Same-sex union court cases

Legal status of same-sex unions
Marriage
Performed
Recognized

  1. Marriages performed in some municipalities and recognized by the state
  2. For some purposes, from all jurisdictions where same-sex marriage is legal
  3. When performed in Mexican states that have legalized same-sex marriage
  4. When performed in the Netherlands proper
  5. Registration schemes opened in all jurisdictions except Hualien County, Penghu County, Taitung County, and Yunlin County

* Not yet in effect

LGBT portal

Same-sex marriage is legal (nationwide or in some parts) in the following countries: Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark,[nb 1] Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Mexico,[nb 2] the Netherlands,[nb 3] New Zealand,[nb 4] Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Germany (not yet in effect), Malta (not yet in effect), Taiwan, (not yet in effect), Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom,[nb 5] the United States,[nb 6] and Uruguay. Same-sex marriage is recognized, but not performed, in Estonia, Israel, and Armenia. Furthermore, same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.

International level

Several attempts have been made to establish a right to same-sex marriage at the international level through strategic litigation, at the Human Rights Committee of the United Nations and at the European Court of Human Rights, both of which currently have not yet recognized an equal right to marry for same-sex couples. The Human Rights Committee case was in 1999, with two same-sex couples as the plaintiffs/petitioners and the government of New Zealand as the defender/respondent. The ECHR case, Schalk and Kopf v Austria, was in 2010, with a same-sex couple as the plaintiffs/petitioners and the government of Austria as the respondents. Although both New Zealand and Austria then responded against the petitions then in each case, both countries now legally recognize same-sex unions, New Zealand in the form of same-sex marriage and Austria in the form of a registered partnership.

National level

Jurisdiction End date Description Restrictions
unconstitutional?
United States United States 1972 The Supreme Court of the United States dismissed Baker v. Nelson "for want of a substantial federal question".[1] This decision was overturned in June 2015 by the same court in the case Obergefell v. Hodges. No
Netherlands Netherlands 1990 The Supreme Court of the Netherlands ruled that is not discriminatory not to allow same-sex couples to marry, because marriage is open to procreation. However, the Hoge Raad stated that the Parliament is free to grant to same-sex couples most of marriage rights.[2] No
Israel Israel 1994 An Israeli court ruled that same-sex couples are entitled to the same common law benefits as opposite-sex couples. Yes
Israel Israel 1995 An Israeli court ruled that same-sex couples were entitled to further benefits. Yes
Israel Israel 1996 An Israeli court ruled that same-sex couples were entitled to even further benefits. Yes
New Zealand New Zealand December 1997 The Court of Appeal of New Zealand ruled in Quilter v Attorney-General that marriage under common law was between one man and one woman, and the common law ban on same-sex marriage was not discriminatory under the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990. No
South Africa South Africa February 1998 The Transvaal Provincial Division in Langemaat v Minister of Safety and Security ordered a medical aid scheme to register the same-sex life partner of a member as a dependent, ruling that scheme regulations excluding same-sex partners were unconstitutionally discriminatory.[3][4] Yes
Canada Canada 1999 The Supreme Court of Canada ruled in M. v. H. that cohabiting same-sex partners in a common-law marriage were entitled to the same rights as unmarried cohabiting opposite-sex partners.[5] Yes
South Africa South Africa December 1999 The Constitutional Court ruled in National Coalition for Gay and Lesbian Equality v Minister of Home Affairs that foreign same-sex partners of South Africans are entitled to the same immigration benefits as foreign spouses.[6] Yes
Israel Israel 2000 An Israeli court ruled that same-sex couples were entitled to pension benefits. Yes
Israel Israel 2001 Common-law status is once again expanded to allow a partner to claim guardianship of the other's child. Yes
South Africa South Africa July 2002 The Constitutional Court ruled in Satchwell v President of the Republic of South Africa that pensions and other financial benefits provided by an employer to spouses must also be provided to same-sex life partners who have undertaken a reciprocal duty of support.[7] Yes
