Same-sex union legislation

  Marriage open to same-sex couples
  Recognized when performed in certain other jurisdictions
  Government/court announced intention to legalize marriage
  Civil unions/domestic partnerships
  Government/court announced intention to legalize civil unions
  Unregistered cohabitation
  Same-sex unions not legally recognized

Colors higher in the list override those lower down.
rings = individual cases
Legal status of same-sex unions
Marriage
Performed
Recognized

  1. Marriages performed in some municipalities and recognized by the state
  2. For some purposes, from all jurisdictions where same-sex marriage is legal
  3. When performed in Mexican states that have legalized same-sex marriage
  4. When performed in the Netherlands proper
  5. Registration schemes opened in all jurisdictions except Hualien County, Penghu County, Taitung County, and Yunlin County

* Not yet in effect

LGBT portal

Same-sex marriage is legal (nationwide or in some parts) in the following countries: Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Colombia, Denmark, Finland, France, Iceland, Ireland, Luxembourg, Mexico,[nb 1] the Netherlands,[nb 2] New Zealand,[nb 3] Norway, Portugal, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, the United Kingdom,[nb 4] the United States,[nb 5] and Uruguay. The laws in Germany and Malta are not yet into force.

Same-sex marriage is recognized, but not performed, in Armenia, Estonia, Israel and Malta. Furthermore, same-sex marriages performed in the Netherlands are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten.

Whether same-sex couples should be allowed to marry has been and remains the topic of debate worldwide. Thirty-one countries and five jurisdictions worldwide have passed constitutional amendments that explicitly prohibit the legal recognition of same-sex marriage and sometimes other forms of legal unions as well.[1] Eighteen countries and thirty-four jurisdictions worldwide have authorized civil unions or unregistered cohabitation for same-sex couples as an alternative to marriage. The legal name of those unions as well as the amount of rights that they provide can vary greatly.

Legislative efforts to recognise same-sex unions

National level

The first legislation of unregistered cohabitation was introduced in the Netherlands in June 1979.[2][3] However, the first substantial recognition of same-sex couples didn't occur before the introduction of a new legal form, that of registered partnerships, which was first enacted in Denmark in June 1989.[4] Many countries have followed with similar legislation since then. Legislation of these forms of legal unions still occur with a variety of different names, even after the introduction of same sex marriage, although sometimes they are overwritten by subsequent legislation of same-sex marriage.

There are currently eighteen countries that have an alternative form of legal recognition other than marriage on a national level. Those are Andorra, Australia, Austria, Chile, Costa Rica, Croatia, Cyprus, the Czech Republic, Ecuador, Estonia, Greece, Hungary, Israel, Italy, Liechtenstein, San Marino (although only for one entitlement), Slovenia and Switzerland.

As of August 2017, legislation to allow an alternative form of legal recognition of same-sex couples other than marriage has been proposed, is pending, or has passed at least one legislative house on a national level in Bolivia, Costa Rica, Guatemala, Lithuania, Monaco, Peru, the Philippines, Romania, San Marino, Thailand and Venezuela.

The first same-sex marriage bill ever voted on was passed in the Netherlands[nb 2] in December 2000 and went into force in 2001. Belgium passed a same-sex marriage bill in 2003. Spain and Canada legalized same-sex marriage in 2005 and South Africa legalized it in 2006 thus becoming the next three countries to pass such bills. Same-sex marriage was legalized in both Norway and Sweden in 2009 and in Portugal, Iceland and Argentina in 2010. Denmark opened marriage to same-sex couples in 2012. Brazil, France, Uruguay and New Zealand[nb 3] gave same-sex couples the right to marry in 2013. The United Kingdom[nb 4] allows same-sex marriage since 2014. Same-sex marriage in Luxembourg, the United States[nb 5] and Ireland became legal in 2015. Same-sex marriage in Colombia was legalized in 2016. Finland has allowed same-sex marriage since 2017. The laws in Germany and Malta are not yet into force.

As of August 2017, legislation to allow same-sex marriage has been proposed, is pending, or has passed at least one legislative house on a national level in Australia, Austria, Chile, Costa Rica, Nepal, Peru, Switzerland and Taiwan.

