Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan

Sault Ste. Marie
City
City of Sault Ste. Marie

View of Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, from the Canadian side of the river.

Flag
Seal
Nickname(s): The Soo

Location of Sault Ste. Marie in Chippewa County and Michigan
Sault Ste. Marie

Location in the United States

Coordinates: 46°29′49″N 84°20′44″W / 46.49694°N 84.34556°W / 46.49694; -84.34556Coordinates: 46°29′49″N 84°20′44″W / 46.49694°N 84.34556°W / 46.49694; -84.34556
Country United States
State Michigan
County Chippewa
Founded 1668
Incorporated 1879 (village)
Incorporated 1887 (city)
Government
 • Type Commission-Manager
 • Mayor Anthony Bosbous
 • City Manager Oliver Turner
Area[1]
 • Total 20.16 sq mi (52.21 km2)
 • Land 14.77 sq mi (38.25 km2)
 • Water 5.39 sq mi (13.96 km2)  26.74%
Population (2010)[2]
 • Total 14,144
 • Estimate (2016)[3] 13,704
 • Density 700/sq mi (270/km2)
Time zone EST (UTC-5)
 • Summer (DST) EDT (UTC-4)
Website saultcity.com

Sault Ste. Marie /ˌsuː seɪnt məˈriː/ is a city in, and the county seat of, Chippewa County in the U.S. state of Michigan.[4] It is situated on the northeastern end of Michigan's Upper Peninsula, on the Canada–US border, and separated from its twin city of Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, by the St. Marys River. The city is relatively isolated from other communities in Michigan and is 346 miles from Detroit. The population was 14,144 at the 2010 census, making it the second most populous city in the Upper Peninsula. By contrast, the Canadian Sault Ste. Marie is much larger, with more than 75,000 residents, based on more extensive industry developed in the 20th century and an economy with closer connections to other communities.

Sault Ste. Marie had been settled by Native Americans more than 12,000 years ago and was a crossroads of fishing and trading of tribes around the Great Lakes. It developed as the first European settlement in the region that became the Midwestern United States,[5] when, in 1668, Father Jacques Marquette, a French Jesuit, learned of the Native American village and traveled there to found a Catholic mission. French colonists later established a fur trading post, which attracted trappers and Native Americans on a seasonal basis. Both Métis men and women were active in the trade and among the elite in the community. A fur-trading settlement quickly grew at the crossroads that straddled the banks of the river. It was the center of a trading route of 3,000 miles (4,800 km) that extended from Montreal to the Sault, and from the Sault to the country north of Lake Superior.[6]

The settlement was a single community under French colonial and later British colonial rule until 1817. Following the War of 1812, a US–UK Joint Boundary Commission finally fixed the border between the Michigan Territory of the USA and the British Province of Upper Canada to follow the river in this area. Whereas traders had formerly moved through the whole area, the United States forbade Canadian traders from operating in the United States, which much reduced their trade and broke up the cohesion of the economy in the area. The American and Canadian communities of Sault Ste. Marie were each incorporated as independent municipalities toward the end of the nineteenth century.

Sault Sainte-Marie in French means "the Rapids of Saint Mary". The Saint Mary's River runs from Lake Superior to Lake Huron; what are now the twin border cities are located on either side.

No hyphens are used in the English spelling, which is otherwise identical to the French, but the pronunciations differ. Anglophones say /ˌsuː seɪnt məˈriː/ and Francophones say [so sɛ̃t maʁi]. In French, the name can be written Sault-Sainte-Marie. On both sides of the border, the towns and the general vicinity are called The Sault (usually pronounced /ˈsuː/) or The Soo.

The two cities are joined by the International Bridge, which connects Interstate 75 (I-75) in Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, and Huron Street in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. Shipping traffic in the Great Lakes system bypasses the rapids via the American Soo Locks, the world's busiest canal in terms of tonnage passing through it. Smaller recreational and tour boats use the Canadian Sault Ste. Marie Canal. The city's downtown was developed on an island, with the locks to the north and the Sault Ste. Marie Power Canal to the south. The largest ships are 1,000 feet (300 m) long by 105 feet (32 m) wide. These are domestic carriers (called lakers). Too large to transit the Welland Canal that bypasses Niagara Falls, they are land-locked. Foreign ships (termed salties) are smaller and can exit the Great Lakes to the St. Lawrence River and the Atlantic Ocean.