South Africa South Africa September 2002 The Constitutional Court ruled in Du Toit v Minister of Welfare and Population Development that same-sex partners are entitled to adopt children jointly and to adopt each other's children as if they were married.[8] Yes
Canada Canada 2002-5 A series of court decisions progressively legalized same-sex marriage in Canada's provinces and territories prior to the passage of the Civil Marriage Act. Decisions in Ontario, Quebec, and British Columbia found that not permitting same-sex marriage violated the Charter of Rights. When the Court of Appeal for Ontario ordered that its judgment come into effect immediately, the courts in British Columbia and Quebec subsequently amended their recent decisions to do the same, enabling same-sex couples to marry in all three provinces. Further decisions in Yukon, Manitoba, Nova Scotia, Saskatchewan, Newfoundland and Labrador, and New Brunswick extended same-sex marriage to those jurisdictions. Yes
Venezuela Venezuela 2003 The Supreme Court of Venezuela ruled that the government is free to introduce measures that provide for economic benefits to same-sex couples, though it is not bound by law to do so.[9] No
South Africa South Africa March 2003 The Constitutional Court ruled in J v Director General, Department of Home Affairs that children born to lesbian life-partners through artificial insemination are to be regarded as legitimate in law and that both partners must be registered as the legal parents.[10] Yes
Austria Austria 2003 The European Court of Human Rights ruled that same-sex couples must be recognized under common-law status equal to opposite-sex couples. Yes
Yukon Yukon July 2004 The Supreme Court of the Yukon Territory ordered in Dunbar & Edge v. Yukon (Government of) & Canada (A.G.), 2004 YKSC 54, that the Yukon common law definition of marriage be changed immediately to be "the voluntary union for life of two persons to the exclusion of all others." Yes
South Korea South Korea July 2004 A lesbian couple who have lived together for 20 years has made a palimony suit the property division by eliminating de facto marriage.[11] No
Israel Israel January 2005 The Supreme Court expanded the common-law status to include for adoption of a partner's child. Yes
South Africa South Africa December 2005 The Constitutional Court ruled in Minister of Home Affairs v Fourie that restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples was unconstitutional. The ruling, however, was suspended for one year to allow Parliament time to enact legislation to rectify the inequality.[12] Yes
Costa Rica Costa Rica May 2006 The Supreme Court of Costa Rica ruled 5–2 that restricting marriage to opposite-sex couples was not unconstitutional.[13] No
United States United States July 2006 Citizens for Equal Protection v. Bruning unsuccessfully challenged the validity under the United States Constitution of Initiative Measure 416, Nebraska's constitutional ban on same-sex marriage. No[14]
United Kingdom United Kingdom July 2006 The High Court ruled that recognizing same-sex marriages performed abroad as "civil partnerships" over marriages was not discriminatory.[15] No
Israel Israel November 2006 The Supreme Court of Israel ruled that the government must recognize same-sex marriages performed abroad on par with opposite-sex marriages that have been performed abroad.[16] Yes
South Africa South Africa November 2006 Days before same-sex marriage became legal, the Constitutional Court ruled in Gory v Kolver NO that a same-sex life partner is entitled to inherit automatically when the other partner dies without a will.[17] Yes
Brazil Brazil 2006 A 2006 decision issued by the Superior Tribunal de Justiça stated that same-sex couples qualify as de facto partners. Yes
Colombia Colombia February 2007 A Colombian court ruled that some common law benefits must be extended to same-sex couples.[18] Yes
Aruba Aruba April 2007 The Supreme Court of the Netherlands ruled that Aruba must recognize all Dutch marriages, including same-sex marriages.[19] Yes
Netherlands Antilles Netherlands Antilles April 2007 The Supreme Court of the Netherlands's ruling applied to the Netherlands Antilles in addition to Aruba. Yes
Colombia Colombia January 2009 The Constitutional Court of Colombia later ruled that benefits for cohabiting same-sex couples must be expanded to give them equality with cohabiting opposite-sex couples.[20] Yes
Slovenia Slovenia July 2009 The Constitutional Court of Slovenia ruled that the registered partnership law excluding registered partners from inheritance rights was discriminatory and gave the Parliament six months to respond to the ruling.[21] Yes
