are at least two theories on the origin of this name:

• One relates to a mention of a "ford" across the Rhine that first occurs in 1050. This "ford" may actually refer to a scapha or skiff which was used to disembark goods coming from Constance to move them around the Rhine Falls. The name Scafhusun then arose from the scapha used at that point.^[3]
• Another theory is that Scafhusun comes from Schaf (a sheep), as a ram (now a sheep) formed the ancient arms (traceable to 1049) of the town, derived from those of its founders, the counts of Nellenburg.^[4]

History

Schaffhausen was a city state in the Middle Ages, documented to have struck its own coins from 1045.^[5] About 1050 the counts of Nellenburg founded the Benedictine monastery of All Saints, which became the centre of the town. Perhaps as early as 1190, certainly in 1208, it was an imperial free city, while the first seal dates from 1253. The powers of the abbot were gradually limited and in 1277 the Emperor Rudolf I gave the town a charter of liberties. In 1330 the emperor Louis of Bavaria pledged it to the Habsburgs. In the early 15th century, Habsburg power over the city waned. By 1411 the guilds ruled the city. Then, in 1415 the Habsburg Duke Frederick IV of Austria sided with the Antipope John XXIII at the Council of Constance, and was banned by the Emperor Sigismund. As a result of the ban and Frederick's need of money, Schaffhausen was able to buy its independence from the Habsburgs in 1418. The city allied with six of the Swiss confederates in 1454 and allied with a further two (Uri and Unterwalden) in 1479. Schaffhausen became a full member of the Old Swiss Confederacy in 1501.

The Reformation was adopted, initially, in 1524 and completely in 1529. The town was heavily damaged during the Thirty Years' War by the passage of Swedish (Protestant) and Bavarian (Roman Catholic) troops and the very important bridge was burnt down. It was not until the early 19th century that the arrested industrial development of the town made a fresh start.^[5] In 1857 the first railroad, the Rheinfall-Bahn running from Winterthur, reached Schaffhausen.^[6]

Schaffhausen is located in a finger of Swiss territory surrounded on three sides by Germany. On 1 April 1944 Schaffhausen suffered a bombing raid by United States Army Air Forces aircraft which strayed from German airspace into neutral Switzerland due to navigation errors. About a hundred civilians were killed;^[7] the United States quickly offered four million dollars in reparations.

Geography and climate

Topography

The town of Schaffhausen stands on the right bank of the river Rhine. It has an area, (as of the 2004/09 survey) of 41.86 km² (16.16 sq mi).^[1] Of this area, about 20.2% is used for agricultural purposes, while 53.4% is forested. Of the rest of the land, 24.8% is settled (buildings or roads) and 1.6% is unproductive land. Over the past two decades (1979/85-2004/09) the amount of land that is settled has increased by 95 ha (230 acres) and the agricultural land has decreased by 117 ha (290 acres).^[8]

In 1947 it merged with the former municipality of Buchthalen. Its area expanded again in 1964 when Herblingen was absorbed and for a third time in 2009 when Hemmental joined the municipality.^[9]

Climate

Schaffhausen has an average of 122.5 days of rain or snow per year and on average receives 907 mm (35.7 in) of precipitation. The wettest month is July during which time Schaffhausen receives an average of 95 mm (3.7 in) of rain. During this month there is precipitation for an average of 11.3 days. The driest month of the year is February with an average of 59 mm (2.3 in) of precipitation over 8.4 days.^[10]

