Salvador Minguijón Adrián

Salvador Minguijón Adrián
Born Juan Salvador Minguijón Adrián
1874
Calatayud
Died 1959
Zaragoza
Nationality Spanish
Occupation academic
Known for academic, theorist
Political party Carlism, Partido Social Popular
Signature

Salvador Minguijón Adrián (1874-1959) was a Spanish law scholar, political theorist and politician. As a lawyer he is known mostly as a longtime academic in the University of Zaragoza and briefly member of the Spanish constitutional court. As a theorist he is considered one of key representatives of Traditionalism. As a politician he is recognized as associated with Carlism, Christian Democracy, Primoderiverismo, Social Catholicism and early Francoism.

Family and youth

Calatayud

Juan Salvador Minguijón Adrián was descendant to an Aragonese family of petty officials and artisans. His paternal ancestors originated from the village of Terrer in South-Western Aragon, where Salvador's grandfather worked as a primary school teacher;[1] his son and Salvador's father, Jorge Minguijón Cacho[2] (died 1895),[3] was a local administrative clerk.[4] At unspecified date he married María Antonia Adrián Martínez, herself from the nearby Calatayud. Her family originated from Visiedo in another Aragonese province of Teruel;[5] Salvador's maternal grandfather worked as a carpenter.[6] The couple had at least two sons, though exact number of their children is not clear.

Salvador and his brother were raised in a profoundly religious ambience; his father was a local Catholic activist[7] and his brother was to become a friar.[8] Following childhood spent in Calatayud the young Salvador entered a diocesan seminary in Zaragoza, a path typically leading to a career of a priest or a school teacher.[9] Having completed the schooling at unspecified time he enrolled at Universidad de Zaragoza, commencing learning at the faculty of Filosofía y Letras, where he completed the curriculum and graduated in 1896.[10] He then moved to Madrid to pursue studies in law at Universidad Central; having been awarded a Cum Laude diploma in 1900, Minguijón continued with doctoral research.[11]

In 1903 Minguijón commenced the career of a lawyer becoming a notary in Sabiñán, a municipio in the comarca of Calatayud. In 1905 he switched to the same role in Brea, a slightly larger location in the comarca of Aranda,[12] where he probably practiced very shortly as he soon commenced academic duties in Zaragoza. In 1906 Minguijón obtained PhD laurels in Madrid; his thesis, titled La responsabilidad civil extracontractual, was considered excellent by the jury.[13]

Paracuellos de Jarama cemetery

At unspecified time Salvador Minguijón married Ana-María Paraíso Ferruz;[14] none of the sources consulted provides any information on his wife. The couple had 4 children: Carmen, Agustín, María Luisa and María Antonia.[15] The family lived in Zaragoza, though in the mid-1930s they moved to Madrid.[16] Minguijón spent his declining years alone: his brother died in 1917,[17] his wife widowed him middle-aged in 1935,[18] one daughter became a Discalced Carmelitan nun and has never left the monastery, the only son, a leading activist of Asociación Católica Nacional de Propagandistas,[19] was executed by the Republicans in Paracuellos de Jarama in 1936,[20] while another daughter died in the mid-1940s.[21] Minguijón passed away in Zaragoza,[22] en route to his usual summer holiday location in Irún.[23]

Jurist: academic and official

Zaragoza University

In 1904-1905 Minguijón applied to a number of secondary education institutions in Zaragoza, but his bids for chairs of geography,[24] history,[25] letters,[26] Latin[27] and law[28] proved unsuccessful.[29] In 1905 he was accepted at temporary unpaid job of professor auxiliar at Facultad de Derecho of the Zaragoza University;[30] the same year he defeated 5 counter-candidates and won the contest for professor auxiliar interino retribuido del segundo grupo,[31] assuming regular teaching duties in 1906. In 1907 he was promoted to professor auxiliar numerario de segundo grupo.[32] The same year he filled the vacancy in Historia General del Derecho Español as assistant professor.[33] In 1910 he applied for Historia General del Derecho in Universidad de Valladolid, but it is not clear whether he took part in usual contest for the job.[34] In 1911 he emerged victorious from the contest for chair of Historia General del Derecho in Zaragoza, thus terminating the period of junior assignments and assuming a major academic position.[35]

