San José, Costa Rica

San José
City and municipality
Images, from top down, left to right: San José skyline, Chinatown, Central Avenue, Herdocia Building, the Roman Catholic Archdiocese, the Juan Mora Fernández statue, the Garabito, inside view of the National Theatre of Costa Rica, the Costa Rican Center of Science and Culture.

Flag
Coat of arms
Nickname(s): Chepe
Motto: Ad Meliora  (Latin)
"Towards better things"

San José and surrounding area
San José

Location of San José within Costa Rica

Coordinates: 9°56′N 84°5′W / 9.933°N 84.083°W / 9.933; -84.083Coordinates: 9°56′N 84°5′W / 9.933°N 84.083°W / 9.933; -84.083
Country Costa Rica
Province San José
Canton San José
Founded ca. 1739
Capital as of 16 May 1823
Boroughs 8 districts
Government
 • Mayor Johnny Araya Monge (PASJ
Area
 • City and municipality 44.62 km2 (17.23 sq mi)
 • Metro 2,044 km2 (789 sq mi)
Elevation 1,172 m (3,845 ft)
Population (2015)
 • City and municipality 333.288
 • Density 6,455.71/km2 (16,720.2/sq mi)
 • Urban 1,543,000 (March 2,013)[1]
 • Metro 2,158,898
 • Metro density 1,056.2/km2 (2,736/sq mi)
 • Demonym Josefino/a
Time zone Central Standard Time (UTC-6)
Postal Code 10101
Area code(s) + 506
HDI (2011) 0.756 – high[2]
Climate Aw
Website http://www.msj.go.cr
Stone sphere created by the Diquis culture in the courtyard of the National Museum of Costa Rica. The sphere is the icon of the country's cultural identity.
San José from the International Space Station

San José (literally meaning "Saint Joseph", pronounced [saŋ xoˈse]) is the capital and largest city of Costa Rica. Located in the Central Valley, in the western province of the country, San José is the seat of national government, the focal point of political and economic activity, and the major transportation hub of this Central American nation. The population of San José Canton was 288,054 in 2011,[3] and San José’s municipal land area measures 44.2 square kilometers (17.2 square miles), and an estimated 333,980 residents in 2015.[4] The metropolitan area stretches beyond the canton limits and has an estimated population of over 2 million in 2017.[5] The city is named in honor of Joseph of Nazareth.

Though few people live in the city center, it is the most important working area of the country, which brings in more than a million people daily. Despite its problems, according to studies in Latin America, San José is still one of the safest and least violent cities in the region.[6] In 2006, the city was appointed Ibero-American Capital of Culture.

San José is the sixth-most important destination in Latin America, according to The MasterCard Global Destinations Cities Index 2012. San José ranked 15th in the world’s fastest-growing destination cities by visitor cross-border spending.[7]

History

The population grew during the eighteenth-century colonial planning, which was different from the traditional foundation plans of Spanish cities in the continent.

Founded in 1738 by order of Cabildo de León, its objective was to concentrate the scattered inhabitants of the Aserrí Valley. To do so, the construction of a chapel near the area known as La Boca del Monte was ordered; this was completed two years later. That year St. Joseph was chosen as parish patron, hence its current name. The chapel, which was very modest, was erected with help from the church of Cartago.

San José had water problems, and that was one of the main reasons that the population grew slowly. However, the water supply was assured by ditches, and the fertility of the surrounding fields along with the installation of the Tobacco Factory of Costa Rica, which would aid urban concentration.

As San José, unlike what happened to Cartago, was not founded with a formal act of foundation, it was not considered as a city or town, and consequently the city lacked a city government. It was not until the enactment of the Constitution of Cádiz in 1812 when San José had its first city government. In 1813, the Spanish parliament gave the town the title of city, which was then lost in 1814 when Ferdinand VII of Spain annulled the proceedings by the courts. The municipal government was restored in 1820 with the title of city population.

San José is one of the youngest capital cities in Latin America by year of conception, though it was not named capital until 1823.[8] The first modern urban neighborhood carries the name of his founder, the French coffee entrepreneur Monsieur Amon, and was created in the late 19th century, in line with Belle Époque contemporary architecture. The Barrio Amon, as well as the National Theatre remain symbols of Costa Rican coffee golden age.