Sault Ste. Marie is the home of the International 500 Snowmobile Race (commonly called the I-500), which takes place annually and draws participants and spectators from all over the U.S. and Canada. The race, which was inspired by the Indianapolis 500,[7] originated in 1969 and has been growing ever since.

History

After being replaced, the Old Federal Building was used by the city for the River of History Museum. It has been renovated for use as the City Hall. The building is on the National Register of Historic Places.

For centuries Ojibwe (Chippewa) Native Americans had lived in the area, which they referred to as Baawitigong ("at the cascading rapids"), after the rapids of St. Marys River. French colonists renamed the region Saulteaux ("rapids" in French).

In 1668, French missionaries Claude Dablon and Jacques Marquette founded a Jesuit mission at this site. Sault Ste. Marie developed as the third-oldest European city in the United States west of the Appalachian Mountains, and the oldest permanent settlement in contemporary Michigan state. On June 4, 1671, Simon-François Daumont de Saint-Lusson, a colonial agent, was dispatched from Quebec to the distant tribes, proposing a congress of Indian nations at the Falls of St. Mary between Lake Huron and Lake Superior. Trader Nicolas Perrot helped attract the principal chiefs, and representatives of 14 indigenous nations were invited for the elaborate ceremony. The French officials proclaimed France's appropriation of the immense territory surrounding Lake Superior in the name of King Louis XIV.[8]

In the 18th century, the settlement became an important center of the fur trade, when it was a post for the British-owned North West Company, based in Montreal. The fur trader John Johnston, a Scots-Irish immigrant from Belfast, was considered the first European settler in 1790. He married a high-ranking Ojibwe woman named Ozhaguscodaywayquay, the daughter of a prominent chief. She also became known as Susan Johnston. Their marriage was one of numerous alliances in the northern areas between high-ranking European traders and Ojibwe. The family was prominent among Native Americans, First Nations, and Europeans from both Canada and the United States. They had eight children who learned fluent Ojibwe, English and French. The Johnstons entertained a variety of trappers, explorers, traders, and government officials, especially during the years before the War of 1812 between Britain and the United States.[9]

As a result of the fur trade, the settlement attracted Ojibwe and Ottawa, Métis, and ethnic Europeans of various nationalities. It was a two-tiered society, with fur traders (who had capital) and their families and upper-class Ojibwe in the upper echelon.[9] In the aftermath of the War of 1812, however, the community's society changed markedly.[9]

The U.S. built Fort Brady near the settlement, introducing new troops and settlers, mostly Anglo-American. Great Britain and the US settled on a new northern boundary in 1817, dividing the US and Canada along St. Mary's River. The US prohibited British fur traders from operating in the United States. After completion of the Erie Canal in New York State in 1825 (expanded in 1832), the number of settlers migrating to Ohio and Michigan increased dramatically from New York and New England, bringing with them the Yankee culture of the Northern Tier. Their numbers overwhelmed the cosmopolitan culture of the earlier settlers. They practiced more discrimination against Native Americans and Métis.

The falls proved a choke point for shipping between the Great Lakes. Early ships traveling to and from Lake Superior were portaged around the rapids in a lengthy process (much like moving a house) that could take weeks. Later, only the cargoes were unloaded, hauled around the rapids, and then loaded onto other ships waiting below the rapids. The first American lock, the State Lock, was built in 1855; it was instrumental in improving shipping. Over the years, the lock was expanded and improved.

In 1900, Northwestern Leather Company opened a tannery in Sault Ste. Marie.[10] The tannery was founded to process leather for the upper parts of shoes, which was finer than that for soles.[11] After the factory closed in 1958, the property was sold to Filborn Limestone, a subsidiary of Algoma Steel Corporation.[12]

In March 1938 during the Great Depression, Sophia Nolte Pullar bequeathed $70,000 for construction of the Pullar Community Building, which opened in 1939. This building held an indoor ice rink composed of artificial ice, then a revolutionary concept. The ice rink is still owned by the city.[13]

Meaning of the name

The city name was derived from the French term for the nearby rapids, which were called Les Saults de Sainte Marie. Sainte Marie (Saint Mary) was the name of the river and Saults referred to the rapids. (The archaic spelling Sault is a relic of the Middle French Period. Latin salta successively became Old French salte (c. 800 – c. 1340), Middle French sault, and Modern French saut, as in the verb sauter, to jump.)

Whereas the modern saut means simply "(a) jump", sault in the 17th century was also applied to cataracts, waterfalls and rapids. This resulted in such place names as Grand Falls/Grand-Sault, and Sault-au-Récollet on the Island of Montreal in Canada; and Sault-Saint-Remy and Sault-Brénaz in France. In contemporary French, the word for "rapids" is rapides.