Minguijón served as head of history of law in Zaragoza almost for the following quarter of the century, his position in national realm of jurisprudence scholars enhanced following publication of a series of textbooks in the 1910s and especially his major work, Historia del Derecho Español, issued in 1927. Since the mid-1910s he was being invited as jury member in contests for academic chairs, held across Spain.[36] In the early 1930s he was already a distinguished law academic, known beyond the scientific milieu thanks to his numerous press contributions. Minguijón's juridical career was crowned in 1933, when he was elected as an academic nominee to Tribunal de Garantías Constitucionales, the Spanish constitutional court.[37] The year marked also his departure from Zaragoza; he had to abandon the university chair as the new job required his presence in Madrid.

site of Tribunal Supremo

Minguijón formally resigned from the anyway defunct Tribunal in September 1936; he returned to Zaragoza and resumed his university duties[38] until in 1938[39] he was appointed to the new Francoist high court, Tribunal Supremo.[40] Back in Madrid, in the early 1940s he chaired historia del derecho and sociología at Universidad Central.[41] In 1940 he entered the very elite of Spanish academics, becoming a member of the Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas.[42] Minguijón resigned from all academic and official duties upon reaching the regular retirement age in 1944.[43] Already in the 1930s he used to collaborate with semi-scholarly institutions, notably giving lectures at Ateneo de Madrid.[44] This activity gained momentum following his retirement, especially as he became vice-president of the 1943-established Instituto Balmes de Sociología.[45] Already in the early 1940s he engaged in works of Institución Fernando el Católico of Zaragoza.[46] In 1944 he became one of the moving spirits behind the Madrid Colegio de Aragón, set up by IFC as means of sustaining an Aragon identity,[47] scaling down his engagement after 1953.[48]

Writings

Fuero Real, 1543 (1255)

Minguijón's written heritage is one major work, around 20 booklets, tens of scientific articles and hundreds of press items. In terms of topics, his opus is described by a present-day-scholar as multi-faceted.[49] It may be roughly divided into 4 groups: jurisprudence, political thought, social sciences and ongoing public issues.

His most recognized works are those dealing with history of law. From 1911 to the early 1920s Minguijón published booklets formatted as textbooks for students, completed as a 12-volume series titled Elementos de historia del derecho español;[50] apart from synthesis and update of earlier works they were heavily based on own research, related in particular to medieval and foral Spanish legislation.[51] The series was a basis for a massive monograph, Historia del derecho español (1927), the 500-page work which gained Minguijón his name and scientific posture. Re-issued in few editions, until the mid-1950s it served as academic manual for generations of Spanish students.[52]

Minguijón's works on political thought were formatted mostly as pamphlets and booklets hardly exceeding 100 pages. The best known one, having been also chronologically the first, was La crisis del tradicionalismo en España (1914), a lecture of author's understanding of Traditionalism and its role in Spain of the era; it elevated the author to a prominent though controversial position within Carlism. It was followed by Humanismo y nacionalidad (1929), Al servicio de la Tradición (1930), La crisis de la libertad (1934), La Democracia (1934) and Los apologistas del siglo II (1936), all of them marking an attempt to transform Traditionalist outlook into a modern Christian doctrine.[53]

El Debate, 1918

Minguijón's interest in social issues gradually developed into a hybrid in-between the science of sociology and theories of addressing social problems. It was first demonstrated in Las luchas del periodismo (1908), a discussion of social obligations of the press,[54] followed by Hombres e ideas. Estudios sociales (1910), Propiedad y trabajo (1920), La función social de la propiedad (1930) and La Propiedad (1935) and combined with numerous articles in specialized reviews.[55] Some works fall rather into philosophy, as Minguijón strove to present a general background of Christian thought; they are either a handful of minor works published for limited audience[56] or translations from German.[57]

A numerically dominating group of Minguijón's writings are his press contributions, usually some 800-word commentaries dealing with ongoing public affairs. Far from partisan zeal and styled as impartial essays, within a wide public discourse they gained Minguijón recognition of a pundit. Starting the early 1910s he began to contribute to Catholic dailies across the country.[58] However, he was particularly active writing to El Debate and emerged as key commentator of the Madrid daily. As during the Republic years El Debate became a semi-official CEDA mouthpiece, Minguijón, at that time member of the supreme national court, preferred to publish rather in various regional Catholic periodicals.[59] During the Civil War and afterwards he did not resume his career of a press pundit.