Today San José is a modern city with bustling commerce and brisk expressions of art and architecture. Spurred by the country's improved tourism industry, it is a significant destination and stopover for foreign visitors.[9]

San José exerts a strong influence because of its proximity to other cities (Alajuela, Heredia and Cartago) and the country's demographic assemblage in the Central Valley.[10]

Education

Costa Rica has developed high literacy rates and education levels. Most of the nation's people are literate, know the basics of arithmetic, and many have high-school level diplomas. The country as a whole has the best education levels of all the Central American nations, and one of the best in Latin America. This is especially true for this city, San José, which is the nation's educational hub, being home to many institutions; including public and around 51 private universities.[11]

University of Santo Tomas, the first university of Costa Rica was established here in 1843. That institution maintained close ties with the Roman Catholic Church and was closed in 1888 by the progressive and anti-clerical government of President Bernardo Soto Alfaro as part of a campaign to modernize public education. The schools of law, agronomy, fine arts, and pharmacy continued to operate independently, but Costa Rica had no university proper until 1940, when those four schools were re-united to establish the modern University of Costa Rica (UCR), during the reformist administration of President Rafael Ángel Calderón Guardia.

The city's public education system is composed of pre-schools, elementary and high schools (from grades 7 to 11), which are located in all of the city's districts and are under the supervision of the Ministry of Public Education. Nevertheless, private institutions do exist within the city. These educational institutions range from pre-schools to universities. Most tend to be bilingual, teaching subjects in either French or English and Spanish, among other languages, apart from just teaching a certain language.

Security

San José is one of Latin America's safest cities. As of 19 June 2012, both the city and nation reduced their crime indices considerably. Nationwide, crime was reduced from 12.5 to 9.5 incidents per 100,000 inhabitants.

In 2012, new police equipment was issued by the government, and the security budget was increased. President Laura Chinchilla's government has donated vehicles and other equipment to the police department on at least two occasions.[12]

The city's greater metropolitan area (in Los Yoses, San Pedro) also serves as the headquarters of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights.

Districts

San José is divided into 11 districts (distritos): Catedral, Carmen, Hatillo, Hospital, Uruca, Mata Redonda, Merced, Pavas, San Francisco de Dos Ríos, San Sebastián, Zapote. The districts are divided up into a number of neighborhoods (local name: "barrios").[13]

Transportation

San José has several internal transportation networks that connect the city districts and metropolitan area; as well as national transportation networks that connect the city to other parts of Costa Rica.

San José is currently undergoing modernization in transportation. The current mayor, Johnny Araya, has announced the establishment of an urban tramway system that will, in its first phase, cover the central core of the city going from west to east. This entire plan was announced and publicly presented on February 2011 by the city mayor and Costa Rican President, Laura Chinchilla.

On 27 September 2012, San José disclosed plans to install its first street signs, about 22,000 signs and plaques. It is estimated that the lack of proper street names for directions causes the loss of $720 million a year by the Inter-American Development Bank in 2008, due to undelivered, returned or re-sent mail.[14]

Buses

Private bus companies connect different areas of the city with each other and the suburbs. Services to other parts of the country are provided by other private companies which have stations or stops spread all over the city centre. There are also bus services between Juan Santamaría International Airport and downtown San José.

Train

The Instituto Costarricense de Ferrocarriles, or the state owned railway institute, is in charge of all of Costa Rica's railways. In 2004, this institution began work on the establishment of an inter-urban railway network. This network would connect Tibás, Heredia, San Antonio de Belén, Pavas, San Pedro de Montes de Oca, Sabanilla and Curridabat, among other locations.

There are current plans to expand this inter-urban railway system into Cartago, Alajuela, and the Juan Santamaría International Airport.

Trains run to Heredia from Estación Atlantico and San Antonio de Belen and from Estación Pacifico.[15]

Taxis

San José public taxi services complement the urban transportation network. Taxis are characterized by their red color and belong to registered cooperatives. There are other taxi services which do not belong to the registered system, there are also taxis from the airport that are usually orange.

The car-sharing company Uber has entered Costa Rica, but the government has stated that is not allowed to operate because it is in violation of public transport laws. Despite repeated clashes with the government and strikes from taxi drivers due to unfair competition claims, the company has continued to operate in the country.