Portugal Portugal July 2009 The Constitutional Court of Portugal ruled 3–2 that the statutory ban on same-sex marriage does not violate the Portuguese constitutional provision that prohibits discrimination based on sexual orientation.[22][23] No
Russia Russia January 2010 Two lesbians who recently married in Canada have announced their intention to push for its recognition within Russia.[24][25] Russian courts have ruled that the two are not legally able to marry, and thus the two women are seeking to use a loophole for recognition only.[26] No[27]
Poland Poland March 2010 The European Court of Human Rights ruled that homosexuals have the right to inherit from their partners.[28] Yes
Italy Italy April 2010 The constitutionality of Italy's refusal to grant marriage licenses to same-sex couples was questioned before the Constitutional Court.[29][30] In April 2010, the court rejected the bids from Italian couples.[31] No
Austria Austria June 2010 Schalk and Kopf v. Austria challenges the validity of Austria's marriage laws in the European Court of Human Rights.[32][33] No
Mexico Mexico August 2010 After affirming the constitutionality of Mexico City's same-sex marriage law, the Supreme Court ruled that all Mexican states are required to recognize the marriages. Yes[34]
Germany Germany August 2010 The Constitutional Court of Germany ruled that the twenty-point higher inheritance tax for registered partners as opposed to married opposite-sex couples violated the constitution. The government had until 2011 to amend the law. Yes
France France January 2011 France's highest court of appeal, the Court of Cassation, on November 17, 2010, asked the Constitutional Council to decide whether Articles 75 and 144 of the Civil Code are inconsistent with the preamble and Article 66 of the French constitution.[35][36][37] On January 28, 2011, the Council ruled that the law banning same-sex marriage is constitutional.[38] No
Brazil Brazil May 2011 On May 5, 2011, the Supreme Federal Court ruled 10-0 (with one abstention) that same-sex civil unions must be recognized.[39] Yes
Brazil Brazil June 2011 A judge in São Paulo converted a civil union into a civil marriage.[40] Yes
Colombia Colombia July 2011 The Constitutional Court of Colombia ruled that same-sex couples are at a legal disadvantage by being excluded from marriage and ordered Congress to rectify this issue by June 20, 2013. If the deadline is not met, same-sex couples would thenceforth be able to get married by a judge or a notary.[41] Yes
Brazil Brazil October 2011 Brazil's Superior Court ruled that two women can legally be married. It's the highest court in Brazil to uphold a gay marriage. It overturned two lower courts' rulings against the women.[42] Yes
Chile Chile December 2011 A Court of Appeals in Santiago asked the Constitutional Court about the validity of Article 102 of the Civil Code that defines marriages only between a man and a woman, after three couples challenged the article.[43] The Constitutional Court rejected their bids in a 9-1 vote,[44] and subsequently, the Court of Appeals rejected the challenges.[45] No
Italy Italy March 2012 The Supreme Court of Cassation ruled that same-sex couples are entitled to the same common law benefits as opposite-sex couples.[46] Yes
Israel Israel December 2012 Ramat Gan family court allowed a gay couple to divorce.[47] Yes
Mexico Mexico December 2012 The Supreme Court of Justice of the Nation of Mexico ruled unanimously in favor of three same-sex couples who sued the state of Oaxaca for the right to marry. The ruling does not immediately eliminate marriage bans in other Mexican states, but it does set a legal precedent to begin challenging statewide marriage bans.[48] Yes
Italy Italy January 2013 The Supreme Court of Cassation ruled that gay couples can bring up children as well as heterosexual couples. It also said that it was "mere prejudice" to assume that living with a homosexual couple could be detrimental for a child's development.[49][50] Yes
Austria Austria January 2013 The Constitutional Court of Austria ruled that same-sex couples who want to register their partnership will have the same ceremony offered to opposite-sex couples who want to marry. In addition, gay couples will be able to bring the witnesses.[51] Yes
Australia Australia February 2013 Court held that the national ban on same-sex marriages did not constitute gender discrimination[52] No
Italy Italy May 2013 An Italian judge recognises a civil partnership contracted by two Italian men in the UK. The couple registered their partnership in the local (Milan) Civil union register. It is the first time that occurs in the Italian jurisprudence.[53] Yes