Climate data for Schaffhausen (Reference period 1981-2010)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Average high °C (°F)	2.6 (36.7)	4.7 (40.5)	9.9 (49.8)	14.4 (57.9)	19.2 (66.6)	22.3 (72.1)	24.7 (76.5)	24.0 (75.2)	19.4 (66.9)	13.8 (56.8)	7.0 (44.6)	3.5 (38.3)	13.8 (56.8)
Daily mean °C (°F)	0.0 (32)	1.1 (34)	5.3 (41.5)	9.2 (48.6)	13.7 (56.7)	16.8 (62.2)	18.9 (66)	18.3 (64.9)	14.3 (57.7)	9.7 (49.5)	4.2 (39.6)	1.2 (34.2)	9.4 (48.9)
Average low °C (°F)	−2.4 (27.7)	−2.0 (28.4)	1.3 (34.3)	4.4 (39.9)	8.8 (47.8)	11.9 (53.4)	13.8 (56.8)	13.5 (56.3)	10.1 (50.2)	6.4 (43.5)	1.7 (35.1)	−0.9 (30.4)	5.6 (42.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	66 (2.6)	59 (2.32)	65 (2.56)	64 (2.52)	88 (3.46)	92 (3.62)	95 (3.74)	86 (3.39)	72 (2.83)	77 (3.03)	64 (2.52)	79 (3.11)	907 (35.71)
Average snowfall cm (inches)	17.6 (6.93)	17.1 (6.73)	5.6 (2.2)	0.8 (0.31)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	0.0 (0)	5.1 (2.01)	11.0 (4.33)	57.2 (22.52)
Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm)	10.0	8.4	10.9	9.9	11.3	11.3	11.3	10.5	8.9	9.8	9.7	10.5	122.5
Average snowy days (≥ 1.0 cm)	5.1	5.3	2.2	3.6	0.6	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	1.7	4.2	19
Average relative humidity (%)	84	80	73	68	70	70	70	72	78	83	85	85	76
Mean monthly sunshine hours	39	71	114	147	175	191	214	195	142	85	43	31	1,448
Percent possible sunshine	17	29	36	42	42	46	50	51	44	30	18	14	38
Source: MeteoSchweiz[10]

Politics

Coat of arms

The blazon of the municipal coat of arms is Or on a Base Vert issuant from sinister a Semi Castle Argent with tower with entrance from which is issuing a Semi Ram Sable.^[11] The canting coat of arms refers to the second interpretation of the name, sheep-house.

Government

The City Council (de: Stadtrat) constitutes the executive government of the town of Schaffhausen and operates as a collegiate authority. It is composed of five councilors (German: Stadtrat/Stadträtin), each presiding over a department (Referat), which each consists of several administrative districts. The president of the executive department acts as mayor (Stadtpräsident(in)). In the mandate period January 2017 – December 2020 (Amtsdauer) the City Council is presided by Stadtpräsident Peter Neukomm. Departmental tasks, coordination measures and implementation of laws decreed by the Grand City Council (parliament) are carried by the City Council. The regular election of the City Council by any inhabitant valid to vote is held every four years. Any resident of Schaffhausen allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the City Council. The mayor is elected as such as well by public election while the heads of the other directorates are assigned by the collegiate. The mayor as well as the delegates are elected by means of a system of Majorz.^[12]

As of 2017, Schaffhausen's City Council is made up of one representative of the SP (Social Democratic Party, who is also the mayor), one representative of the AL (Alternative List), one of the FDP (The Liberals), one of the SVP (Swiss People's Party), and one of the GLP (Green Liberal Party), giving the right parties a majority of three out of five seats. The last regular election was held on 28 August 2016.^[13]

Stadtrat of Schaffhausen^[12]

City Councillor (Stadtrat/ Stadträtin)	Party	Title	Head of department (Referat, since) of	elected since
Peter Neukomm[CC 1]	PS	Stadtpräsident	Mayor's Office (Präsidialreferat, 2017)	2012
Simon Stocker[CC 2]	AL	Vizepräsident, Sozial- und Sicherheitsreferent	Social Services and Security (Sozial- und Sicherheitsreferat, )	<=08
Dr. Raphaël Rohner	FDP	Bildungsreferent	Education (Bildungsreferat, )	2012
Daniel Preisig	SVP	Finanzreferent	Finances (Finanzreferat, 2017)	2016
Dr. Katrin Bernath	GLP	Baureferentin	Construction and Civil Engineering (Baureferat, 2017)	2016

Christian Schneider is Town Chronicler (Stadtschreiber) since xxxx.

Parliament

The Grand City Council (Grosser Stadtrat) holds legislative power. It is made up of 36 members, with elections held every four years. The Grand City Council decrees regulations and by-laws that are executed by the City Council and the administration. The delegates are selected by means of a system of Proporz.