Airports

The city is serviced by Juan Santamaría International Airport (IATA: SJO, ICAO: MROC), 23 km (14 mi) west of downtown, in the city of Alajuela, which is one of the busiest airports in Central America. In 2010, Juan Santamaría International Airport received 4.3 million passengers, most of them from international flights. In 2011, the airport was named the 3rd Best Airport in Latin America/Caribbean from the Airport Service Quality Awards by Airports Council International[16]

The airport is undergoing a modernization plan, which is expected to be brief. The previous remodeling done to the airport cost around $7 million.

Another important airport in San José is Tobías Bolaños International Airport (IATA: SYQ, ICAO: MRPV). It is located 8 km (5 mi) north-east of the city proper and 11 km (7 mi) south-east of Juan Santamaría International Airport.

Sports

The city's major football club is Deportivo Saprissa, who won a record 33 league titles. They play their home games at the Estadio Ricardo Saprissa Aymá, which is located in Tibas. Another top-level club, Universidad, play at the Estadio Ecológio.

Cuisine

Costa Rican cuisine (comida típica) is generally not spicy. Throughout San José, the most popular food is the national dish of gallo pinto, which is a mixture of fried rice and black beans. Gallo pinto is usually served for breakfast with tortillas and natilla, a thin sour cream. Costa Rican restaurants serving traditional food at an affordable price are called sodas and usually offer casados for lunch and dinner. A casado (which means "married" in Spanish) consists of rice, beans, and meat, and normally comes with cabbage-and-tomato salad, fried plantains, and/or tortillas.[17] San José Central Market, in downtown San José, has numerous stalls and sodas.

Climate

San José has a tropical wet and dry climate (Köppen climate classification Aw).[18] Precipitation varies widely between the driest month (6.3 mm (0.25 in)) and the wettest month (355.1 mm (13.98 in)), while average temperatures vary little.[19] The hottest month is April with an average temperature of 23.7 °C (74.7 °F), while the coolest month is October with an average temperature of 21.8 °C (71.2 °F).

Climate data for San José, Costa Rica (Juan Santamaría International Airport)
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 31.5
(88.7)		 33.3
(91.9)		 33.4
(92.1)		 34.5
(94.1)		 32.8
(91)		 32.1
(89.8)		 31.7
(89.1)		 32.0
(89.6)		 32.0
(89.6)		 31.4
(88.5)		 30.3
(86.5)		 31.5
(88.7)		 34.5
(94.1)
Average high °C (°F) 28.2
(82.8)		 29.1
(84.4)		 29.9
(85.8)		 30.3
(86.5)		 28.8
(83.8)		 28.2
(82.8)		 28.2
(82.8)		 28.3
(82.9)		 27.8
(82)		 27.1
(80.8)		 27.2
(81)		 27.9
(82.2)		 28.4
(83.1)
Daily mean °C (°F) 22.6
(72.7)		 23.0
(73.4)		 23.5
(74.3)		 23.7
(74.7)		 22.9
(73.2)		 22.5
(72.5)		 22.6
(72.7)		 22.4
(72.3)		 22.0
(71.6)		 21.8
(71.2)		 21.9
(71.4)		 22.3
(72.1)		 22.6
(72.7)
Average low °C (°F) 18.5
(65.3)		 18.7
(65.7)		 18.8
(65.8)		 19.1
(66.4)		 19.2
(66.6)		 19.0
(66.2)		 19.0
(66.2)		 18.8
(65.8)		 18.3
(64.9)		 18.5
(65.3)		 18.3
(64.9)		 18.3
(64.9)		 18.7
(65.7)
Record low °C (°F) 11.7
(53.1)		 13.2
(55.8)		 14.5
(58.1)		 14.9
(58.8)		 14.9
(58.8)		 15.8
(60.4)		 15.2
(59.4)		 16.0
(60.8)		 15.8
(60.4)		 15.5
(59.9)		 14.5
(58.1)		 14.2
(57.6)		 11.7
(53.1)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 6.3
(0.248)		 10.2
(0.402)		 13.8
(0.543)		 79.9
(3.146)		 267.6
(10.535)		 280.1
(11.028)		 181.5
(7.146)		 276.9
(10.902)		 355.1
(13.98)		 330.6
(13.016)		 135.5
(5.335)		 33.5
(1.319)		 1,971
(77.6)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm) 3 3 5 10 23 22 20 22 26 25 17 8 184
Average relative humidity (%) 68 68 66 70 77 83 80 83 85 87 79 74 76.7
Mean monthly sunshine hours 285.2 266.0 282.1 240.0 182.9 144.0 151.9 158.1 147.0 161.2 177.0 244.9 2,440.3
Source #1: Deutscher Wetterdienst[20]
Source #2: NOAA (sun 1961–1990)[21]

Major landmarks

San José panorama
San José skyline with mountains in the background
National Theatre
Plaza de la Cultura
National Museum of Costa Rica
Okayama Park

Theaters and auditoriums

San José has many beautiful theaters, many with European-inspired architecture. These buildings serve as the city's main tourist attractions, not only because of the architectural beauty, but because of the numerous cultural, musical, and artistic presentations and activities, which include traditional and modern Costa Rican and San Josefinan culture.