Country Date Same-sex union Upper house Lower house Head of state Law
enacted?
Yes No Yes No
Netherlands Netherlands June 1979 Unregistered cohabitation[2][3] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Netherlands Netherlands December 1980 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[2][3] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Netherlands Netherlands November 1984 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[2][3] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Denmark Denmark June 1986 Unregistered cohabitation[3][5][6] N/A 78 62 Signed  Yes
Sweden Sweden June 1987 Unregistered cohabitation[7] N/A Passed N/A[a 1]  Yes
Denmark Denmark June 1989 Registered partnership[8][9] N/A 71 47 Signed  Yes[a 2]
Norway Norway July 1991 Unregistered cohabitation[10] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Norway Norway April 1993 Registered partnership[11] 18 16 58 40 Signed  Yes[a 2]
Sweden Sweden June 1994 Registered partnership[12] N/A 171 141 N/A[a 1]  Yes[a 2]
Spain Spain November 1994 Unregistered cohabitation[3] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Hungary Hungary May 1996 Unregistered cohabitation[3][13] N/A 207 73 Signed  Yes
Iceland Iceland June 1996 Confirmed cohabitation[14][15] N/A 44 1 Signed  Yes[a 2]
Slovakia Slovakia May 1997 Registered partnership[16] N/A Failed —  No
Netherlands Netherlands July 1997 Registered partnership[2] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Andorra Andorra December 1997 De facto family union[17] N/A 11 17 —  No
Czech Republic Czech Republic June 1998 Registered partnership[18] — — Failed —  No
France France October 1998 Civil solidarity pact[19] — — Failed —  No
Belgium Belgium January 1999 Legal cohabitation[20][21] 39 8 98 10 Signed  Yes
Sweden Sweden March 1999 Registered partnership (expansion)[22] N/A Passed N/A[a 1]  Yes[a 2]
Denmark Denmark June 1999 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[23] N/A 61 48 Signed  Yes[a 2]
France France November 1999 Civil solidarity pact and concubinage[24] Passed 315 249 Signed  Yes
Czech Republic Czech Republic December 1999 Registered partnership[25] — — 69 91 —  No
Slovakia Slovakia February 2000 Registered partnership[16] N/A Failed —  No
Canada Canada April 2000 Common-law partnership[26][27][28] Passed 174 72 Signed  Yes
Iceland Iceland May 2000 Confirmed cohabitation (expansion: adoption and immigration rights)[29] N/A 49 1 Signed  Yes[a 2]
Netherlands Netherlands December 2000 Marriage[30][31] 49 26 109 33 Signed  Yes
Norway Norway December 2000 Registered partnership (expansion)[10][32] Passed Passed Signed  Yes[a 2]
Germany Germany February 2001 Registered life partnership[33] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Portugal Portugal March 2001 De facto union[34][35] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
New Zealand New Zealand April 2001 De facto relationship[36] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Czech Republic Czech Republic April 2001 Unregistered cohabitation[37] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Norway Norway June 2001 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[38][39] Passed Passed Signed  Yes[a 2]
Finland Finland September 2001 Registered partnership[40] N/A 99 84 Signed  Yes
Czech Republic Czech Republic October 2001 Registered partnership[41] — — Failed —  No
Sweden Sweden June 2002 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[42] N/A Passed N/A[a 1]  Yes[a 2]
Belgium Belgium February 2003 Marriage[43] 46 15 91 22 Signed  Yes
Denmark Denmark May 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[44] N/A 49 60 —  No
Denmark Denmark May 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[45] N/A 45 60 —  No
Denmark Denmark May 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[46] N/A 43 61 —  No
Denmark Denmark June 2003 Registered partnership (expansion)[47] N/A 11 94 —  No
Croatia Croatia July 2003 Unregistered cohabitation[48] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Luxembourg Luxembourg May 2004 Free union[49] N/A Failed —  No
Luxembourg Luxembourg May 2004 Marriage[50] N/A Failed —  No
Luxembourg Luxembourg July 2004 Partnership[51] N/A 33 7 Signed  Yes
Panama Panama September 2004 Civil union[52] N/A Failed —  No
Germany Germany October 2004 Registered life partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[53] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Norway Norway November 2004 Marriage[54] N/A Failed —  No
United Kingdom United Kingdom November 2004 Civil partnership[55] 251 136 426 49 Signed  Yes
New Zealand New Zealand November 2004 De facto relationship (expansion)[56] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
New Zealand New Zealand December 2004 Civil union[57] N/A 65 55 Signed  Yes
Czech Republic Czech Republic February 2005 Registered partnership[58] — — Failed —  No
Andorra Andorra March 2005 Stable couple union[59] N/A Passed Signed [a 3]  Yes
Slovenia Slovenia March 2005 Registered partnership[60] N/A[a 4] Failed —  No
New Zealand New Zealand March 2005 Civil union and de facto relationship (expansion)[61][62] N/A 76 43 Signed  Yes
Sweden Sweden June 2005 Registered partnership (expansion)[63] N/A Passed N/A[a 1]  Yes[a 2]
Switzerland Switzerland June 2005 Registered partnership[64] Passed Passed N/A  Yes
Specific referendum (58.04%)
Spain Spain July 2005 Marriage[65] Vetoed [a 5] 183 136 Signed  Yes
Canada Canada July 2005 Marriage[66] 47 21 158 133 Signed  Yes
Slovenia Slovenia July 2005 Partnership[67] N/A[a 4] 44 3 Signed  Yes
Croatia Croatia October 2005 Registered partnership[68] N/A Failed —  No
Czech Republic Czech Republic March 2006 Registered partnership[69] 65 14 86 54 Vetoed [a 6]  Yes
Belgium Belgium May 2006 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[70][71] 34 33 77 62 Signed  Yes
Spain Spain May 2006 Marriage (expansion: lesbian parenthood equality)[72] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Denmark Denmark June 2006 Registered partnership (expansion)[73] N/A Passed Signed  Yes[a 2]
Iceland Iceland June 2006 Confirmed cohabitation (expansion)[74][75] N/A 41 0 Signed  Yes[a 2]
France France June 2006 Civil solidarity pact (expansion)[76] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
South Africa South Africa November 2006 Marriage and civil partnership[77] 36 11 230 41 Signed  Yes
Portugal Portugal December 2006 De facto union (expansion: immigration rights)[78] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Finland Finland December 2006 Registered partnership (expansion)[79][80] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Colombia Colombia June 2007 Civil union[81] 29 34 62 43 —  No
Hungary Hungary December 2007 Registered partnership[82] N/A 185 154 Signed  No[a 7]
Uruguay Uruguay December 2007 Cohabitation union[83][84] 17 5 Passed Signed  Yes
Iceland Iceland May 2008 Confirmed cohabitation (expansion)[85][86] N/A 54 0 Signed  Yes[a 2]
Norway Norway June 2008 Marriage[87] 23 17 84 41 Signed  Yes
Ecuador Ecuador September 2008 De facto union[88] General constitutional referendum (69.46%)  Yes
Portugal Portugal October 2008 Marriage[89] N/A Failed —  No
Portugal Portugal October 2008 Marriage[89] N/A Failed —  No
United Kingdom United Kingdom November 2008 Civil partnership (expansion)[90] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Australia Australia November 2008 De facto relationship[91] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Sweden Sweden April 2009 Marriage[92] N/A 261 22 N/A[a 1]  Yes
Hungary Hungary April 2009 Registered partnership[93][94] N/A 199 159 Signed  Yes
France France May 2009 Recognition of unions performed abroad as PACS[95] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Finland Finland May 2009 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[96] N/A 108 29 Signed  Yes
Denmark Denmark June 2009 Registered partnership (expansion)[97] N/A 107 2 Signed  Yes[a 2]
Portugal Portugal August 2009 De facto union (expansion: inheritance rights)[98] N/A Passed Vetoed  No
Uruguay Uruguay September 2009 Cohabitation union (expansion: adoption rights)[99][100] 17 6 40 13 Signed  Yes
Austria Austria December 2009 Registered partnership[101] 44 8 110 64 Signed  Yes
Portugal Portugal January 2010 Marriage[102] N/A Failed —  No
Portugal Portugal January 2010 Marriage[103] N/A Failed —  No
Portugal Portugal January 2010 Registered civil union[104] N/A Failed —  No
Australia Australia February 2010 Marriage[105] 5 45 — — —  No
Portugal Portugal May 2010 Marriage[106] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Denmark Denmark May 2010 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[107] N/A 60 54 Signed  Yes[a 2]
Denmark Denmark June 2010 Marriage[108] N/A 52 57 —  No
Iceland Iceland June 2010 Marriage[109][110] N/A 49 0 Signed  Yes
Republic of Ireland Ireland July 2010 Civil partnership and unregistered cohabitation[111][112] 48 4 Passed Signed  Yes
Argentina Argentina July 2010 Marriage[113] 33 27 125 109 Signed  Yes
Luxembourg Luxembourg August 2010 Partnership (expansion)[114] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Portugal Portugal August 2010 De facto union (expansion: inheritance rights)[115][116] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Germany Germany September 2010 Marriage[117] Failed — —  No
Germany Germany October 2010 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[118] — Failed —  No
Germany Germany April 2011 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law and adoption rights)[119] Failed — —  No
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein June 2011 Registered partnership[120] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Specific referendum (68.76%)
France France June 2011 Marriage[121] — — 222 293 —  No
Germany Germany June 2011 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[122] Failed — —  No
Portugal Portugal February 2012 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[123] N/A Failed —  No
Portugal Portugal February 2012 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[123] N/A Failed —  No
Slovenia Slovenia March 2012 Partnership (expansion)[124] Specific referendum (45.36%)  No
Israel Israel May 2012 Marriage[125] N/A 11 39 —  No
Denmark Denmark June 2012 Marriage[126] N/A 85 24 Signed  Yes
Germany Germany June 2012 Marriage[127][128] — — 260 309 —  No
San Marino San Marino June 2012 Unregistered cohabitation (only one entitlement)[129] N/A 33 20 Signed  Yes
Australia Australia September 2012 Marriage[130] — — 42 98 —  No
Australia Australia September 2012 Marriage[131] 26 41 — — —  No
Germany Germany October 2012 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[132] — — 253 288 —  No
Slovakia Slovakia November 2012 Registered partnership[133] N/A 14 94 —  No
Poland Poland January 2013 Registered partnership[134][135] — — Failed —  No
Poland Poland January 2013 Registered partnership[136][137] — — Failed —  No
Poland Poland January 2013 Registered partnership[138] — — Failed —  No
Poland Poland January 2013 Registered partnership[139] — — Failed —  No
Poland Poland January 2013 Partnership agreement[140][141] — — Failed —  No
Germany Germany March 2013 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[142][143] Passed — — —  No
Germany Germany March 2013 Marriage[144] Passed — — —  No
New Zealand New Zealand April 2013 Marriage[145] N/A 77 44 Signed  Yes
Colombia Colombia April 2013 Marriage[146] 17 51 — — —  No
Uruguay Uruguay May 2013 Marriage[147][148] 23 8 71 21 Signed  Yes
Portugal Portugal May 2013 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[149] N/A 77 104 —  No
Portugal Portugal May 2013 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[149] N/A Failed —  No
Portugal Portugal May 2013 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[149] N/A Failed —  No
France France May 2013 Marriage[150][151] 171 165 331 225 Signed  Yes
Australia Australia June 2013 Recognition of marriage performed abroad[152] 28 44 — — —  No
Germany Germany July 2013 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[153][154] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
United Kingdom United Kingdom
(England and Wales)		 July 2013 Marriage[155][156] Passed 366 161 Signed  Yes
Austria Austria July 2013 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[157][158] 45 8 Passed Signed  Yes
Netherlands Netherlands December 2013 Marriage (expansion: lesbian parenthood equality)[159][160] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Portugal Portugal March 2014 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[161] N/A 107 112 —  No
Malta Malta April 2014 Civil union[162] N/A 37 0 Signed  Yes
Belgium Belgium May 2014 Marriage (expansion: lesbian parenthood equality)[163][164] 48 2 114 10 Signed  Yes
Germany Germany May 2014 Registered life partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[165][166] — — 111 432 —  No
Andorra Andorra May 2014 Marriage[167][168] N/A 6 21 —  No
Germany Germany June 2014 Registered life partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[169] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Romania Romania June 2014 Civil partnership[170][171] 2 110 4 298 —  No
Luxembourg Luxembourg June 2014 Marriage[172][173] N/A 56 4 N/A[a 8]  Yes
Croatia Croatia July 2014 Life partnership[174] N/A 89 16 N/A[a 9]  Yes
Germany Germany July 2014 Registered life partnership (expansion: tax law)[175][176][177] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
San Marino San Marino September 2014 Recognition of marriage performed abroad[178] N/A 15 35 —  No
Argentina Argentina October 2014 Cohabitation union[179][180] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Andorra Andorra December 2014 Civil union[181][182] N/A 20 3 Signed  Yes
Portugal Portugal January 2015 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[183][184] N/A 89 119 —  No
Portugal Portugal January 2015 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[183][184] N/A 91 119 —  No
Portugal Portugal January 2015 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[183][184] N/A 91 120 —  No
Portugal Portugal January 2015 Marriage (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[183][184] N/A Failed —  No
Republic of Ireland Ireland April 2015 Civil partnership and unregistered cohabitation (expansion: adoption rights)[185][186] 20 2 Passed Signed  Yes
Chile Chile April 2015 Civil union agreement[187][188] 25 6 78 9 Signed  Yes
Ecuador Ecuador June 2015 De facto union (expansion)[189][190][191][192] N/A 89 1 Signed  Yes
Israel Israel July 2015 Civil union[193] N/A 39 50 —  No
Republic of Ireland Ireland August 2015 Marriage (constitutional amendment)[194] 29 3 Passed Signed  Yes
Specific constitutional referendum (62.07%)
October 2015 Marriage (statutory legislation)[195][196][197] Passed Passed Signed
Germany Germany November 2015 Registered life partnership (expansion)[198][199] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Cyprus Cyprus December 2015 Civil cohabitation[200][201] N/A 39 12 Signed  Yes
Romania Romania December 2015 Civil partnership[202][203][204] 8 49 Failed —  No
Slovenia Slovenia December 2015 Marriage[205][206] N/A[a 4] 51 28 —  No
Specific referendum (36.53%)
Greece Greece December 2015 Cohabitation agreement[207] N/A 194 55 Signed  Yes
Estonia Estonia October 2014 Cohabitation agreement (framework law)[208][209] N/A 40 38 Signed  Yes
January 2016 Cohabitation agreement (implementation law)[210][211] N/A Failed —  No
Portugal Portugal February 2016 Marriage and de facto union (expansion: adoption rights)[212] N/A Passed Vetoed [a 6]  Yes
Israel Israel February 2016 Civil union[213] N/A 40 47 —  No
Luxembourg Luxembourg April 2016 Recognition of marriage performed abroad before 1 January 2015[214] N/A 50 3 N/A[a 8]  Yes
Slovenia Slovenia April 2016 Partnership (expansion)[215][216] N/A[a 4] 54 15 N/A[a 9]  Yes
Italy Italy May 2016 Civil union and cohabitation agreement[217][218][219] 173 71 372 51 Signed  Yes
Portugal Portugal June 2016 Marriage and de facto union (expansion: medically assisted reproduction)[220] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Switzerland Switzerland June 2016 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[221][222] 25 14 125 68 N/A  Yes
Liechtenstein Liechtenstein November 2016 Registered partnership (expansion)[223][224] N/A 25 0 Signed  Yes
Greece Greece December 2016 Cohabitation agreement (expansion)[225][226] N/A 201 21 Signed  Yes
Austria Austria December 2016 Registered partnership (expansion: naming rights and registration at the civil registration office)[227] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Finland Finland February 2015 Marriage (framework law)[228] N/A 101 90 Signed  Yes
April 2016 Marriage (implementation laws)[229][230][231] N/A 106 42 Signed
January 2017 N/A 128 28 Signed
Malta Malta April 2017 Cohabitation[232] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Lithuania Lithuania June 2017 Partnership[233][234] N/A 29 59 —  No
Germany Germany July 2017 Marriage[235][236][237] Passed 393 226 Signed  Yes
Malta Malta August 2017 Marriage[238][239] N/A 66 1 Signed  Yes
Switzerland Switzerland Unknown Registered partnership (expansion: immigration rights)[240][241] Pending 122 62
Chile Chile Unknown Civil union agreement (expansion)[242][243][244] Pending 70 0
Australia Australia Unknown Marriage[245] Proposed
Bolivia Bolivia Unknown Family life agreement[246][247] Pending
Brazil Brazil Unknown Marriage (codification)[248] Pending
Chile Chile Unknown Civil union agreement (expansion: adoption rights)[249][250][251][252] Pending
Chile Chile Unknown Marriage[253][254][252] Pending
Costa Rica Costa Rica Unknown De facto union[255] N/A Pending
Costa Rica Costa Rica Unknown Marriage[256][257] N/A Pending
Guatemala Guatemala Unknown Civil union[258] N/A Proposed
Lithuania Lithuania Unknown Cohabitation agreement[259] N/A Pending
Monaco Monaco Unknown Cohabitation agreement[260] N/A Pending
Nepal Nepal Unknown Marriage[261] N/A Proposed
Peru Peru Unknown Civil union[262][263] N/A Pending
Peru Peru Unknown Marriage[264] N/A Pending
Philippines Philippines Unknown Civil union[265][266] Pending
Romania Romania Unknown Civil partnership[267][268] 2 68 Pending
San Marino San Marino Unknown Partnership[269] N/A Proposed
Switzerland Switzerland Unknown Marriage[270][271][272] Pending
Taiwan Taiwan Unknown Marriage[273][274] N/A Pending
Thailand Thailand Unknown Civil partnership[275][276] N/A Proposed
Venezuela Venezuela Unknown Civil union[277] N/A Proposed