The sessions of the Grand City Council are public. Unlike members of the City Council, members of the Grand City Council are not politicians by profession, and they are paid a fee based on their attendance. Any resident of Schaffhausen allowed to vote can be elected as a member of the Grand City Council. The parliament holds its meetings in the Kantonsratsaal (Cantonal Council Hall) am Kornmarkt.^[14]

The last regular election of the Grand City Council was held on 27 November 2016 for the mandate period (German: Legislatur) from January 2017 to December 2020. Currently the Grand City Council consist of 9 Swiss People's Party (SVP/UDC), 8 members of the Social Democratic Party (SP/PS) and one of its junior section, the JUSOplus, 5 The Liberals (FDP/PLR) and one of its junior section, the JFSH, 4 Alternative List (AL), 3 Green Liberal Party (GLP/PVL), 2 ÖBS-Grüne (an alliance of the Ökoliberale Bewegung Schaffhausen (ÖBS) and the Green Party (GPS/PES)), and one each of Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP/PDC), Evangelical People's Party (EVP/PES), and Federal Democratic Union (EDU/UDF).^[15]

National elections

National Council

In the 2015 federal election the most popular party was the SVP with 39.0% of the vote. The next three most popular parties were the SP (34.0%), the FDP (12.7%) and the others (6.7%). In the federal election, a total of 13,754 votes were cast, and the voter turnout was 60.7%. The 2015 election saw a change in the voting when compared to 2011. The percentage that the SP received dropped from 41.6% to 34.0% while the SVP increased from 31.9% in 2011 to 39.0% in 2015.^[16]

Demographics

Population

Schaffhausen has a population (as of December 2015) of 35,948.^[2] As of 2014, 27.9% of the population are resident foreign nationals.^[17] Of the foreign population, (as of 2008), 21% are from Germany, 13.3% are from Italy, 8.8% are from Croatia, 13.3% are from Serbia, 6% are from Macedonia, 9% are from Turkey, and 28.6% are from other countries.^[18] Most of the population (as of 2000) speaks German (84.3%), with Serbo-Croatian being second most common (3.4%) and Italian being third (3.2%).^[19]

Over the last 4 years (2010-2014) the population has changed at a rate of 2.82%. The birth rate in the municipality, in 2014, was 9.6, while the death rate was 10.1 per thousand residents.^[8]

As of 2014, children and teenagers (0–19 years old) make up 17.8% of the population, while adults (20–64 years old) are 61.7% and seniors (over 64 years old) make up 20.5%.^[8] In 2015 there were 15,288 single residents, 15,287 people who were married or in a civil partnership, 2,119 widows or widowers, 3,253 divorced residents and 1 people who did not answer the question.^[20]

In 2014 there were 16,723 private households in Schaffhausen with an average household size of 2.10 persons. Of the 5,863 inhabited buildings in the municipality, in 2000, about 51.5% were single family homes and 29.7% were multiple family buildings. Additionally, about 22.1% of the buildings were built before 1919, while 7.6% were built between 1991 and 2000.^[21] In 2013 the rate of construction of new housing units per 1000 residents was 1.29. The vacancy rate for the municipality, in 2015, was 0.71%.^[8]

Historic population

The historical population is given in the following chart:^[22]

Religion

As of 2000, 27.4% of the population belonged to the Roman Catholic Church and 43.6% belonged to the Swiss Reformed Church,^[18] later organized in the parish St. Johann – Münster.^[23]

Education

In Schaffhausen about 69.8% of the population (between age 25-64) have completed either non-mandatory upper secondary education or additional higher education (either university or a Fachhochschule (university of applied sciences)).^[19] In Schaffhausen, as of 2007, 1.73% of the population attend kindergarten or another pre-school, 5.65% attend a Primary School, 2.98% attend a lower level Secondary School, and 2.49% attend a higher level Secondary School.^[18]

Economy

As of 2013, there were a total of 25,749 people employed in the municipality. Of these, a total of 103 people worked in 24 businesses in the primary economic sector. A majority (61.2%) of the primary sector employees worked in very small businesses (less than ten employees). The remainder worked in 2 small businesses with a total of 40 employees. The secondary sector employed 6,403 workers in 371 separate businesses. In 2014 a total of 2,433 employees worked in 358 small companies (less than 50 employees). There were 13 mid sized businesses with 1,631 employees and 3 large businesses which employed 2,333 people (for an average size of 777.7). Finally, the tertiary sector provided 19,243 jobs in 2,626 businesses. In 2014 the tertiary sector numbers had increased by 606 and 20 respectively. In 2014 a total of 12,890 employees worked in 2,597 small companies (less than 50 employees). There were 45 mid sized businesses with 4,938 employees and 4 large businesses which employed 2,021 people (for an average size of 505.3).^[24]

In 2014 a total of 1.3% of the population received social assistance.^[8]