Brazil Brazil May 2013 On May 14, 2013, the National Justice Council ruled 14-1 that every notary of Brazil must perform same-sex marriage and permit the conversion of any same-sex civil union into a marriage.[54] Yes
United States United States June 2013 In United States v. Windsor the Supreme Court of the United States struck down section 3 of the Defense of Marriage Act, which denied federal benefits of marriage to same-sex couples legally married in their own state. Yes
United States United States June 2013 In Hollingsworth v. Perry the Supreme Court of the United States vacated the decision of the circuit court of appeals and reinstated the original decision of the district court. This has the effect that California's Proposition 8, a voter-approved referendum that took away the right of same sex-marriage that previously had been approved by the state's courts, is struck down and same-sex marriage will resume in California. Case dismissed
Same-sex marriage in California resumes
Colombia Colombia July 2013 A Civil Court in Bogotá ruled that a male same-sex couple has the right to marry.[55] Yes
Greece Greece November 2013 In 2008 Greece passed a law which regulated cohabitation but excluded same-sex couples from enjoying the same benefits afforded to opposite-sex couples. On November 7, 2013, in Vallianatos and others v Greece the ECtHR ruled that is discriminatory excluding same-sex couples.[56] Yes
Australia Australia December 2013 The High Court of Australia reviewed the constitutionality of the Marriage Equality Bill approved in October by the Australian Capital Territory[57] It declared on December 12 that same-sex marriage can only be legalised by the Federal government. Marriage solely a Federal Jurisdiction
Italy Italy 2014 The Civil Court of Grosseto ordered the recognition of a marriage contracted by two Italian men in New York. It is the first time that occurs in the Italian jurisprudence.[58] In September 2014 an appellate court in Florence has overruled the lowers court decision. However, the court didn't rule on the constitutionality of the marriage, but insisted that the couple sued the wrong agency. The judges sent the case back to the Civil Court of Grosseto.[59]
Paraguay Paraguay 2014 A Paraguayan gay couple asked an Asunceño judge to register their marriage which they performed in Argentina.[60] On 4 April 2013 the judge refused to register the couple's marriage because the Paraguayan Constitution establish that marriage can only be formed by a man and a woman. The couple said that the decision will be appealed.[61]
Cyprus Cyprus 2014 A Cypriot couple is taking the Republic of Cyprus to the European Court of Human Rights for not giving them the right to enter into a same-sex marriage.[62]
Costa Rica Costa Rica 2014 Two gay couples asked a Costa Rican court on May 16 to be married in a civil union.[63] The request of one couple was declined, but they said they have the intention to appeal the judgement.[64]
Costa Rica Costa Rica June 2015 A gay couple asked a Family Court in 2013 for the right to the benefits of de facto unions afforded to heterosexual couples. On 2 June 2015, the court ruled for the plaintiffs granting them pension, visitation and inheritance rights in their verdict. The couple became the first in the nation to have a same-sex union recognised. The effects of the ruling are on hold while a judicial review of a law referenced in the judge's opinion is pending.[65]
United States United States June 2015 In Obergefell v. Hodges the Supreme Court of the United States held that the Equal Protection Clause and the Due Process Clause of the Fourteenth Amendment require all states to license marriage between two people of the same sex and recognize those marriages performed in other jurisdictions.[66] Yes
Austria Austria April 2016 Austria's Constitutional court is expected to rule later this year over the constitutionality of the same-sex marriage ban.[67]
Colombia Colombia April 2016 The Constitutional Court unified the criteria after Congress did not meet its 2013 deadline and, in practice, only some judges were performing marriages. The 2016 ruling indicates that judges and notaries are obliged to issue marriage licenses to same-sex couples.[68] Yes
South Korea South Korea May 2016 After Seodeamun-gu office refused to grant marriage licenses to a same-sex couple, they asked a court on May 21, 2014 to be married.[69] The first oral argument was held on July 6, 2015 in Seoul. On 25 May 2016, the district court ruled against the couple and declared that same-sex marriage can't be granted under the current laws. The couple quickly filed an appeal against the district court ruling.