Notes:

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 According to the 1974 Constitution, the King of Sweden is head of state but does not sign or veto any laws enacted by Parliament.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 Replaced by the gender-neutral marriage law.
  3. ↑ Only one of the two Co-Princes of Andorra signed the law.
  4. 1 2 3 4 The Slovenian Parliament is incompletely bicameral.
  5. ↑ The Spanish Senate voted 131 "yes" to 119 "no" to veto the law. The veto was later overridden by the Spanish Congress of Deputies.
  6. 1 2 Veto overridden.
  7. ↑ Ruled unconstitutional.
  8. 1 2 Since the 2008 constitutional change, the assent of the Grand Duke of Luxembourg is not required for the enactment of laws adopted by the Parliament.
  9. 1 2 The President merely promulgates the laws adopted by the Parliament.

Sub-national level

For status in U.S. states, see Same-sex marriage legislation in the United States

In countries with a federal system of governance, states and territories often may grant recognition to same-sex couples in their own jurisdictions, although unitary states with a level of devolution, such as Spain or the United Kingdom, also offer such legalities to local authorities. The first jurisdiction to enact unregistered cohabitation was British Columbia in Canada in July 1992. The first jurisdiction to legalize registered partnership was Greenland as part of the Kingdom of Denmark in April 1996. Finally, the first sub-national jurisdiction to legalize same-sex marriage was the Canadian province of Ontario in June 2003.

As of August 2017, there are thirty-four jurisdictions worldwide have legalized some kind of alternative form of legal union of same-sex couples other than marriage. Those are five Australian states (New South Wales, Queensland, South Australia, Tasmania and Victoria), one Australian territory (the Australian Capital Territory), a constituent country of the United Kingdom (Northern Ireland), all the special municipalities of Taiwan (Kaoshiung, New Taipei, Taichung, Tainan, Taipei and Taoyuan), the three Taiwanese provincial cities of Chiayi, Hsinchu and Keelung, nine counties of Taiwan (Changhua, Chiayi, Hsinchu, Kinmen, Lienchiang, Miaoli, Nantou, Pingtung and Yilan), two special wards of Tokyo (Shibuya and Setagaya), one designated city of Japan (Sapporo), one special city of Japan (Takarazuka), one city of Japan (Iga), one core city of Japan (Naha), the British Crown dependency of Jersey, Aruba, a constituent country of the Kingdom of the Netherlands, and the Mexican state of Tlaxcala

For the time being, sixty-four jurisdictions worldwide have legalized same-sex marriage. Those are:

As of August 2017, legislation to allow same-sex marriage has been proposed, is pending, or has passed at least one legislative house in the Mexican states of Aguascalientes, Baja California, Baja California Sur, Guanajuato, México, Nuevo León, Oaxaca, Querétaro, Sinaloa, Tabasco, Tamaulipas, Veracruz, Yucatán and Zacatecas, the Mexican city of Tijuana, as well as the British Crown dependencies of Jersey and Alderney.