Carlist: minimismo

Salvador Minguijón

Political preferences of Minguijón's father are not entirely clear, though he is known to have at least sympathized with Carlism.[60] A "Salvador Minguijón" from Calatayud was noted as signing a loyalist Carlist address in 1886,[61] but for the first time he can be surely identified assuming public activity in 1897, taking part in local ecclesiastical educational initiatives.[62] He followed an apparent periodista zeal: in 1908 he took part in a Catholic Asamblea Nacional de Buena Prensa,[63] while in the 1910s co-founded and periodically managed socially minded Catholic periodicals, La paz social,[64] El Noticiero[65] and El Pilar.[66] His Carlist leaning was reinforced at the University; in the early 20th century the Zaragoza Law Faculty was dominated by Jaimistas from the Comín dynasty.[67] However, he was not noted as active within the Carlist realm until publication of La crisis del tradicionalismo en España in 1914.[68]

La crisis claimed that Traditionalist dogma was perfectly valid, though it had to be renewed and its application re-defined; Minguijón viewed it not as a fixed set of principles, but as an adaptive approach to problems of human civilization.[69] The practical conclusion was that the Carlists should seek alliance with all political forces sharing the same lowest common denominator. He advocated rapprochement with the Integrists, with Lliga Regionalista and with the Mauristas. Indeed, some claim that he subscribed to a "modelo maurrasiano", a new counter-revolutionary movement[70] exploring parliamentary opportunities to build a confessional, corporative and regional state;[71] others underline inspiration by the concept of Catholic unity, launched by ACNDP and pursued by its freshly set up daily, El Debate.[72] The alliance implied that the Carlists should soften their approach to Catalanism, up to recognition of separate Catalan legislation and administration,[73] and park their dynastical claims.[74] Some scholars consider Minguijón's strategy a reference to Sexenio Democrático, when Carlism served as agglutinatory factor for conservative forces;[75] it was supposed to lay path for peaceful transformation of liberal monarchy into a traditionalist one.[76] The strategy presented was dubbed "minimismo"[77] or "minimismo tradicionalista".[78]

Don Jaime, 1910s

Within Carlism Minguijón's proposal was appreciated as an elaborated and genuine attempt to revitalize the movement, though the critics pointed out that it would be another version of Pidalismo,[79] an opportunist amalgamation of Traditionalism within a broad conservative spectrum. They lambasted it as "reducción grave y transcendental de las bases más esenciales de nuestra Comunión"[80] and amputation of Carlism.[81] Skeptics offered a competitive diagnosis, namely that the crisis of Carlism was caused by the deadly virus of parliamentarism.[82] Following a period of hesitation, in 1915 Minimismo was eventually disavowed by the claimant Don Jaime, who confirmed intransigence on dynastical issues and permitted at best neutral approach towards moderate Catalanism of La Lliga.[83]

Juan Vázquez de Mella

In the 1910s Carlism was dominated by a conflict between the claimant and the key party theorist, Juan Vázquez de Mella. At a first glance Minimismo and Mellismo seemed alike: both favored parking dynastical issues and forging a grand, Traditionalism-centred Right-wing alliance. However, scholars differ when discussing mutual position of the two concepts. Some name Minguijón a key protagonist of "sector promellista", highlighting their shared penchant for a conservative bloc;[84] others note rather that Minguijón followed de Mella by firmly incorporating the social dimension into the doctrine.[85] Some students, however, suggest that Minguijón opposed "catastrofismo mellista" by working towards a constructive solution.[86] They highlight that Minguijón seemed inclined towards politics within the Alfonsist framework,[87] while de Mella adopted a decisively anti-system stance with no dynastical commitments.[88] One more difference was that unlike a fiercely Germanophile de Mella, during the Great War Minguijón adopted a pro-Entente stand and even considered setting up a pro-French daily.[89]