Transportation

The city is the northern terminus of I-75, which connects with the Mackinac Bridge at St. Ignace 52 miles (84 km) to the south, and continues south to Miami, Florida. M-129 also has its northern terminus in the city. M-129 was at one time a part of the Dixie Highway system, which was intended to connect the northern industrial states with the southern agricultural states. Until 1984 the city was the eastern terminus of the western segment of US 2. County Highway H-63 (or Mackinac Trail) also has its northern terminus in the city and extends south to St. Ignace and follows a route very similar to I-75.

Commercial airline service is provided to the city by the Chippewa County International Airport in Kinross, about 20 miles (32 km) south. Smaller general aviation aircraft also use the Sault Ste. Marie Municipal Airport about one 1 mile (1.6 km) southwest.

Sault Ste. Marie was the namesake of the Minneapolis, St. Paul and Sault Ste. Marie Railway, now the Soo Line Railroad, the U.S. arm of the Canadian Pacific Railway. This railroad had a bridge parallel to the International Bridge crossing the St. Marys River. The Soo Line has since, through a series of acquisitions and mergers of portions of the system, been split between Canadian Pacific and Canadian National Railway (CN). CN operates the rail lines and the bridge in the Sault Ste. Marie area that were formerly part of the Soo Line.

The Sugar Island Ferry provides automobile and passenger access between Sault Ste. Marie and Sugar Island, formerly a center of maple sugaring. The short route that the ferry travels crosses the shipping channel. Despite the high volume of freighter traffic through the locks, freighters typically do not dock in the Sault. However, the city hosts tugs, a tourist passenger ferry service, and a Coast Guard station along the shoreline on the lower (east) side of the Soo Locks. The United States Postal Service operates a "Marine Post Office", situated within the locks, to service ships as they pass through.

Geography and climate

The city is located at Latitude: 46.49 N, Longitude: -84.35 W.

According to the United States Census Bureau, the city has a total area of 20.16 square miles (52.21 km2), of which 14.77 square miles (38.25 km2) is land and 5.39 square miles (13.96 km2) is water.[1]

Climate

Under the Köppen climate classification, Sault Ste. Marie has a humid continental climate (Dfb) with cold, snowy winters and warm summers.[14] Sault Ste. Marie is one of the snowiest places in Michigan, receiving an average of 128 inches (3.3 m) of snow a year, with a record year when 209 inches (5.3 m) fell. 62 inches (1.6 m) of snow fell in one five-day snowstorm, including 28 inches (710 mm) in 24 hours, in December 1995. Sault Ste. Marie receives an average annual 34 inches (860 mm) of precipitation measured as equivalent rainfall. Its immediate region is also the cloudiest in Michigan's Upper Peninsula, having over 200 cloudy days a year.

Temperatures in Sault Ste. Marie have varied between a record low of −36 °F (−38 °C) and a record high of 98 °F (37 °C). Monthly average temperatures range from 13 °F (−11 °C) in January to 64 °F (18 °C) in July.[15] On average, only two out of every five years reaches 90 °F (32 °C), while there are 85.5 days annually where the high remains at or below freezing and 26.5 nights with a low of 0 °F (−18 °C) or colder.

Average monthly precipitation is lowest in February, and highest in September and October. This autumn maximum in precipitation, unusual for humid continental climates, owes to this area's Great Lakes location. From May through July (usually the year's wettest months in most of the upper Midwestern United States, away from large bodies of water), the lake waters surrounding Sault Ste. Marie are cooler than nearby land areas. This tends to stabilize the atmosphere, suppressing precipitation (especially showers and thunderstorms) somewhat, in May, June and July. In autumn, the lakes are releasing their stored heat from the summer, making them warmer than the surrounding land, and increasingly frequent and strong polar and Arctic air outbreaks pick up warmth and moisture during their over-water passage, resulting in clouds and instability showers. In Sault Ste. Marie, this phenomenon peaks in September and October, making these the wettest months of the year. Also noteworthy is that in Sault Ste. Marie, the year's third wettest month, on average, is November, and not any summer month.