State/Territory Country Date Same-sex union Upper House Lower house Head of State Law
enacted?
Yes No Yes No
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada July 1992 Marriage-like relationship[278][279] N/A 30 17 Signed  Yes
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada July 1993 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[280] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada July 1993 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[281] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada July 1993 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[282] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia May 1994 Domestic relationship[283] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Ontario Ontario Canada Canada June 1994 Domestic partnership[284] N/A 58 69 —  No
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada June 1995 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[285] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada July 1995 Marriage-like relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[286] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Greenland Greenland Denmark Denmark April 1996 Registered partnership[287][288] N/A 104 1 Signed  Yes
Ceuta Ceuta Spain Spain April 1997 De facto union[289] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada July 1997 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[290] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Catalonia Catalonia Spain Spain June 1998 Stable couple union[291][292] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Yukon Yukon Canada Canada December 1998 Unregistered cohabitation[293] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Aragon Aragon Spain Spain March 1999 Stable non-married couple[291][294] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Yukon Yukon Canada Canada April 1999 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[295][296] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Alberta Alberta Canada Canada May 1999 Unregistered cohabitation[297] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Quebec Quebec Canada Canada May 1999 De facto union[298] N/A 80 0 Signed  Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia June 1999 De facto relationship[299] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada July 1999 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[300] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Ontario Ontario Canada Canada October 1999 Conjugal relationship[301] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Navarre Navarre Spain Spain July 2000 Stable couple[291][302] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Castilla-La Mancha Castile-La Mancha Spain Spain July 2000 De facto couple[303] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada July 2000 Marriage-like relationship (expansion)[304] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia August 2000 Domestic relationship (expansion)[305] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Nova Scotia Nova Scotia Canada Canada November 2000 Domestic partnership[306][307] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Canada December 2000 Conjugal relationship[308] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
New Brunswick New Brunswick Canada Canada December 2000 Family relationship[309] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Canton of Geneva Geneva Switzerland Switzerland February 2001 Registered partnership[310][311] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Valencian Community Valencia Spain Spain April 2001 De facto union[312] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Victoria (Australia) Victoria Australia Australia June 2001 Domestic relationship[313] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Manitoba Manitoba Canada Canada July 2001 Common-law relationship[314] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Canada Canada July 2001 Unregistered cohabitation[315] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Saskatchewan Saskatchewan Canada Canada July 2001 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion: adoption rights)[316] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Victoria (Australia) Victoria Australia Australia November 2001 Domestic relationship (expansion)[317] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Canada December 2001 Conjugal relationship (expansion)[318] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Balearic Islands Balearic Islands Spain Spain December 2001 Stable couple[319] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Community of Madrid Madrid Spain Spain December 2001 De facto union[291][320] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Canada April 2002 Conjugal relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[321] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Western Australia Western Australia Australia Australia April 2002 De facto relationship[322] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Yukon Yukon Canada Canada May 2002 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion: adoption rights)[323] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Asturias Asturias Spain Spain May 2002 Stable couple[324] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Northwest Territories Northwest Territories Canada Canada June 2002 Unregistered cohabitation[295][325] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Quebec Quebec Canada Canada June 2002 Civil union[326] N/A 87 0 Signed  Yes
Manitoba Manitoba Canada Canada August 2002 Common-law relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[327] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Manitoba Manitoba Canada Canada August 2002 Common-law relationship (expansion)[328] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Canton of Zurich Zurich Switzerland Switzerland September 2002 Registered partnership[329] Specific cantonal referendum (62.70%)  Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia October 2002 De facto relationship (expansion)[330][331] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Castile and León Castile and León Spain Spain October 2002 De facto union[332] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Alberta Alberta Canada Canada December 2002 Adult interdependent relationship[333] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Queensland Queensland Australia Australia December 2002 De facto relationship[334] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Andalusia Andalusia Spain Spain December 2002 De facto couple[291][335] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island Canada Canada December 2002 Unregistered cohabitation[336] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Buenos Aires Buenos Aires Argentina Argentina January 2003 Civil union[337][338] N/A 29 10 Signed  Yes
Canary Islands Canary Islands Spain Spain March 2003 De facto couple[291][339] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Extremadura Extremadura Spain Spain March 2003 De facto couple[291][340] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Basque Country (autonomous community) Basque Country Spain Spain May 2003 De facto couple[291][341] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Río Negro Province Rio Negro Argentina Argentina May 2003 Civil union[342] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia June 2003 Unregistered cohabitation[343] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia September 2003 Significant relationship and caring relationship[344] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia January 2004 Domestic relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[345] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Canton of Neuchâtel Neuchâtel Switzerland Switzerland January 2004 Registered partnership[346] N/A 65 38 Signed  Yes
Northern Territory Northern Territory Australia Australia January 2004 De facto Relationship[347][348] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Aragon Aragon Spain Spain May 2004 Stable non-married couple (expansion: adoption rights)[349] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Canton of Fribourg Fribourg Switzerland Switzerland May 2004 Registered partnership[346][350] General cantonal referendum (58.03%)  Yes
City of Sydney Australia Australia July 2004 Relationship declaration program[351] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Quebec Quebec Canada Canada November 2004 Marriage (codification)[352] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Ontario Ontario Canada Canada March 2005 Marriage (codification)[353] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Northwest Territories Northwest Territories Canada Canada March 2005 Unregistered cohabitation (expansion)[354] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Catalonia Catalonia Spain Spain April 2005 Stable couple union (expansion: adoption rights)[355][356] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Cantabria Cantabria Spain Spain May 2005 De facto couple[357] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia United Kingdom United Kingdom November 2005 Civil partnership[358] N/A Signed  Yes
Isle of Man Isle of Man United Kingdom United Kingdom November 2005 Recognition of civil partnership performed in the United Kingdom[359] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Norfolk Island Norfolk Island Australia Australia February 2006 Unregistered cohabitation[360] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia June 2006 Civil union[361] N/A Passed Signed  No[b 1]
Mexico City Mexico City Mexico Mexico November 2006 Coexistence partnership[362] N/A 43 17 Signed  Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia December 2006 Domestic partnership agreement[363] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Coahuila Coahuila Mexico Mexico January 2007 Civil pact of solidarity[364] N/A 20 13 Signed  Yes
Scotland Scotland United Kingdom United Kingdom January 2007 Civil partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[365][366] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia February 2007 Civil partnership[367] N/A Passed Signed  No[b 1]
Alberta Alberta Canada Canada February 2007 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[368] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
New Brunswick New Brunswick Canada Canada March 2007 Marriage (expansion: adoption rights)[297] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
City of Melbourne Australia Australia April 2007 Relationship declaration program[369] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Victoria (Australia) City of Yarra Australia Australia May 2007 Relationship declaration program[370] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Argentina Villa Carlos Paz Argentina Argentina November 2007 Civil union[371] N/A 12 6 Signed  Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia November 2007 De facto relationship (expansion)[372] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Galicia (Spain) Galicia Spain Spain December 2007 De facto couple[373] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Melilla Melilla Spain Spain January 2008 De facto couple[374] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Victoria (Australia) Victoria Australia Australia April 2008 Registered domestic relationship[375] 29 10 54 24 Signed  Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia May 2008 Civil partnership[376] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Prince Edward Island Prince Edward Island Canada Canada May 2008 Marriage (codification and expansion: adoption rights)[377] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia June 2008 De facto relationship (expansion)[378] Passed 64 11 Signed  Yes
Manitoba Manitoba Canada Canada October 2008 Marriage (codification)[379] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Victoria (Australia) Victoria Australia Australia December 2008 Registered domestic relationship (expansion)[380] Passed 47 34 Signed  Yes
New Brunswick New Brunswick Canada Canada December 2008 Marriage (codification) and family relationship (expansion)[381] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Río Cuarto Argentina Argentina May 2009 Civil union[382] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Greenland Greenland Denmark Denmark May 2009 Registered partnership (expansion: adoption rights)[383] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
New Caledonia New Caledonia France France May 2009 Civil solidarity pact and concubinage[384][385] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
France Wallis and Futuna France France May 2009 Civil solidarity pact and concubinage[384][385] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Canada May 2009 Marriage (codification)[386] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Scotland Scotland United Kingdom United Kingdom June 2009 Civil partnership (expansion)[387] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia September 2009 Significant relationship (expansion)[388] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia November 2009 Civil partnership (expansion)[389] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Newfoundland and Labrador Newfoundland and Labrador Canada Canada December 2009 Marriage (codification)[390] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Mexico City Mexico City Mexico Mexico December 2009 Marriage[391] N/A 39 20 Signed  Yes
Queensland Queensland Australia Australia February 2010 De facto relationship (expansion)[392] N/A 45 36 Signed  Yes
New South Wales City of Blue Mountains Australia Australia March 2010 Relationship declaration program[393] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia May 2010 Registered relationship[394][395] 32 5 62 9 Signed  Yes