When the crisis climaxed in 1919 and the Mellistas broke away to build their own grouping, Minguijón maintained loyalty to Don Jaime. According to some sources he remained influential enough to enforce – together with Francisco Melgar - resignation of Pascual Comín y Moya from the temporary Carlist leadership. However, his days in the movement were already numbered. Together with a group of socially-minded Zaragoza scholars he had been co-operating with for more than a decade, especially Severino Aznar and Inocencio Jiménez,[90] in 1919 he co-founded Grupo de Democracía Cristiana, an organization under the auspices of cardinal Guiasola.[91] Though technically it did not constitute a breach of loyalty towards the Carlist king, Minguijón concluded that Carlism was no longer offering a viable solution. He confirmed his commitment to Traditionalist values, but in terms of political strategy he perceived Carlism a dead-end street: Don Jaime was deprived of descendants and acting as a party leader rather than as a king,[92] while the movement trapped in dynastical intransigence was deprived of any allies.[93] Determined to seek broad partnership on minimalist basis, Minguijón left Jaimismo in 1920.[94]

Severino Aznar

In 1922 Minguijón co-issued[95] a manifesto launching Partido Social Popular;[96] he was among the Zaragoza socially-minded theorists,[97] one of six streams which merged in the new organization.[98] The party, inspired by social encylicae of Leo XIII,[99] is considered the first Spanish incarnation of Christian Democracy; Minguijón co-authored its Programa mínimo and enthusiastically advocated its broad platform as allegedly deprived of sectarian particularism;[100] the party focus was on social issues tackled within a broad Catholic perspective.[101] In PSP Minguijón remained one of key theorists, though the party was by no means short of them, having in its ranks also Severino Aznar, Inocencio Jiménez, Rafael Aizpún, José Ibáñez Martín, José María Gil-Robles, Ángel Ossorio y Gallardo and Víctor Pradera. The organization, intended as agglutinatory force beyond a future broad right-wing platform, proved to have been just en episode; like all other political parties it was dissolved by the Primo de Rivera dictatorship in 1923.[102]

Dictatorship

Primo with the Aragon Somatén

Shortly after the March on Rome Minguijón defined Fascism as a sane response to social disunity and administrative chaos, the problems haunting Spain as well; though he refrained from endorsing violence and dictatorship, Minguijón noted that also in his country "tenemos necesidad de depuración y de disciplina".[103] Upon the advent of the Primo de Rivera dictatorship two months later he greeted the developments with cautious optimism;[104] by the end of 1923 the pesepistas voiced their support for renewal and "reconstitución" of political setting. Underlining no support for violence, they hoped for increased social work, making vague references to agrarian reform, syndical liberties, cheap credit, municipal self-government and advanced labor legislation.[105]

Many former PSP members, most notably Víctor Pradera, emerged as key theorists behind the primoderiverista regime; however, Minguijón was not visible in the front row of its supporters. He focused mostly on quasi-political work adhering to the Christian-Democratic format, at that time championed mostly by Asociación Católica Nacional de Propagandistas. In 1923-1926 he engaged in Círculo de Estudios, a think-tank born out of ACNDP,[106] giving lectures on social and political issues as well as publishing articles in specialized reviews. Many of them focused on his favorite topic, the question of property, advancing a thesis that increasing ownership among wide social strata was the best strategy for confronting both poverty and revolution.[107] In 1926 he engaged in building Organización Corporativa Nacional, the nationwide labor organization, by scholars counted among representatives of "tradicionalismo mellista".[108]

In the late 1920s Minguijón was active discussing structure and composition of the new state diet. Acknowledging that the freshly formed Asamblea Consultiva was merely a stepping stone towards the ultimate Asamblea Nacional, he fully agreed with its corporative format, in line with the theory of organic democracy. Engaging in polemics with other theorists like Ossorio y Gallardo he rather discussed components of the parliament, advocating slightly larger granularity of its structure.[109] Himself he did not emerge as major Unión Patriótica official[110] and was not appointed to the quasi-parliament; it is not clear whether, except relations with Pradera, he had access to Primo or any of key decision-makers of the regime. Tone of Minguijón's editorials, though never enthusiastic, cooled down over time; those from the late 1920s and 1930 are increasingly escapist. They discuss foreign policy, history, ideas, law, great personalities etc., but tend to evade current issues. They remain firm, however, in support of Catholic trade unions[111] and Catholic social thought,[112] as well as in opposition to violence.[113]