Climate data for Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan (1981–2010 normals, extremes 1888–present)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °F (°C) 54
(12)		 50
(10)		 83
(28)		 85
(29)		 91
(33)		 93
(34)		 98
(37)		 98
(37)		 95
(35)		 82
(28)		 74
(23)		 62
(17)		 98
(37)
Average high °F (°C) 23.0
(−5)		 25.9
(−3.4)		 34.7
(1.5)		 49.4
(9.7)		 62.7
(17.1)		 71.3
(21.8)		 76.2
(24.6)		 74.7
(23.7)		 66.5
(19.2)		 53.3
(11.8)		 40.1
(4.5)		 28.6
(−1.9)		 50.53
(10.3)
Average low °F (°C) 7.6
(−13.6)		 9.4
(−12.6)		 17.9
(−7.8)		 31.1
(−0.5)		 40.9
(4.9)		 48.7
(9.3)		 54.4
(12.4)		 54.5
(12.5)		 47.7
(8.7)		 37.8
(3.2)		 28.1
(−2.2)		 15.8
(−9)		 32.83
(0.44)
Record low °F (°C) −36
(−38)		 −37
(−38)		 −27
(−33)		 −13
(−25)		 18
(−8)		 26
(−3)		 36
(2)		 29
(−2)		 25
(−4)		 15
(−9)		 −12
(−24)		 −31
(−35)		 −37
(−38)
Average precipitation inches (mm) 2.19
(55.6)		 1.34
(34)		 1.95
(49.5)		 2.39
(60.7)		 2.57
(65.3)		 2.70
(68.6)		 2.86
(72.6)		 3.17
(80.5)		 3.82
(97)		 3.80
(96.5)		 3.37
(85.6)		 2.79
(70.9)		 32.95
(836.8)
Average snowfall inches (cm) 31.4
(79.8)		 18.6
(47.2)		 13.4
(34)		 6.7
(17)		 0.1
(0.3)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 0
(0)		 trace 1.6
(4.1)		 15.1
(38.4)		 33.5
(85.1)		 120.4
(305.8)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.01 in) 18.4 13.0 12.3 10.9 11.2 11.1 11.2 10.9 12.9 15.5 16.7 18.8 162.9
Average snowy days (≥ 0.1 in) 19.6 14.2 10.1 4.6 0.4 0 0 0 0.1 2.2 10.0 18.0 79.2
Average relative humidity (%) 77.2 75.2 74.7 69.9 67.9 74.7 76.3 79.6 81.6 80.4 81.7 81.0 76.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 104.9 142.5 206.4 227.5 280.3 281.2 303.6 248.9 172.9 122.6 70.4 77.4 2,238.6
Percent possible sunshine 37 49 56 56 60 59 64 57 46 36 25 29 50
Source: NOAA (relative humidity and sun 1961–1990)[16][17]

Demographics

Historical population
Census Pop. %±
1860596—
18801,947—
18905,760195.8%
190010,53883.0%
191012,61519.7%
192012,096−4.1%
193013,75513.7%
194015,84715.2%
195017,91213.0%
196018,7224.5%
197015,136−19.2%
198014,448−4.5%
199014,6891.7%
200014,324−2.5%
201014,144−1.3%
Est. 201613,704[3]−3.1%
source:[18]

2010 census

As of the census[2] of 2010, there were 14,144 people, 5,995 households, and 3,265 families residing in the city. The population density was 957.6 inhabitants per square mile (369.7/km2). There were 6,534 housing units at an average density of 442.4 per square mile (170.8/km2). The racial makeup of the city was 74.8% White, 0.7% African American, 17.7% Native American, 0.9% Asian, 0.1% Pacific Islander, 0.3% from other races, and 5.5% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.5% of the population.

There were 5,995 households of which 28.1% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 35.0% were married couples living together, 14.5% had a female householder with no husband present, 5.0% had a male householder with no wife present, and 45.5% were non-families. 35.7% of all households were made up of individuals and 12.8% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.22 and the average family size was 2.88.

The median age in the city was 33.8 years. 21.3% of residents were under the age of 18; 17.1% were between the ages of 18 and 24; 23.8% were from 25 to 44; 23.8% were from 45 to 64; and 13.9% were 65 years of age or older. The gender makeup of the city was 48.5% male and 51.5% female.

2000 census

Largest ancestries (2000) [19] Percent
German Germany 15%
Ojibwe 14%
Irish Republic of Ireland 13%
English England 9%
French France 9%
African American 7%
Polish Poland 6%

Note: After going through the Census 2000 Count Question Resolution Program, the population of the city in 2000 was revised to 14,324 because of the misallocation of some of a neighboring municipality's population to the city of Sault Ste. Marie.[20]

As of the census[21] of 2000, there were 16,542 people, 5,742 households, and 3,301 families living in the city. The population density was 1,116.3 people per square mile (431.0/km²). There were 6,237 housing units at an average density of 420.9 per square mile (162.5/km²). The racial makeup of the city was 73.99% White, 6.51% African American, 13.72% Native American, 0.65% Asian, 0.05% Pacific Islander, 0.47% from other races, and 4.61% from two or more races. Hispanic or Latino of any race were 1.86% of the population.