La Rioja (Spain) La Rioja Spain Spain May 2010 De facto couple[396] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Vienna Vienna Austria Austria June 2010 Registered partnership (expansion)[397][398] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Catalonia Catalonia Spain Spain July 2010 Marriage (codification)[399] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia September 2010 Registered relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[400][401][402] 22 15 45 43 Signed  Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia October 2010 Out-of-state unions as significant relationship[403][404] Passed 22 3 Signed  Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia November 2010 Registered relationship (expansion)[405] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Netherlands Caribbean Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands December 2010 Recognition of unions performed aboard[406] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Isle of Man Isle of Man United Kingdom United Kingdom March 2011 Civil partnership[407] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia June 2011 Domestic partnership agreement (expansion)[408] 14 5 24 15 Signed  Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia July 2011 Domestic partnership agreement (expansion)[409] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Nunavut Nunavut Canada Canada October 2011 Marriage (codification and expansion: adoption rights)[410] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
British Columbia British Columbia Canada Canada November 2011 Marriage (codification)[411] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Queensland Queensland Australia Australia December 2011 Civil partnership[412][413] N/A 47 40 Signed  Yes[b 2]
Guernsey Guernsey United Kingdom United Kingdom December 2011 Recognition of civil partnership performed in the United Kingdom[414] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Jersey Jersey United Kingdom United Kingdom December 2011 Civil partnership[415][416] N/A 33 0 Signed  Yes
Queensland Queensland Australia Australia June 2012 Registered relationship[417][418] N/A 69 8 Signed  Yes[b 3]
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia September 2012 Civil union[419][420] N/A 11 6 Signed  Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia September 2012 Marriage[421][422] 6 8 13 11 —  No
Netherlands Caribbean Netherlands Netherlands Netherlands October 2012 Marriage[423] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia October 2012 Significant relationship (expansion)[424][425] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Western Australia City of Vincent Australia Australia December 2012 Relationship declaration program[426] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Macau Macau China China March 2013 Civil union[427] N/A Failed —  No
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia July 2013 Marriage[428] — — Failed —  No
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia July 2013 Significant relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[429][430] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Colima Colima Mexico Mexico July 2013 Civil union[431][432][433] N/A 17 2 N/A  Yes[b 4]
August 2013 N/A Passed Signed
Tasmania Tasmania Australia Australia October 2013 Marriage[434] 6 8 — — —  No
Australian Capital Territory Australian Capital Territory Australia Australia October 2013 Marriage[435] N/A 9 8 Signed  No[b 5]
Jalisco Jalisco Mexico Mexico October 2013 Civil union[436] N/A 20 15 Signed  Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia November 2013 Marriage[437] 19 21 — — —  No
Campeche Campeche Mexico Mexico December 2013 Civil union[438] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Coahuila Coahuila Mexico Mexico February 2014 Civil pact of solidarity (expansion: adoption rights)[439] N/A 23 2 Signed  Yes
Scotland Scotland United Kingdom United Kingdom March 2014 Marriage[440][441] N/A 105 18 Signed  Yes
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands Denmark Denmark March 2014 Marriage[442] N/A 11 20 —  No
Gibraltar Gibraltar United Kingdom United Kingdom March 2014 Civil partnership[443][444] N/A 16 0 Signed  Yes
Durango Durango Mexico Mexico April 2014 Marriage[445] N/A Failed —  No
Akrotiri and Dhekelia Akrotiri and Dhekelia United Kingdom United Kingdom April 2014 Marriage[446] N/A Signed  Yes
British Indian Ocean Territory British Indian Ocean Territory United Kingdom United Kingdom April 2014 Marriage[446] N/A Signed  Yes
Alberta Alberta Canada Canada May 2014 Marriage (codification)[447] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Coahuila Coahuila Mexico Mexico September 2014 Marriage[448][449][450] N/A 19 1 Signed  Yes
New South Wales New South Wales Australia Australia November 2014 Out-of-state unions as registered relationship[451] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Yukon Yukon Canada Canada December 2014 Marriage (codification)[452] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Shibuya Japan Japan March 2015 Partnership certificate[453] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Kaohsiung Taiwan Taiwan May 2015 Registered partnership[454] N/A Signed  Yes
Pitcairn Islands Pitcairn Islands United Kingdom United Kingdom May 2015 Marriage[455] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Taipei Taiwan Taiwan June 2015 Registered partnership[456] N/A Signed  Yes
Taichung Taiwan Taiwan July 2015 Registered partnership[457][458] N/A Signed  Yes
Setagaya Japan Japan July 2015 Partnership certificate[459] N/A Signed  Yes
Western Australia Town of Port Hedland Australia Australia August 2015 Relationship declaration program[460][461][462] N/A 6 2 Signed  Yes
Michoacán Michoacán Mexico Mexico September 2015 Domestic partnership[463][464] N/A 34 0 Signed  Yes
Alderney Alderney United Kingdom United Kingdom November 2015 Recognition of marriage and civil partnership performed abroad[465][466][467] N/A 10 0 Signed  Yes
Takarazuka Japan Japan November 2015 Partnership certificate[468] N/A Signed  Yes
Guernsey Guernsey United Kingdom United Kingdom December 2015 Recognition of marriage performed abroad[469][470][471] N/A Passed N/A[b 6]  Yes
Victoria (Australia) Victoria Australia Australia December 2015 Registered domestic relationship and domestic relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[472][473] 31 8 Passed Signed  Yes
Queensland Queensland Australia Australia December 2015 Civil partnership[474][475] N/A 64 22 Signed  Yes
Iga Japan Japan December 2015 Partnership certificate[476] N/A Signed  Yes
Nayarit Nayarit Mexico Mexico December 2015 Marriage and concubinage[477] N/A 26 1 Signed  Yes
Tainan Taiwan Taiwan January 2016 Registered partnership[478][479] N/A Signed  Yes
New Taipei Taiwan Taiwan January 2016 Registered partnership[480] N/A Signed  Yes
Greenland Greenland Denmark Denmark May 2015 Inatsisartut: Marriage (resolution)[481][482] N/A 27 0 N/A  Yes
February 2016 Folketing: Marriage (statutory law)[483] N/A 108 0 Signed
Victoria (Australia) Victoria Australia Australia February 2016 Out-of-state union as registered domestic relationship[484][485] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Naha Japan Japan February 2016 Partnership certificate[486][487] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Chiayi Taiwan Taiwan February 2016 Registered partnership[488] N/A Signed  Yes
Azuay Ecuador Ecuador March 2016 Registered symbolic marriage[489] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Taoyuan Taiwan Taiwan March 2016 Registered partnership[490][491] N/A Signed  Yes
Changhua County Taiwan Taiwan March 2016 Registered partnership[492][493] N/A Signed  Yes
Hsinchu County Taiwan Taiwan April 2016 Registered partnership[493][494] N/A Signed  Yes
Campeche Campeche Mexico Mexico May 2016 Marriage[495][496][497][498] N/A 34 1 Signed  Yes
Guernsey Guernsey United Kingdom United Kingdom May 2016 Recognition of marriage and civil partnership performed abroad (expansion)[499][500][501] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Jalisco Jalisco Mexico Mexico May 2016 Marriage (codification)[502] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Yilan County Taiwan Taiwan May 2016 Registered partnership[493][503] N/A Signed  Yes
Colima Colima Mexico Mexico June 2016 Marriage[504][505] N/A 24 0 Signed  Yes
Michoacán Michoacán Mexico Mexico June 2016 Marriage and concubinage[506][507] N/A 27 0 Signed  Yes
Ascension Island Ascension Island United Kingdom United Kingdom June 2016 Marriage[508][509] N/A 5 0 Signed  Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia July 2016 Domestic partnership agreement (expansion)[510][511][512] Passed 29 12 Signed  Yes
Morelos Morelos Mexico Mexico July 2016 Marriage[513] N/A 20 6 Signed  Yes
Isle of Man Isle of Man United Kingdom United Kingdom July 2016 Marriage[514][515][516] 6 3 17 3 Signed  Yes
Aruba Aruba Netherlands Netherlands September 2016 Registered partnership[517][518][519] N/A 11 5 Signed  Yes
British Antarctic Territory British Antarctic Territory United Kingdom United Kingdom October 2016 Marriage[520][521] N/A Signed  Yes
Chiayi County Taiwan Taiwan October 2016 Registered partnership[522] N/A Signed  Yes
Gibraltar Gibraltar United Kingdom United Kingdom November 2016 Marriage[523][524] N/A 15 0 Signed  Yes
Queensland Queensland Australia Australia November 2016 Civil partnership and de facto relationship (expansion: adoption rights)[525][526] N/A 44 43 Signed  Yes
San Luis Potosí San Luis Potosí Mexico Mexico November 2016 Marriage[527][528] N/A Failed —  No
Ontario Ontario Canada Canada December 2016 Marriage and conjugal relationship (expansion: automatic parenthood)[529][530] N/A 79 0 Signed  Yes
Guernsey Guernsey United Kingdom United Kingdom December 2015 Marriage (agreement in principle)[531][532] N/A 37 7 N/A  Yes
December 2016 Marriage (statutory legislation)[533][534] N/A 33 5 Signed
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia December 2016 Registered relationship[535] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia December 2016 Registered relationship and domestic partnership agreement (expansion: adoption rights)[536][537][538] 13 4 27 16 Signed  Yes
Tlaxcala Tlaxcala Mexico Mexico January 2017 Domestic partnership[539][540][541] N/A 18 4 Signed  Yes
Durango Durango Mexico Mexico January 2017 Marriage[542] N/A 4 15 —  No
Mexico City Mexico City Mexico Mexico January 2017 Marriage (constitutional codification)[543] N/A Passed N/A  Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia March 2017 Registered relationship and domestic partnership agreement (expansion: surrogacy)[544] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Sapporo Japan Japan March 2017 Partnership certificate[545][546][547][548] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
South Australia South Australia Australia Australia April 2017 Registered relationship (expansion)[549] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Falkland Islands Falkland Islands United Kingdom United Kingdom April 2017 Marriage and civil partnership[550][551] N/A 7 1 Signed  Yes
Faroe Islands Faroe Islands Denmark Denmark April 2016 Løgting: Marriage (resolution)[552][553][554] N/A 19 14 N/A  Yes
May 2017 Folketing: Marriage (statutory law)[555][556] N/A 108 0 Signed
Hsinchu City Taiwan Taiwan June 2017 Registered partnership[557][558] N/A Signed  Yes
Kinmen County Taiwan Taiwan June 2017 Registered partnership[557][558] N/A Signed  Yes
Lienchiang County Taiwan Taiwan June 2017 Registered partnership[557][558] N/A Signed  Yes
Miaoli County Taiwan Taiwan June 2017 Registered partnership[557][558] N/A Signed  Yes
Nantou County Taiwan Taiwan June 2017 Registered partnership[557][558] N/A Signed  Yes
Pingtung County Taiwan Taiwan June 2017 Registered partnership[557][558] N/A Signed  Yes
Keelung City Taiwan Taiwan July 2017 Registered partnership[557][558] N/A Signed  Yes
Tristan da Cunha United Kingdom United Kingdom August 2017 Marriage[559][560] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Jersey Jersey United Kingdom United Kingdom September 2015 Marriage (agreement in principle)[561][562] N/A 37 4 N/A
Unknown Marriage (statutory legislation) N/A Proposed
Aguascalientes Aguascalientes Mexico Mexico Unknown Marriage and civil union[563] N/A Pending
Alderney Alderney United Kingdom United Kingdom Unknown Marriage[564] N/A Pending
Baja California Baja California Mexico Mexico Unknown Marriage[565] N/A Pending
Baja California Sur Baja California Sur Mexico Mexico Unknown Marriage[566] N/A Proposed
Chiapas Chiapas Mexico Mexico Unknown Marriage (codification)[567][568] N/A Pending
Chihuahua (state) Chihuahua Mexico Mexico Unknown Marriage (codification)[569] N/A Pending
Guanajuato Guanajuato Mexico Mexico Unknown Marriage[570] N/A Pending
Guerrero Guerrero Mexico Mexico Unknown Marriage (codification)[571] N/A Pending
State of Mexico México Mexico Mexico Unknown Marriage[572] N/A Pending
Nuevo León Nuevo León Mexico Mexico Unknown Marriage and civil union[573] N/A Pending
Oaxaca Oaxaca Mexico Mexico Unknown Marriage[574] N/A Proposed
Puebla Puebla Mexico Mexico Unknown Marriage (codification)[575] N/A Pending
Querétaro Querétaro Mexico Mexico Unknown Marriage[576] N/A Pending
Quintana Roo Quintana Roo Mexico Mexico Unknown Marriage (codification)[577] N/A Pending
Sinaloa Sinaloa Mexico Mexico Unknown Marriage and concubinage[578][579] N/A Pending
Tabasco Tabasco Mexico Mexico Unknown Marriage[580] N/A Pending
Tamaulipas Tamaulipas Mexico Mexico Unknown Marriage[581] N/A Pending
Baja California Tijuana Mexico Mexico Unknown Marriage[582] N/A Pending
Veracruz Veracruz Mexico Mexico Unknown Marriage and concubinage[583] N/A Pending
Western Australia Western Australia Australia Australia Unknown Civil union[584] N/A Proposed
Yucatán Yucatán Mexico Mexico Unknown Marriage[585] N/A Pending
Zacatecas Zacatecas Mexico Mexico Unknown Marriage[586][587] N/A Pending