Republic

Minguijon in press cartoon, Republic years

Upon the advent of the Second Spanish Republic Minguijón did not join any political party and adopted a position of an observer. In the spring of 1931 his press commentaries maintained an abstract, Aesopian language.[114] In the months and years to come Minguijón assumed a more specific stance; though he declared himself a monarchist (with increasingly Alfonsist penchant),[115] at the same time he advocated constructive work under the republican regime.[116] His focus was invariably on social issues and the question of property.[117] Lambasting elitism[118] and liberal outlook[119] he called for common good to take precedence over individual one and formulated his expectations in likewise spirit;[120] in practical terms, they centred on agrarian reform[121] and tackling unemployment.[122] All the above stemmed from Catholic and not socialist principles; Minguijón firmly voiced against divorce[123] and called for civilization based on rural, traditional basis,[124] though he did not declare himself alarmed by separation of state and church.[125]

Though in favor of common spirit, Minguijón opposed dictatorship of the majority[126] and acknowledged the anti-democratic tide overwhelming Europe as a "crisis of liberty"; he compared Fascist, Nazi and Soviet regimes using the word "totalitario", though he also distinguished between them.[127] Denying Fascist identity, he admitted superiority of the Italian system – respectful to religious and secular tradition – compared to the Soviet one,[128] praising also Piłsudski for stopping bolshevism in 1920 and Hitler for preventing a Bolshevik revolution in 1933.[129] Minguijón denounced the Spanish revolutionary[130] Left as inventing a Fascist menace but offering the same totalitarian solution;[131] his own preference was for the Salazar regime.[132]

In 1933 Minguijón co-founded a Zaragoza-based Centro de Estudios Sociales, born out of ACNDP and formatted as an Aragon version of the Madrid-based Instituto Social Obrero;[133] he published in periodicals issued by both think-tanks.[134] He remained active in Christian-Democratic realm, taking part in various international congresses.[135] Politically he drew closer to CEDA;[136] it was thanks to its votes, combined with support from other Right-wing groupings, that in October 1933 Minguijón was elected – according to some authors as "tradicionalista"[137] – to Tribunal de Garantías Constitucionales,[138] a 35-member body acting as the Republic's constitutional court.

Gaining seat in Tribunal suspended Minguijón's university career, enforced his transfer from Zaragoza to Madrid and reduced his activity as a press pundit, though he continued sending commentaries to various periodicals. As constitutional judge Minguijón found himself in an awkward position; the body was entrusted with safeguarding the juridical republican system, while at the same time he was growing increasingly disillusioned with legal order of the Republic. His struggle was reflected in a highly contested vote on the Catalan Leases Act, known as Llei de Contractes de Conreu. The verdict was possibly the key pronouncement of the Tribunal durcing Minguijón's tenure and pertained to two issues: Catalan autonomy and the social question, the latter related to vineyard tenants’ status. The Tribunal, at that time dominated by conservatively minded judges, decided against the claims of the Catalans and the tenants; Minguijón did not share that opinion and recorded a votum separatum.[139]

Civil War

Carlist standard

The July 1936 coup caught Minguijón during a summer break in Zaragoza. The city was almost immediately captured by the Nationalists and most University professors did not hesitate to voice their enthusiastic support for the rebels.[140] Minguijón is not listed either among most active advocates of the cause or among those engineering purges at the University,[141] though at some point he declared his backing.[142] In September he formally resigned from the anyway defunct Tribunal and resumed teaching at his usual History of Law chair in University of Zaragoza, the role performed for 2 years until in November 1938 he was nominated to a newly established Nationalist high court, Tribunal Supremo.[143] Having abandoned Aragón – this time for good – he resumed his highest judge role and formally contributed to forging of the Francoist system; until 1950 the Tribunal consisted of appointees deemed utterly loyal and entrusted with juridical institutionalization of the regime.[144]