There were 5,742 households out of which 28.8% had children under the age of 18 living with them, 39.9% were married couples living together, 13.2% had a female householder with no husband present, and 42.5% were non-families. 33.8% of all households were made up of individuals and 13.3% had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older. The average household size was 2.28 and the average family size was 2.92.

In the city, the population was spread out with 19.4% under the age of 18, 18.1% from 18 to 24, 31.9% from 25 to 44, 18.2% from 45 to 64, and 12.5% who were 65 years of age or older. The median age was 33 years. For every 100 females there were 122.0 males. For every 100 females age 18 and over, there were 128.3 males.

The median income for a household in the city was $29,652, and for a family was $40,333. Males had a median income of $29,656 versus $21,889 for females. The per capita income for the city was $14,460. About 12.7% of families and 17.5% of the population were below the poverty line, including 19.6% of those under age 18 and 12.5% of those age 65 or over.

Economy

Tourism is a major industry in the area. The Soo Locks and nearby Kewadin Casino, Hotel and Convention Center—which is owned by the Sault Tribe of Chippewa Indians—are the major draws, as well as the forests, inland lakes, and Lake Superior shoreline. Sault Ste. Marie is also a gateway to Lake Superior's scenic north shore through its twin city Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario. The two cities are connected by the large Sault Ste. Marie International Bridge, a steel truss arch bridge with suspended deck passing over the St. Marys River.

Education

LSSU's campus was originally Fort Brady.

University

Sault Ste. Marie is home to Lake Superior State University (LSSU), founded in 1946 as an extension campus of Michigan College of Mining and Technology (now Michigan Technological University); the campus was originally Fort Brady. LSSU is home to the LSSU Lakers (D1 Hockey (WCHA), D2 all other sports (GLIAC). LSSU has around 2500 students, making it Michigan's smallest public university.

High schools

The Sault's primary public high school is Sault Area High School. "Sault High" is one of the few high schools in the state with attached career center. The school's mascot is the Blue Devil. "Sault High" houses a variety of successful varsity sports teams, such as baseball and basketball. All together, the school provides 24 competitive sports teams for both boys and girls at all levels. [22]

The school district also operates Malcolm High School, as an alternative school.

Middle schools

Sault Ste. Marie has two middle schools, one in the Sault Ste. Marie School System known as Sault Area Middle School. Before the 6th grade annex was added in the late 1980s, the school was referred to as Sault Area Junior High School. The Second Middle School is a part of Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting School, a Native American-affiliated Public School Academy.

St. Mary's Catholic School serves students in grades K-8.

Elementary School

There are several elementary schools in Sault Ste. Marie and the surrounding area, including Lincoln Elementary, Washington Elementary, Soo Township Elementary, in the Sault Ste. Marie School System, There is also a Public School Academy, Joseph K. Lumsden Bahweting School, and the St. Mary's Catholic School. In the last decade Jefferson Elementary, McKinley Elementary and Bruce Township Elementary have closed because of declining enrollment.

Private School

St. Mary's Catholic School, Bahweting Native American School

Media

TV

Chippewa County Courthouse.

All stations listed here are rebroadcasters of television stations based in Traverse City and Cadillac.

NBC is also served by WTOM channel 4 from Cheboygan, which repeats WPBN-TV.

The area has no local PBS, The CW, or MyNetworkTV service over-the-air. Charter Communications's cable system offers all three in their regional packages courtesy of Marquette's PBS affiliate WNMU-TV, Traverse City's cable-only CW affiliate WBVC-TV, and joint MyNetworkTV/Cozi TV affiliate WLLZ-LP out of Cedar, Michigan.

None of these stations are seen on cable in Sault Ste. Marie, Ontario, as Shaw Cable chooses to largely air Detroit affiliates for over the air channels, while WUHF in Rochester, New York, WPIX in New York City, New York, and WSBK-TV in Boston, Massachusetts provide the closest Fox, CW, and MNTV affiliates carried by Shaw in the market.

Radio

Other stations serving the Sault Ste. Marie, Michigan, market:

Print

The city's main daily paper is the Sault News formerly the Sault Evening News.

