Salzmünde group
| Geographical range | central and lower Saal region, exclave in the region of Leipzig and Altenburg |
|---|---|
| Period | Middle Neolithic |
| Dates | 3400 BC - 3000 BC. |
| Type site | Salzmünde-Schiepzig, Saalekreis |
| Characteristics | Pottery of the Opperschöner Type, Amphorae, clay drums |
The Salzmünde Group or Salzmünde Culture (German: Salzmünder Gruppe / Salzmünder Kultur) is the name for a late group from the Funnelbeaker culture in central Saale-Elbe region of Germany, which existed between 3400 and 3000 BC during the Neolithic period.
Context
The type site, Salzmünde-Schiepzig (Saalekreis) was excavated by Nils Niklasson in 1921. He attributed the finds to a "nordic culture" which in his opinion also included the Baalberge group. In 1938, Paul Grimm grouped Niklasson's "nordic culture" and the Opperschöner pottery style together as the Salzmünde culture.
Distinguishing the central and east German prehistoric groups (Hutburg, Walternienburg-Bernburg, Salzmünde und Schöningen) from one another is notoriously difficult with dramatic differences from author to author. For this reason, Johannes Müller argues they should all be understood as subgroups within the Funnelbeaker culture.
The Salzmünde group fits in the middle Neolithic according to the North German chronology,[1] but in the Younger Neolithic according to Jens Lüning's South and West German chronology.[2] In the central Saale-Elbe region, the Salzmünde ceramic style is the local expression of Funnelbeaker phases TRB-MES IV and V. In Bohemia, the latest material from the funnelbeaker culture (TRB C) belongs to the Salzmünde Group, which lasted longer here than in central Germany.
Settlement pattern
Some walled hilltop settlements are known, such as Halle, Dölauer Heide, Salzmünde-Schiepzig, Mücheln and Wallendorf.[3] The settlement of Halle, Dölauer Heide was surrounded by a two metre deep ditch with a palisade on the inside. The irregularly shaped fortifications enclose the entire plateau of the hill and were supplemented by at least two towers.
Most of the settlements of the Salzmünde Group are inadequately explored or have not been published. The type site, Salzmünde-Schiepzig, was destroyed by sand-mining and is only poorly published. The settlement of Karsdorf, Burgenlandkreis has yielded numerous Salzmünde finds.
Material remains
One or two handled pots of the Oppenschöner Type, amphorae, funnel rimmed bowls and decorated clay drums are characteristic of the Salzmünde group. Decorated ornamental axes of the Saxon type have often been attributed to the Salzmünde group, but they are generally isolated finds.
Funerary practices
Settlement and tumulus burials occur, as well as stone cist graves and walled chamber graves. However burial in the ground, with the body laid on one side and the feet drawn up is most common. Grave offerings are usually meagre.
Subdivisions
Jonas Beran proposed a periodisation of the Salzmünde group in to periods with type sites at Zauschwitz and Mücheln respectively.[4] From radiocarbon analysis of the pottery it is possible to distinguish Salzmünde A, B and C, which can be matched up to the respective periods of the Funnelbeaker culture.
References
- ↑ Joachim Preuß, Das Neolithikum in Mitteleuropa, Kulturen - Wirtschaft - Umwelt vom 6. bis 3. Jahrtausend v. u. Z. Weißenbach, Beier und Beran 1996. Jonas Beran, "Untersuchungen zur Stellung der Salzmünder Kultur im Jungneolithikum des Saalegebietes". In: Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas. Vol. 2, Wilkau-Haßlau, 1993. Hermann Behrens, Die Jungsteinzeit im Mittelelbe-Saale-Gebiet. Veröff. Landesmus. Vorgesch. Halle 27 (Berlin 1973).
- ↑ Jens Lüning: Erneute Gedanken zur Benennung der neolithischen Perioden. In: Germania 74. 1996, 233 ff.
- ↑ However, Beran, "Untersuchungen zur Stellung der Salzmünder Kultur im Jungneolithikum des Saalegebietes". In: Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas. Vol. 2, Wilkau-Haßlau, 1993 1993 would prefer to consider Halle-Heide and Wallendorf as Hutberg Group settlements instead
- ↑ Beran "Untersuchungen zur Stellung der Salzmünder Kultur im Jungneolithikum des Saalegebietes". In: Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas. Vol. 2, Wilkau-Haßlau, 1993
Bibliography
- Jonas Beran. 1993. "Untersuchungen zur Stellung der Salzmünder Kultur im Jungneolithikum des Saalegebietes". In: Beiträge zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte Mitteleuropas. Vol. 2 Wilkau-Haßlau.
- Cultural Association of the GDR (Ed.). 1972. Typentafeln zur Ur- und Frühgeschichte. [Edited R. Feustel/S. Barthel] Weimar.
- Johannes Müller. 2001. Soziochronologische Studien zum Jung- und Spätneolithikum im Mittelelbe-Saale-Gebiet (4100-2700 v. Chr.). Vorgeschichtliche Forschungen 21. Rahden, Leidorf.
- Johannes Müller. 1999. Radiocarbonchronologie – Keramiktechnologie – Osteologie - Anthropologie-Raumanalyse. Beiträge zum Neolithikum und zur Frühbronzezeit im Mittelelbe-Saale-Gebiet. 80. Ber. RGK, 25-211.
- Joachim Preuß. 1996. Das Neolithikum in Mitteleuropa, Kulturen - Wirtschaft - Umwelt vom 6. bis 3. Jahrtausend v. u. Z. Weißenbach, Beier und Beran.
- Giannina Schindler. 1994. "Salzmünder Kultur." In H.-J. Beier and R. Einicke (Edd.), Das Neolithikum im Mittelelbe-Saale-Gebiet. Eine Übersicht und ein Abriß zum Stand der Forschung. Verlag Beier & Beran. Wilkau-Hasslau. 1994. 145-158. ISBN 3-930036-05-3