Estonia Estonia August 2016 A pair is challenging before the Administrative Court of Estonia on the right to enter into a civil union.[70]
El Salvador El Salvador August 2016 The "Sala de lo Constitucional" is studying whether to admit or not a case against article 11 of the Family code which defines marriage as "the legal union between a man and a woman".[71]
China China 2016 The court in central Changsha dismissed the suit brought against the civil affairs bureau for refusing to issue a marriage license to a gay couple. One of the plaintiffs, 26-year-old Sun Wenlin, said he would appeal the decision.[72]
Bermuda Bermuda May 2017 A gay Bermudian and his fiancé have been granted leave to argue in the Supreme Court that they should be allowed to wed on the island.[73] On 5 May 2017 the ban on gay marriage within Bermuda was declared unconstitutional by a unanimous decision within the Supreme Court of Bermuda. The Bermuda Government is yet to respond.[74] Yes
Georgia (country) Georgia Litigation ongoing. Launched in 2016 A man is challenging that while the civil code of Georgia is explicitly between a man and a woman; the Constitution does not reference sex/gender in its section on marriage.[75]
Albania Albania Litigation pending, launched in 2017 An Albanian LGBT rights group, PRO LGBT, has filed a lawsuit requesting recognition of same-sex partnerships in the country's Family Code[76]
Taiwan Taiwan May 2017 On 24 May 2017 the Constitutional Court ruled that same-sex couples have a right to marry, and gave the legislature two years to adequately amend Taiwanese marriage laws. According to the court ruling, if amendments are not passed within two years, same-sex marriages will automatically become legal.[77] Yes
Panama Panama Litigation pending Two lawsuits have been filed regarding same-sex marriage in Panama and are before the Supreme Court of Justice.[78] The Episcopal Diocese of Panama in the Catholic Church has said they do not oppose the establishment of marriage equality within secular laws and oppose discrimination.[79]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Including Denmark proper, Greenland and the Faroe Islands.
  2. ↑ Campeche, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Quintana Roo and Mexico City as well as in some municipalities in Guerrero, Querétaro and Puebla. Same-sex marriages performed in these jurisdictions are recognized throughout Mexico.
  3. ↑ The Netherlands proper. Same-sex marriages performed there are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten
  4. ↑ New Zealand proper.
  5. ↑ England and Wales, Scotland, Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Both Ascension Island and Tristan da Cunha Island (but not including St Helena Island), Guernsey (bot not including the Channel Islands of Alderney, Jersey and Sark), Bermuda, the British Antarctic Territory, the British Indian Ocean Territory, Gibraltar, the Isle of Man, the Pitcairn Islands and the Falkland Islands.
  6. ↑ 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands and some tribal jurisdictions.

References

  1. ↑ Baker v. Nelson, 409 U.S. 810 (1972).
  2. ↑ "(In)equality in Netherlands Family Law". Arno.uvt.nl. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  3. ↑ Isaack, Wendy (2003). "Equal in Word of Law: The Rights of Lesbian and Gay People in South Africa". Human Rights. ABA Publishing. 30 (3): 19–22. Retrieved 13 May 2013.
  4. ↑ "Chapter V: Realizing Rights: The Challenge of South Africa". More Than a Name: State-Sponsored Homophobia and its Consequences in Southern Africa. Human Rights Watch. 2003. ISBN 9781564322869.
  5. ↑ Graff, E.J. (June 24, 1999). "Same-Sex Spouses in Canada". The Nation. Archived from the original on October 7, 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
  6. ↑ "Muted welcome to gay couples decision". Independent Online. 2 December 1999. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  7. ↑ "ConCourt rules in favour of gays". News24. South African Press Association. 25 July 2002. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
  8. ↑ "Lesbians, gays can adopt children". news24. 10 September 2002. Retrieved 14 July 2011.
  9. ↑ "Venezuela: Top Court says no to same-sex marriages". Global Gayz. March 5, 2008. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
  10. ↑ de Bruin, Phillip (11 February 2003). "Lesbians: Biological parents". News24. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
  11. ↑ Kim, Yeonghwan (28 July 2004). "동성간 결혼 "인정 못한다"". The Hankyoreh.
  12. ↑ Davies, Elizabeth (2 December 2005). "South African court clears way for gay marriage". London: The Independent. Retrieved 26 September 2012.