According to a contemporary scholar, during the Civil War Minguijón was also vital to forging of the emerging Nationalist ideology.[145] His part was about contributions to Noticiero de España, a Burgos-based bulletin issued by Servicios de Prensa y Propaganda and created to disseminate official ideas of the emerging state;[146] within its editorial board he formed a group dubbed "juristas",[147] considered also representative of "Traditionalists and Church".[148] There were 63 issues of Noticiero published during its most prolific phase; there are 9 Minguijón's articles identified, published between May 1938 and August 1939.[149]

logotype of Noticiero de España

Minguijón's role in Noticiero is described as related mostly to delegitimization of the Republic.[150] Its regime was portrayed as climax of bolshevization which commenced in Russia in 1917 but manifested itself in Spain in Jaca in 1930, in Asturias in 1934 and following the victory of Frente Popular in 1936;[151] Minguijón argued that the Republican regime abandoned its own rules,[152] decomposed into anarchy[153] and lost legitimacy;[154] moreover, it turned against democratic principles and rising of genuine Spain was necessary,[155] also to restore them.[156] He wrote about the Republic with bitterness and visible disappointment, lamenting that the regime was trapped in contradictions: it failed to eradicate domination of the privileged classes and to introduce reforms based on the will of the people.[157] All these hopes were now laid in the emerging Nationalist state.[158] The earlier Minguijón's skepticism about Fascism gave way to cautious endorsement; he dubbed earlier comparisons between Fascism and Communism superficial[159] and in one of his last articles published in Noticiero, dated July 1939, he analyzed where Fascism overlapped with Traditionalism, having found 6 points that both had in common.[160]

Francoism

Following the Nationalist capture of Madrid Minguijón settled in the city, where he resumed his academic career at history of law and at sociology in Universidad Central;[161] his teaching influenced the next generation of Traditionalists like Rafael Gambra, who attended Minguijón's lectures and were to gain prominence in the 1960s.[162] None of the sources consulted provides information on Minguijón's role in Tribunal Supremo; the entire body is known mostly for retroactively reversing many components of the Republican legislation.[163] He did not assume any official posts in state administration; he is neither noted as active in political structures, be it Falangist or otherwise. In 1940 he entered the national executive of Acción Católica,[164] occasionally giving lectures and publishing in AC periodicals.

Having retired from the Tribunal and the university in 1944[165] he focused on various duties in Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas, Institución Fernando el Católico, Colegio de Aragón, Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Cientificas and especially in Instituto Balmes de Sociología, created by CSIC as the brainchild of Severino Aznar.[166] Due to his age and health, these activities declined sharply in the early 1950s; his last identified lecture in Real Academia took place in 1951[167] and his engagement in Instituto Balmes became loose after 1953.[168]

During Francoism Minguijón did not resume his longtime career of a press pundit, limiting himself to scientific and semi-scientific articles in specialized or Catholic reviews.[169] Little is known about his personal views on the developing Francoist system. In the press he was quoted as pursuing his interest in social question and praising social institutions of the Nationalist Spain, especially Instituto Nacional de Previsión, for their efficiency, at least compared to the Republican efforts.[170] He admitted Traditionalist outlook,[171] though he is not recorded as active in any Carlist branch of the time.[172] He was recollected as skeptical – also in private - about both democracy and capitalism, deemed anonymous and amorphous forces which should be confronted by "localismo cultural", based on tradition and – inevitably - small property.[173]

Shortly before death Minguijón was described as a lonely old man, visited by a handful of disciples and few lifelong friends, like Severino Aznar; on the other hand, he remained perfectly lucid, serene, humble, as usual slightly ironic and far from any emphasis. Waking up around mid-day and working late into night, he was busy writing a treaty tailored as popularization of great philosophical concepts; it was supposed to amalgamate them within a new vision, intended for the future.[174] His death was acknowledged by brief notes in some national newspapers; Colegio de Aragón organized a memorial homage session shortly afterwards.[175]

Reception and legacy

Minguijón Street, Zaragoza

As a conservative theorist who strove to stimulate organization of the working class Minguijón failed; he is not noted as influencing Carlist syndicates either in their Catholic or pistolerismo format.[176] However, already in the early 1910s Minguijón was noted in wide public discourse as "excelente periodista católico"[177] or "ilustre publicista católico",[178] in the 1920s acknowledged also as "conocido sociologo".[179] When referred to as a law scholar, apart from the usual "catedrático"[180] he was occasionally hailed as "maestro".[181] In professional realm he gained name following the 1927 publication of Historia del derecho español, in 1933 entering the elite of jurisprudence scholars when nominated to Tribunal de Garantias and finally acquiring the highest status available to an academic when nominated to Real Academia de Ciencias Morales y Políticas in 1940. It remains striking, however, that he was not invited to Real Academia de Jurisprudencia y Legislación.