Athletics

Spectator sports in Sault Ste. Marie include Lake Superior State University Athletics and the Soo Eagles of the Northern Ontario Junior Hockey League (NOJHL). The Lakers participate in NCAA Division I Ice Hockey and Division II Women's and Men's Basketball, Women's and Men's Golf, Women's Volleyball, Women's and Men's Track and Field, Women's and Men's Tennis and Women's and Men's Cross Country.

Nicknamed the Lakers, LSSU's hockey program is celebrating its 50th season of intercollegiate competition. The team plays its home contests at Taffy Abel Arena (4,000 seats) on LSSU's campus and is one of the most decorated in NCAA hockey history. The squad claimed two NAIA titles in the 1970s before a run of three NCAA division one championships (1988, 1992, 1994) and one finalist appearance (1993) in the late 1980s and early 90s. They compete in the Western Collegiate Hockey Association (WCHA).

The rest of the athletic teams play in the Great Lakes Intercollegiate Athletic Conference (GLIAC). The basketball programs at LSSU have seen their share of success. The Men's program won overall GLIAC regular season titles in 2014-15, 2013–14, 1995-1996 (Tournament Champion) and also claimed the north division crown in 2008-09. LSSU's women's program won GLIAC gold from 2001-2002 through 2004-05. They also captured GLIAC tournament titles in 2002-03 and 2003-04. Both Men's and Women's squads play their home games in the Bud Cooper Gymnasium within the Norris Center.

Notable people

Notable landmarks

Sister Cities

See also

References

  1. 1 2 "US Gazetteer files 2010". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2012-01-24. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  2. 1 2 "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2012-11-25.
  3. 1 2 "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". Retrieved June 9, 2017.
  4. ↑ "Find a County". National Association of Counties. Retrieved 2011-06-07.
  5. ↑ Charter Revision Handbook. Michigan Municipal League.
  6. ↑ "Sault Ste. Marie – history", The North View, accessed 20 Dec 2008
  7. ↑ "I-500 Snowmobile Race, Sault Sainte Marie, MI - International 500 Snowmobile Race". i-500.com.
  8. ↑ DCB/DBC Staff, John Beadle Graphic Designer. "Biography – DAUMONT DE SAINT-LUSSON, SIMON-FRANÇOIS – Volume I (1000-1700) – Dictionary of Canadian Biography". biographi.ca.
  9. 1 2 3 Robert E. Bieder, "Sault Ste. Marie and the War of 1812: A World Turned Upside Down in the Old Northwest", Indiana Magazine of History, XCV (Mar 1999), accessed 13 Dec 2008
  10. ↑ Arbic 2003, p. 190.
  11. ↑ Arbic 2003, p. 191.
  12. ↑ Arbic 2003, p. 197.
  13. 1 2 "Pullar Community Building". City of Sault Ste. Marie. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  14. ↑ Peel, M. C. and Finlayson, B. L. and McMahon, T. A. (2007). "Updated world map of the Köppen−Geiger climate classification" (PDF). Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11: 1633–1644. ISSN 1027-5606. doi:10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007.
  15. ↑ "Sault Ste. Marie Climate". climatezone.com. Retrieved August 17, 2012.
  16. ↑ "NOWData – NOAA Online Weather Data". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved May 10, 2013.
  17. ↑ "Sault STE. MARIE, MI Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved March 17, 2017.
  18. ↑ "Census of Population and Housing". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 2006-02-08. Retrieved 2014-01-19.
  19. ↑ http://www.epodunk.com/cgi-bin/genealogyInfo.php?locIndex=22127
  20. ↑ "Census 2000 Count Question Resolution Program – Michigan Revision Update" (PDF). Michigan Information Center. Retrieved 21 October 2012.
  21. ↑ "American FactFinder". United States Census Bureau. Retrieved 2008-01-31.
  22. ↑ "Sault Area High School Official Page". Sault Area High School and Career Center. Retrieved 1 November 2011.
  23. ↑ Margaret Noori, "Bicultural Before There Was a Word For It", Women's Review of Books, 2008, Wellesley Centers for Women, accessed 12 Dec 2008
  24. ↑ Nebel, Angela (28 Dec 2007). Remembering the Ojibway. Evening News. p. n. pag. Print.
  25. ↑ "Soo Theatre History". January 10, 2011. Retrieved October 24, 2013.
  26. ↑ City of Sault Ste. Marie (Ontario) Archived 2007-11-13 at the Wayback Machine.

Works cited

Further reading

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