In 2015 local hotels had a total of 102,537 overnight stays, of which 52.6% were international visitors.^[25] In 2015 there were two movie theaters in the municipality, with a total of 10 screens and a total of 1,816 available seats.^[26] As of 2008, there are 102 restaurants, and 11 hotels with 445 beds. The catering industry in Schaffhausen employs 924 people.^[18]

As of 2008 the mid year average unemployment rate was 2.5%. There were 1,879 non-agrarian businesses in the municipality and 29.9% of the (non-agrarian) population was involved in the secondary sector of the economy while 70.1% were involved in the third. At the same time, 67.1% of the working population was employed full-time, and 32.9% was employed part-time. There were 21,841 residents of the municipality who were employed in some capacity, of which women made up 46.6% of the workforce. As of 2000 there were 10,019 residents who worked in the municipality, while 5,724 residents worked outside Schaffhausen and 8,026 people commuted into the municipality for work.^[18]

Schaffhausen has an unemployment rate, as of 2007, of 2.67%. As of 2005, there were 196 people employed in the primary economic sector and about 33 businesses involved in this sector. 6,488 people are employed in the secondary sector and there are 293 businesses in this sector. 14,019 people are employed in the tertiary sector, with 1,486 businesses in this sector.^[19]

Transportation

The town of Schaffhausen is served by two railway stations. Schaffhausen railway station is jointly owned by the Swiss Federal Railways (SBB) and Deutsche Bahn (DB), and is served by trains of both nation's networks. The station is served by long distance passenger trains running between Frankfurt and Zurich and between Basel and Ulm. Trains of Zurich S-Bahn services S16, S22 and S33 serve the station, although only the S16 provides a direct service to Zurich. Services S3 and S8 of the St. Gallen S-Bahn operate over the Lake line to St. Gallen and Rorschach respectively. Herblingen railway station is called at by local trains linking Schaffhausen station and Singen.

Schaffhausen also has a bus network of six lines, including the Schaffhausen trolleybus system, linking it with nearby places such as Herblingen and Neuhausen am Rheinfall.

Culture

Heritage sites of national significance

There are 35 buildings or sites in Schaffhausen that are listed as Swiss heritage sites of national significance. This includes the entire old town of Schaffhausen, the city walls, the Giesserei +GF+ Werk I factory, the town and cantonal archives, the Schweizersbild Paleolithic cave and the Herblingen and Grüthalde Neolithic settlements. Additionally, there are four former guild houses and seven listed houses. There are only two listed religious buildings, the former Benedictine All Saints Abbey and the Church of St. John.^[27]

• 
  All Saints Abbey (German: Allerheiligen) as seen from Munot
• 
  Church portal of Münster Schaffhausen
• 
  Cathedral interior of Münster Schaffhausen
• 
  Restaurant Thiergarten and Munot tower
• 
  Altstadt
• 
  Münster Schaffhausen
• 
  House zum Ritter at Vordergasse 65, one of the listed houses
• 
  View of the Altstadt with the Münster

Economy

Schaffhausen hosts some well-known industrial companies like Georg Fischer (piping systems, machine tools and automotives), an internationally reputed manufacturer of watches (IWC), pharmaceutical industry (Cilag, founded by Bernhard Joos) and BB Biotech (biotechnologies). Tyco International and Garmin are also incorporated in Schaffhausen.

Sport

The town has two football teams, SV Schaffhausen of the fourth tier, the Swiss 1. Liga, and FC Schaffhausen of the Swiss Challenge League. There is a football stadium in Breite, Schaffhausen which seats 4200 persons, known as the Breitestadion. It is also the training headquarters for local children's football teams.

There is a handball team in Schaffhausen which plays in the first Swiss division : Kadetten Schaffhausen. They are centered at the BBC Arena on Schweizersbildstrasse. It seats 3600 persons, and was built in 2011.^[28]

There is also the Shotokan Karate Klub Schaffhausen, one of the oldest Karate Clubs of Switzerland. ^[29]

See also

• Cholfirst Radio Tower
• List of mayors of Schaffhausen
• Bombing of Schaffhausen in World War II

References

External links

Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Schaffhausen.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Schaffhausen.

Wikisource has the text of the 1920 Encyclopedia Americana article Schaffhausen.

• Town of Schaffhausen (in German)
• Schaffhausen Tourism
• Town archives (in German)
• U.S. Bombings of Switzerland during World War II
• Historical
• Museum zu Allerheiligen Schaffhausen, retrieved 2016-08-31