  13. ↑ Andrés Duque (2006-06-02). "Blabbeando: US gay media on Costa Rica same-sex marriage ban". Blabbeando.blogspot.com. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
  14. ↑ Citizens for Equal Protection v. Bruning, 455 F.3d 859 (8th Cir. 2006)
  15. ↑ "Lesbians lose legal marriage bid". BBC. July 31, 2006. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
  16. ↑ Ellingwood, Ken (2006-11-22). "Married gays win Israeli court ruling". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
  17. ↑ "Same-sex partners can inherit - Concourt". IOL. Sapa. 23 November 2006. Retrieved 26 November 2011.
  18. ↑ "Rights for Colombia gay couples". BBC. February 7, 2007. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
  19. ↑ "Aruba has to recognise gay marriage, says Dutch supreme court". Caribbean Net News. AFP. 2007-04-14. Retrieved 2009-10-04.
  20. ↑ "42 disposiciones modificó la Corte Constitucional para amparar derechos de las parejas gay" (in Spanish). El Tiempo. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
  21. ↑ "Slovenian court: gay union law discriminatory". PR-Inside. July 10, 2009. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
  22. ↑ "Divided Portugal court upholds gay marriage ban". Reuters. August 1, 2009. Retrieved 2012-09-09.
  23. ↑ (in Portuguese) ACÓRDÃO N.º 121/2010
  24. ↑ "Two Russian women married in Canada". News.google.com. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
  25. ↑ O'Flynn, Kevin (July 22, 2009). "Lesbian Couple Takes On Russian State In Fight For Same-Sex Marriage". Radio Free Europe Radio Liberty. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
  26. ↑ "Russian court denies lesbians the right to marry". Pink News. 2009-10-06. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
  27. ↑ Dos Manzanas. "La justicia rusa deniega a una pareja de mujeres casadas en Canadá el derecho a inscribir el matrimonio en su propio país" (in Spanish). Dos manzanas. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
  28. ↑ "Thenews.pl :: News from Poland". Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  29. ↑ Schuster, Alexander (May 5, 2009). "The Italian Constitutional Court will rule on same-sex marriage". ILGA Europe. Retrieved 2009-09-09.
  30. ↑ "A marzo la Corte Costituzionale dirĂ la sua sui matrimoni gay" (in Italian). Queerblog.it. 2010-02-01. Retrieved 2010-02-25.
  31. ↑ "thebacklot.com - Corner of Hollywood and Gay". thebacklot.com. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  32. ↑ "European Court Rules Gay Marriage Not a Universal Human Right". Fox News. 2010-06-25. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  33. ↑ "Same-sex marriage ban upheld by court". The Irish Times. 26 June 2010. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  34. ↑ Agren, David (2010-08-10). "Mexican States Ordered to Honor Gay Marriages". The New York Times. Retrieved 11 August 2010.
  35. ↑ (in French) Questions posed by the Court of Cassation to the Constitutional Council
  36. ↑ "Constitutional court asked to decide whether French gay marriage ban is illegal". The Connexion. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  37. ↑ "Gay marriage to be debated in French Constitutional Council". PinkNews. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  38. ↑ France's Constitutional Council nixes gay marriage
  39. ↑ "Brazil's top court approves civil unions for same-sex couples". The Telegraph. London. 2011-05-06.
  40. ↑ http://www.forbes.com/feeds/ap/2011/06/27/general-lt-brazil-gay-marriage_8537969.html. Missing or empty |title= (help)
  41. ↑ (in Spanish) "Corte da dos años al Congreso para legalizar matrimonio gay", Terra, 26 July 2011
  42. ↑ "Brazil appellate court says gay marriage is legal". Chicago Sun-Times.
  43. ↑ La Tercera (2010-01-04). "Tribunal Constitucional acogió a tramitación recurso por matrimonio homosexual" (in Spanish). Retrieved 2010-01-10.
  44. ↑ Pope, Anna (2011-10-30). "Chile’s constitutional court rejects gay marriage in 9-1 vote". Santiago Times. Retrieved 2011-11-05.
  45. ↑ "Corte de Apelaciones rechaza recurso presentado por parejas homosexuales contra Registro Civil". La Tercera. 2011-12-09. Retrieved 2012-02-11.