Note:

  1. 1 2 Legislation overturned by the Australian Federal Government.
  2. ↑ Replaced with registered relationship on 27 June 2012.
  3. ↑ Replaced with civil partnership in December 2015.
  4. ↑ Repealed in May 2016.
  5. ↑ Legislation overturned by the High Court on 12 December 2013.
  6. ↑ Ordinances and regulations do not require royal assent.

Constitutional efforts to prohibit same-sex unions

Thirty-one countries, two Mexican states and three British Overseas Territories have passed constitutional amendments banning a variety of same-sex unions. These amendments have taken several forms. Some are limited to banning only marriage. Others ban marriage and prohibit legislation providing "similar rights".

National level

Jamaica was the first country to prohibit same-sex marriage in July 1962. Paraguay, Honduras and Bolivia are the only cases that not only marriage is prohibited but also de facto unions. Venezuela has a ban on de facto unions but not marriage. In February 2008, Venezuela became the first country to repeal a same-sex marriage ban, followed by Cambodia and Vietnam in 2011 and November 2013, respectively. Legislative attempts to ban same-sex marriage in El Salvador and the United States have failed twice.

Currently, thirty-one countries prohibit same-sex marriage on a national level. Those are Armenia, Belarus, Bolivia, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, the Central African Republic, Croatia, Cuba, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Honduras, Hungary, Jamaica, Kenya, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Montenegro, Palau, Paraguay, Poland, Rwanda, Serbia, Slovakia, South Sudan, Uganda, Ukraine and Zimbabwe.

As of August 2017, legislation to ban same-sex marriage has been proposed, is pending, or has passed at least one legislative house on a national level in Chile, El Salvador, Georgia and Romania.