The most well-known are:

The National Theater of Costa Rica (considered the finest historic building in the capital and known for its exquisite interior which includes its lavish Italian furnishings[22]) and the Melico Salazar Theater present drama, dance performances and concerts throughout the year. Nevertheless, other 'smaller' theaters can be found throughout the city and provide a large array of entertainment.

Teatro Variedades is San José's oldest theater.[23]

Museums

San José is also host to various museums. These museums allow visitors to view Costa Rican history, scientific discoveries, pre-Columbian era culture and art, as well as modern Costa Rican art. The city is also host to the nation's museum of gold and museum of jade.

Some of the city's main museums are:

Parks, plazas, and zoos

San José is home to many parks and squares (plazas in Spanish); where one can find gazebos, open green areas, recreational areas, lakes, fountains, statues and sculptures by Costa Rican artists and many different bird, tree and plant species.

Parks and zoos

The city's primary parks include:

Plazas

Plazas, or town squares, are very prominent across San José's districts.

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

San José is twinned with:

Notable people

This is an alphabetical list of notable people who were born in or have lived in San José.

References

  1. ↑ "Demographia World Urban Areas PDF (March 2013)". Instituto Nacional de Censos de Costa Rica. Retrieved 24 November 2013.
  2. ↑ "Índice de Desarrollo Humano Cantonal 2013" (PDF) (in Spanish). 25 June 2013. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  3. ↑ Conrad, Peter (23 November 2012). "Interest activities to do in San Jose, Costa Rica". TravelExcellence.com.
  4. ↑ https://www.worldscapitalcities.com/capital-facts-for-san-jose-costa-rica/
  5. ↑ http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/costa_rica.htm
  6. ↑ "Costa Rica still one of the safest places in Latin America". The Costa Rica News. 17 June 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  7. ↑ "San Jose Costa Rica is the sixth most important destination in Latin America". The Costa Rica News. 14 June 2012. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  8. ↑ History of San José, Costa Rica, by Spanish Abroad, Inc.
  9. ↑ "San José, city, Costa Rica".
  10. ↑ In San José, Costa Rica, effective metropolitan planning and selective infrastructure investment can improve the quality of life for the poor, by Rosendo Pujol, researcher of ProDUS on the World Bank Urban Research Symposium in Brasilia, Brasil, 4–6 April 2005
  11. ↑ "Universidades de San José (Privadas y Públicas)". Altillo.com. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  12. ↑ "CHINA DONA 200 PATRULLAS CON GARANTÍA DE REPUESTOS". Prensalibre.cr. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  13. ↑ "Frommer's".
  14. ↑ Cota, Isabella. "San Jose, Costa Rica to install its first street signs". Yahoo News. Retrieved 28 September 2012.
  15. ↑ Horario de Tren, www.horariodetren.com. "Urban Train in Costa Rica". Horariodetren.com. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  16. ↑ "ASQ Award for Best Airport in Latin America - Caribbean" Airports Council International. 14 February 2012. Retrieved 13 April 2012
  17. ↑ "Costa Rica: Cuisine". Globalgourmet.com. Retrieved 8 July 2013.
  18. ↑ "CHAPTER 7: Introduction to the Atmosphere". PhysicalGeography.net. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
  19. ↑ "The Climate of Tropical Regions". The British Geographer. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
  20. ↑ "Klimatafel von San José (Int. Flugh.) / Costa Rica" (PDF). Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure. Retrieved September 17, 2016.
  21. ↑ "Juan Santamaria Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved July 26, 2017.
  22. ↑ Baker, C.P. (2005). Costa Rica. Dorling Kindersley Eye Witness Travel Guides. p. 60.
  23. ↑ Patrimonio Nacional
  24. ↑ "Sister Cities, Public Relations". Guadalajara municipal government. Archived from the original on 2 March 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2013.

Bibliography

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