  46. ↑ "La Cassazione sulle coppie gay "Hanno diritto a una vita familiare" - Repubblica.it". La Repubblica. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  47. ↑ "Israeli Court Allows Country’s Most Celebrated Gay Couple to Divorce". The Jewish Press. 2012-12-03. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  48. ↑ Sunnivie Brydum. "Mexico Supreme Court Strikes Down Marriage Ban". Advocate.com. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  49. ↑ Italian court rules gay couples can bring up children
  50. ↑ "Vatican criticizes gay adoption, topless women protest". Reuters. 2013-01-13. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  51. ↑ (in German) Österreich: Homo-Paare müssen "Ja" sagen dürfen
  52. ↑ Schneider, Joe (21 February 2013). "Same-Sex Marriage Ban Challenge Tossed by Australia Judge". Bloomberg Businessweek. Retrieved 2013-03-22.
  53. ↑ "Un altro passo verso le nozze gay - Milano riconosce le prime "nozze" gay". Cinemagay.it. 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  54. ↑ "CNJ determina que cartórios registrem casamento civil de casais do mesmo sexo". Oglobo.globo.com/. 2013-05-14. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  55. ↑ (in Spanish) "Juez aplica norma del matrimonio civil a pareja gay y cita a contrayentes con dos testigos", Caracol Radio, 12 July 2013
  56. ↑ "languageisocode":["ENG"],"documentcollectionid2":["JUDGMENTS"],"itemid":["001-128294"]} "HUDOC Search Page". Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  57. ↑ "Same-sex marriage: High Court reserves decision on Commonwealth challenge to ACT laws". Abc.net.au. 2013-12-04. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  58. ↑ "Grosseto, il tribunale al Comune: "Riconoscete quel matrimonio gay"". la Repubblica. 2014-04-09. Retrieved 2014-04-09.
  59. ↑ "Italien stoppt Anerkennung von gleichgeschlechtlicher Ehe". Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  60. ↑ Dan Littauer (2013-03-23). "Gay couple to force Paraguay to accept marriage equality". Gay Star News. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  61. ↑ Lavers, Michael K. (2013-04-04). "Paraguayan judge refuses to register gay couple's marriage". Washington Blade. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  62. ↑ 'I just want to get married in Cyprus and have my union recognised'
  63. ↑ "Chinchilla says she would not oppose legalization of gay marriage in Costa Rica". Tico Times. May 17, 2011. Archived from the original on 2011-08-16.
  64. ↑ "En Costa Rica es "legalmente imposible el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo"" (in Spanish). Noticias.universogay.com. 2011-05-25. Retrieved 2014-04-05.
  65. ↑ "Comunidad gay celebra fallo que reconoce primera unión de hecho homosexual" (in Spanish). Nacion.com. 2015-06-02.
  66. ↑ "Syllabus: Obergefell et al. v. Hodges, Director, Ohio Department of Health, et al. -- Certiorari to the United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit" (PDF). Supreme Court of the United States.
  67. ↑ http://www.thelocal.at/20160323/families-fight-austrias-gay-marriage-ban
  68. ↑ "Homosexuales ya podrán darse el sí en notarias" (in Spanish). Semana. 2016-04-28.
  69. ↑ 김조광수 동성커플, 혼인신고 불수리처분에 불복 소송 (in Korean). Yonhap. 2014-05-21.
  70. ↑ ""Radari" video: Geiaktivist läheb kooseluseaduse tõttu riigiga kohtusse - Delfi Eesti". m.delfi.ee. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  71. ↑ "Interponen demanda ante Sala por matrimonios gay | Diario El Mundo". elmundo.sv. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  72. ↑ "Chinese court rejects first same-sex marriage case | News | DW.COM | 13.04.2016". DW.COM. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  73. ↑ "Gay couple to argue for marriage in court | The Royal Gazette:Bermuda Court". The Royal Gazette. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  74. ↑
  75. ↑ Lomsadze, Giorgi (8 February 2016). "Gay Marriage Lawsuit Launched in Georgia". EurasiaNet. Retrieved 2016-10-26.
  76. ↑ http://www.pressreleasepoint.com/albanian-courts-asked-recognize-same-sex-partnerships
  77. ↑
  78. ↑ http://www.gaystarnews.com/article/panama-activists-start-new-push-marriage-equality/
  79. ↑ http://nosgustas.com/Articulos/8852-la-iglesia-catolica-de-panama-a-favor-del-matrimonio-igualitario-civil.html
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