Country Date Ban on Upper house Lower house Head of state Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Jamaica Jamaica July 1962 Marriage[588] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Cuba Cuba February 1976 Marriage[589] General referendum (97.7%)  Yes
Burkina Faso Burkina Faso June 1991 Marriage[590] General referendum (92.83%)  Yes
Bulgaria Bulgaria July 1991 Marriage[591] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Vietnam Vietnam April 1992 Marriage[592] N/A Passed Signed  Yes[c 1]
Paraguay Paraguay June 1992 Marriage and de facto union[595] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Lithuania Lithuania October 1992 Marriage[596] General referendum (78.24)  Yes
Cambodia Cambodia September 1993 Marriage[597] Passed Passed Signed  Yes[c 2]
Belarus Belarus March 1994 Marriage[600] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Moldova Moldova July 1994 Marriage[601] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Ukraine Ukraine June 1996 Marriage[602] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Poland Poland April 1997 Marriage[603] General referendum (52.71%)  Yes
Venezuela Venezuela December 1999 Marriage and de facto union[604][605][606] General referendum (71.78%)  Yes[c 3]
Rwanda Rwanda May 2003 Marriage[608] General referendum (93.42%)  Yes
United States United States July 2004 Marriage[609] 48 50 227 186 —  No
Burundi Burundi February 2005 Marriage[610] General referendum (92.02%)  Yes
Honduras Honduras March 2005 Marriage and de facto union[611][612] N/A 128 0 Signed  Yes
Uganda Uganda September 2005 Marriage[613] N/A 111 17 Signed  Yes
Latvia Latvia December 2005 Marriage[614] N/A 65 5 Signed  Yes
Democratic Republic of the Congo DR Congo December 2005 Marriage[615][616] General referendum (84.31%)  Yes
United States United States July 2006 Marriage[617] 49 48 236 187 —  No
Serbia Serbia October 2006 Marriage[618] General referendum (53.04%)  Yes
Montenegro Montenegro October 2007 Marriage[619][620] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Ecuador Ecuador September 2008 Marriage[621] General referendum (69.46%)  Yes
Palau Palau November 2008 Marriage[622][623] Specific referendum (83.56%)  Yes
Bolivia Bolivia January 2009 Marriage and free union[624] General referendum (61.43%)  Yes
El Salvador El Salvador October 2009 Marriage[625] N/A 46 38 — No[c 4]
Dominican Republic Dominican Republic January 2010 Marriage[627] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Kenya Kenya August 2010 Marriage[628] General referendum (68.55%)  Yes
Zambia Zambia March 2011 Marriage[629][630] N/A Failed —  No
Hungary Hungary April 2011 Marriage[631][632][633] N/A 262 44 Signed  Yes
South Sudan South Sudan July 2011 Marriage[634][635] Passed Passed Signed  Yes
Liberia Liberia June 2012 Marriage[636] Passed Failed —  No
Zimbabwe Zimbabwe March 2013 Marriage[637] General referendum (94.49%)  Yes
Republic of Macedonia Macedonia September 2013 Marriage[638] N/A Failed —  No
Croatia Croatia December 2013 Marriage[639] Specific referendum (65.87%)  Yes
El Salvador El Salvador February 2014 Marriage[640] N/A Failed — No
Slovakia Slovakia June 2014 Marriage[641] N/A 102 18 N/A  Yes
Republic of Macedonia Macedonia January 2015 Marriage[642][643] N/A Failed — No
Slovakia Slovakia February 2015 Marriage[644] Specific referendum (94.50%) No[c 5]
Armenia Armenia December 2015 Marriage[645][646] General referendum (63.37%)  Yes
Central African Republic Central African Republic December 2015 Marriage[647][648] General referendum (93.00%)  Yes
Switzerland Switzerland February 2016 Marriage[649] Specific referendum (49.16%) No
Kyrgyzstan Kyrgyzstan December 2016 Marriage[650] General referendum (79.59%)  Yes
Romania Romania May 2017 Marriage[651] Pending 232 22
Chile Chile Unknown Marriage[652] Proposed
El Salvador El Salvador Unknown Marriage[653][654] N/A Pending[c 6]
Georgia (country) Georgia Unknown Marriage[655][656][657][658] N/A Proposed

Notes:

  1. ↑ Repealed on 1 January 2014, as the 1992 constitution was replaced by the new one, which does not contain a definition of marriage.[593][594]
  2. ↑ Repealed in 2011.[598][599]
  3. ↑ Struck down by the Supreme Tribunal of Justice in February 2008 and replaced with a gender-neutral wording.[607] Constitutional ban on same-sex de facto unions remains in place.[606]
  4. ↑ The amendment was initially passed in April 2009 but was rejected in a second vote in October 2009.[626]
  5. ↑ Although the amendment received 94.5% of the vote, turnout was only at 21.4%. For referendums in Slovakia to pass, turnout has to surpass 50% of registered voters.[644]
  6. ↑ Passed first reading, awaits second vote.

Sub-national level

The first jurisdiction to explicitly ban same-sex marriage in its constitution was the U.S. state of Alaska in November 1998, however same-sex marriage was legalised in the state in October 2014. The first jurisdiction to enact such a ban and still has it enforced is the Cayman Islands, which is a British Overseas Territory, in June 2009.

Currently, five jurisdictions worldwide have constitutional bans on same-sex marriage. Those are three British Overseas Territories, the Cayman Islands, Montserrat and the Turks and Caicos Islands, and the Mexican states of Baja California and Yucatán.

State/Territory Country Date Ban on Upper House Lower house Head of
state		 Final
outcome
Yes No Yes No
Cayman Islands Cayman Islands United Kingdom United Kingdom June 2009 Marriage[659] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Yucatán Yucatán Mexico Mexico July 2009 Marriage[660] N/A Passed N/A  Yes
Montserrat Montserrat United Kingdom United Kingdom October 2010 Marriage[661][662] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Baja California Baja California Mexico Mexico May 2011 Marriage[663][664] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Turks and Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands United Kingdom United Kingdom July 2011 Marriage[665] N/A Passed Signed  Yes
Colima Colima Mexico Mexico July 2013 Marriage[431][432][666] N/A 17 2 N/A  Yes[d 1]
Canton of Zurich Zurich Switzerland Switzerland November 2016 Marriage[668][669] N/A 52 110 N/A  No
Specific referendum (19.09%)

Notes:

  1. ↑ Repealed in May 2016.[667]

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Campeche, Chiapas, Chihuahua, Coahuila, Colima, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nayarit, Puebla, Quintana Roo and Mexico City as well as in some municipalities in Guerrero, Querétaro and Tamaulipas. Same-sex marriages performed in these jurisdictions are recognized throughout Mexico.
  2. 1 2 The Netherlands proper. Same-sex marriages performed there are recognized in Aruba, Curaçao and Sint Maarten
  3. 1 2 New Zealand proper.
  4. 1 2 Same-sex marriage is legal in England, Wales and Scotland; though is notably not legal in Northern Ireland. Same-sex marriage is legal in the overseas territories of Akrotiri and Dhekelia, Ascension Island, Bermuda, the British Antarctic Territory, the British Indian Ocean Territory, the Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, the Pitcairn Islands and Tristan da Cunha and in the Crown dependencies of Guernsey and the Isle of Man.
  5. 1 2 50 states, the District of Columbia, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, Puerto Rico, the United States Virgin Islands and some tribal jurisdictions. Some tribal jurisdictions do not recognize same-sex marriage. Congress (not the federal courts) has legal authority over Indian country. Thus, unless Congress passes a law regarding same-sex marriage for Indian tribes, federally recognized American Indian tribes have the legal right to form their own marriage laws.