After Minguijón's death a street in Zaragoza and a college in his native Calatayud were named after him; in both cases the naming survived purges related to anti-Francoist backlash of the late 20th century and implementation of Ley de Memoria Histórica of 2007.[182] None of his works has been re-published and the institutions he co-founded, Instituto Balmes and Colegio de Aragón, ceased to exist as separate units. In public discourse he was gradually falling into oblivion; since 1959 up to date the popular Madrid daily ABC mentioned him 7 times, in all cases briefly noting his name when discussing Christian-Democratic, Traditionalist or social thought;[183] a contemporary scholar declared him a "completely forgotten figure".[184] Currently he is acknowledged only in major general encyclopedias, covered in very brief notes as "historiador del derecho", member of the high Tribunal and "periodista".[185] In specialized almanacs and reference dictionaries he appears as a scholar in philosophy.[186]

Minguijón has earned no monograph so far. In historical literature he is noted mostly as a political theorist, though exact categorization might differ: he could be referred to as one of the first Christian-Democratic politicians and theorists in Spain,[187] as a somewhat unorthodox Carlist who strove to modernize Traditionalism,[188] as a representative of corporativismo católico, democracia orgánica and católicismo social,[189] or as in the very recent work, as key contributor to theoretical vision of the emerging Francoism.[190] Some authors straightforwardly declare Minguijón an enemy of democracy,[191] some prefer qualified applications like "democristiano"[192] and some quote him speaking passionately against "democracia individualista y caótica",[193] while declaring that only a corporative system ensured genuine democracy.[194] Few authors recognize him as one of sociology pioneers in Spain, the follower of Jaime Balmes.[195]