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  599. ↑ Discrimination against LGBT people in the Cambodian legal framework
  600. ↑ Constitution of the Republic of Belarus of 1994 Article 32: On reaching the age of consent women and men shall have the right to enter into marriage on a voluntary basis and start a family. A husband and wife shall be equal in family relationships.
  601. ↑ "The Constitution of Moldova" (PDF). The Government of Moldova. Retrieved 11 March 2015.
  602. ↑ "Constitution of Ukraine - Title II". President of Ukraine Official website. Archived from the original on 2014-01-25.
  603. ↑ THE CONSTITUTION OF THE REPUBLIC OF POLAND OF 2nd APRIL, 1997 Article 18: Marriage, being a union of a man and a woman, as well as the family, motherhood and parenthood, shall be placed under the protection and care of the Republic of Poland.
  604. ↑ "Constitución de la República Bolivariana de Venezuela" (PDF) (in Spanish). Retrieved 2011-03-10.
  605. ↑ (in Spanish) SALA CONSTITUCIONAL Magistrado Ponente: PEDRO RAFAEL RONDÓN HAAZ
  606. 1 2 "Constitution - Title III: Duties, human rights, and guarantees (Art. 19-135)". Venezuelanalysis.com. Retrieved 14 April 2016.
  607. ↑ "SALA CONSTITUCIONAL Magistrado Ponente: PEDRO RAFAEL RONDÓN HAAZ". EL TRIBUNAL SUPREMO DE JUSTICA. February 28, 2015.
  608. ↑ "Article 26, The Constitution of the Republic of Rwanda" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  609. ↑ "ACLU Applauds House Stand Against Discriminatory Marriage Amendment; Calls Vote a Victory for All American Families". American Civil Liberties Union. September 30, 2004. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
  610. ↑ "Constitution of the Republic of Burundi" (in French). Retrieved 2010-10-15.
  611. ↑ (in Spanish) CONSTITUCION POLITICA DE LA REPUBLICA DE HONDURAS DE 1982
  612. ↑ "Honduras Bans Gay Marriage & Adoption". Global Gayz. March 30, 2005. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
  613. ↑ "Museveni signs 3rd term bill". New Vision Online. September 29, 2005. Archived from the original on March 2, 2012. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
  614. ↑ "President Signs Anti-Gay Constitutional Amendment". UK Gay News. December 21, 2005. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
  615. ↑ Zajtman, Arnaud (February 19, 2006). "New DR Congo constitution adopted". BBC. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
  616. ↑ (in French) Constitution de la République Démocratique du Congo. Archived 2006-08-12 at the Wayback Machine.
  617. ↑ "House vote fails on amendment to define marriage". Washington Times. July 18, 2006. Retrieved 2009-08-12.
  618. ↑ "Constitution of the Republic of Serbia". Serbian Parliament. Archived from the original on 2010-11-27. Retrieved 2010-12-06.
  619. ↑ "THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO and THE CONSTITUTIONAL LAW FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE CONSTITUTION OF MONTENEGRO ADOPTED ON 19 OCTOBER 2007" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  620. ↑ "Information on the rights of minority groups in Montenegro" (PDF). Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  621. ↑ (in Spanish) CONSTITUCIÓN DEL ECUADOR
  622. ↑ "Constitutional proposal 2-274: Marriages between men and women only". Centre for Research on Direct Democracy. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  623. ↑ "The Rights and Liberties of the Palau Constitution". The Asian-Pacific Law & Policy Journal William S. Richardson School of Law University of Hawaii at Manoa. Retrieved 10 April 2015.
  624. ↑ CONSTITUCIÓN POLÍTICA DEL ESTADO PLURINACIONAL DE BOLIVIA
  625. ↑ Melloy, Kilian (October 5, 2009). "Church & Political Right Fail to Ban Marriage Equality in El Salvador". Edge Boston. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
  626. ↑ St, Jason (2009-10-05). "Church & Political Right Fail to Ban Marriage Equality in El Salvador". Edgeboston.com. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  627. ↑ (in Spanish) Constitución Política de la República Dominicana, proclamada el 26 de enero 2010, Publicada en la Gaceta Oficial No. 10561, del 26 de enero de 2010. Archived 2012-11-21 at the Wayback Machine.
  628. ↑ "The Proposed Constitution of Kenya" (PDF). Sunday Nation. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
  629. ↑ Chanda, Ernest (February 18, 2010). "NCC to adopt clause that forbids same sex marriage". Saturday Post Online. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
  630. ↑ "Constitution Bill fails, 1996 constitution to remain in place". Lusakatimes.com. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  631. ↑ "Fundamental Law of Hungary" (PDF). TASZ. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
  632. ↑ Gorondi, Pablo (April 18, 2011). "Hungary passes new conservative constitution". Reading Eagle. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
  633. ↑ Turner, Rob (April 25, 2011). "Hungarian president signs new constitution despite human rights concerns". Deutsche Welle. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
  634. ↑ "The Transitional Constitution of the Republic of South Sudan, 2011" (PDF). Sudan Tribune. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
  635. ↑ Mainye, Job (July 9, 2011). "Birth Of A Nation: The Republic Of South Sudan". Gurtong. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
  636. ↑ "Liberian Senate votes to ban gay marriage in constitution". Radio Netherlands Worldwide. June 20, 2012. Archived from the original on July 24, 2012. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
  637. ↑ Williams, Ken (February 27, 2012). "In Zimbabwe, final constitutional draft criminalizes homosexuality and marriage equality". Retrieved January 6, 2014.
  638. ↑ "Macedonia rejects amending constitution to define marriage as one man, one woman". Lgbtqnation.com. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  639. ↑ "Croatians vote to ban same-sex marriage". Rt.com. Retrieved 2014-01-05.
  640. ↑ "Attempt To Ban Gay Marriage Fails In El Salvador". Ontopmag.com. Retrieved 2014-02-10.
  641. ↑ "Disputed revision to constitution sails through parliament". The Slovak Spectator. Retrieved 4 June 2014.
  642. ↑ "Macedonia Moves to Rule Out Same-Sex Marriage". Balkan Insight. 1 July 2014.
  643. ↑ "Macedonia bans gay marriage". Gay Star News. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  644. 1 2 Petit Press a.s. "Referendum is invalid". spectator.sme.sk. Retrieved 4 July 2015.
  645. ↑ Referendum in Armenia brings constitutional reforms
  646. ↑ Armenia Central Electoral Commission announces constitutional referendum final results
  647. ↑ PROPOSITON DE CONSTITUTION DE LA REPUBLIQUE CENTRAFRICAINE
  648. ↑ C. African Republic Votes Yes on Constitutional Referendum
  649. ↑ Switzerland's Christian Democrats are trying to ban gay marriage by stealth this month
  650. ↑ "Kyrgyz Voters Back Amendments On Same-Sex Marriage, Presidential Power". Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty. 11 December 2016. Retrieved 11 December 2016.
  651. ↑ Initiative changing family definition in Romanian Constitution, voted by the deputies
  652. ↑ (in Spanish) Modifica la Carta Fundamental para establecer que el matrimonio solo puede celebrarse entre un hombre y una mujer, y prohibir la adopción homoparental
  653. ↑ "El Salvador approves measures banning same-sex marriage, gay couple adoption". LGBTQ Nation. Associated Press. 17 April 2015.
  654. ↑ "Derecha salvadoreña pide blindar la Constitución contra matrimonio homosexual" (in Spanish). Retrieved 16 November 2016.
  655. ↑ "Govt Offers Setting Constitutional Bar to Same-Sex Marriage". Civil.ge. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  656. ↑ "Georgia to Consider a Ban on Same-Sex Marriage". Eurasianet.org. Retrieved 3 April 2014.
  657. ↑ Georgia: Stop amendment banning same-sex marriage
  658. ↑ "Georgian president blocks referendum to ban same-sex marriage". 9 August 2016.
  659. ↑ "The Cayman Islands Constitution Order 2009" (PDF). Cayman Constitution. Retrieved September 15, 2012.
  660. ↑ "Aprueba Yucatán ley contra matrimonio gay". Anodis.com. Archived from the original on 2013-12-16. Retrieved 2014-01-06.
  661. ↑ "The Montserrat Constitution Order 2010". Government of Montserrat. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  662. ↑ "Constitution of Montserrat Part I: Fundamental Rights & Freedoms". Government of Montserrat. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  663. ↑ "Initiative to change article 7 of the Constitution" (PDF). Congress of Baja California. 2015-02-12.
  664. ↑ "Presentan iniciativa para permitir matrimonios gay en BC". UniMexicali. 13 February 2015.
  665. ↑ "The Turks and Caicos Islands Constitution Order 2011" (PDF). Government of the Turks and Caicos Islands. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 July 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2014.
  666. ↑ (in Spanish) Aprueban reforma para celebrar matrimonios civiles gay en Colima
  667. ↑ (in Spanish) Colima deroga artículo que excluía a parejas gay del matrimonio
  668. ↑ (in French) ZURICH S’APPRÊTE À REVOTER SUR L’INTERDICTION DU MARIAGE POUR TOUS
  669. ↑ (in German) Aktuelle Abstimmung vom 27. November 2016
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