See also

Footnotes

  1. ↑ Juan Francisco Baltar Rodriguez, Minguijón y Adrián, Juan Salvador (1874-1959), [in:] Diccionario de catedráticos españoles de derecho online, 2014, available here
  2. ↑ La Unión Católica 21.05.90, available here
  3. ↑ El Movimiento Católico 31.12.95, available here
  4. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2014
  5. ↑ though they lived in Calatayud, Baltar Rodriguez 2014
  6. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2014
  7. ↑ La Unión Católica 21.05.90
  8. ↑ El Salmantino 05.09.17, available here
  9. ↑ Gonzalo Díaz Díaz, Minguijón Adrián, Salvador, [in:] Hombres y documentos de la filosofía española, vol 5, Madrid 1995, ISBN 9788400075040, p. 529
  10. ↑ Juan Francisco Baltar Rodriguez, Los ejercisios de oposiciones a profesor auxiliar de Salvador Minguijón, [in:] European Journal of Legal History 10 (2013), p. 72
  11. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2013, p. 72
  12. ↑ Díaz Díaz 1995, p. 529
  13. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2013, p. 72
  14. ↑ ABC 12.07.35, available here
  15. ↑ ABC 12.05.35
  16. ↑ Díaz Díaz 1995, p. 530
  17. ↑ El Salmantino 05.09.17
  18. ↑ ABC 12.07.35
  19. ↑ José Luis Orella Martínez, El origen del primer Catolicismo social Español [PhD thesis, Universidad de Educación a Distancia], Madrid 2012, p. 429
  20. ↑ Agustín Minguijón Paraíso (1907-1936) [in:] Asociacion Catolica de Progapandistas service, available here; there is a monograph dedicated to Minguijón Paraíso, see José Vicente Rodríguez, Le troncharon en la flor de la vida. Agustín Minguijón Paraíso. Datos biográficos y martirios (1907-1936), Zaragoza 2009, ISBN 9788483532454
  21. ↑ referred after Rafael Gambra, Aspectos del pensamiento de Salvador Minguijón, [in:] Revista international de sociologia 67 (1959), p. 85; it is not clear what happened to his third daughter
  22. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2013, p. 72
  23. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2014
  24. ↑ chairs of geografía descriptiva general de Europa y de España in Instituto de Mahón (Zaragoza) and Instituto de Baeza (Zaragoza)
  25. ↑ chairs of historia de España e historia universal in Instituto de Mahón and Instituto de Baeza
  26. ↑ lengua y literatura castellana in Instituto de Baeza
  27. ↑ chairs of Latin language in Instituto de Canarias (Zaragoza) and in Instituto de Figueras (Zaragoza)
  28. ↑ chair of psicología, lógica, ética y rudimentos de Derecho in Instituto de Teruel (Zaragoza)
  29. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2014
  30. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2013, pp. 72-73
  31. ↑ detailed discussion of academic contest in Baltar Rodriguez 2013, pp. 71-87
  32. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2014
  33. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2013, p. 73
  34. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2014
  35. ↑ Díaz Díaz 1995, p. 529, Baltar Rodriguez 2014, p. 72
  36. ↑ Facultad de Derecho de Santiago de Compostela (1915) and cátedra de Historia del Derecho de la Universidad de Murcia (1919), Baltar Rodriguez 2013, p. 73
  37. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2013, p. 72
  38. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2013, pp. 72-73
  39. ↑ Minguijón y Adrián, Juan Salvador [in:] Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa online, available here
  40. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2013, p. 72
  41. ↑ Díaz Díaz 1995, p. 530
  42. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2013, pp. 73
  43. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2014
  44. ↑ Gambra 1959, pp. 82-85
  45. ↑ Jesús Tobío Fernández, Salvador Minguijón Adrián, [in:] Arbor 44 (1959), p. 217
  46. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2014
  47. ↑ Gustavo Alares López, Severino Aznar y el Colegio de Aragón (1945-1959), Zaragoza 2013, ISBN 9788499112657, p. 39
  48. ↑ he was last noted as taking part in regular meeting in 1953, Alares López 2013, p. 267, for later years see Alares López 2013, p. 268 and onwards
  49. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2013, p. 72
  50. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2014
  51. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2013, p. 74
  52. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2014
  53. ↑ he also father minor works, often focusing on specific individuals like Baltasar Gracián, Antonio Maura, Juan Moneva, see e.g. El sentido de la vida en la obras de Gracián [in:] Baltasar Gracián escritor aragonés del s. XVII, Zaragoza 1926
  54. ↑ the work despised subordination of intellectuals to the rule of capital, José Manuel Gonzalez Torga, Fenomenologia de los confidenciales como modalidad del periodismo [PhD thesis Complutense], Madrid 1994, p. 452
  55. ↑ especially Revista Católica de las cuestiones sociales; the periodical he contributed to from 1911 to 1930. Compare also Sobre el objeto de la sociología, [in:] Revista Internacional de Sociología 4/6 (1943-1944), La Cuestión de Progreso [in:] Revista Internacional de Sociología, 8-9 (1944-1945), Vulgarización Sociológica, Opinión y Masa [in:] Revista Internacional de Sociología 19 (1947)
  56. ↑ see e.g. Lo racional y lo irracional en el mundo físico [in:] Arbor 9 (1945), En torno al Espacio [in:] Segunda Reunión de Aproximación Filosófico-Científica, Zaragoza 1959, En torno a la Materia [in:] La Materia: III Reunión de Aproximación Filosófico-Científica',' Zaragoza 1961, La obra social de Costa, Zaragoza 1926
  57. ↑ Minguijón translated two works of Martin Grabmann: Filosofía medieval (1928) and Santo Tomás de Aquino (1930), and one of Robert F. Arnold, Cultura del Renacimiento (1928)
  58. ↑ like Heraldo Alaves, El Salmantino, Diario de Valencia, La Gaceta de Tenerife, Diario de Alicante or Diario de Reus
  59. ↑ Region, El bien publico, Heraldo de Almeria, El dia de Palencia, Labor, La Gaceta de Tenerife and others
  60. ↑ La Regeneración 09.12.69, available here
  61. ↑ El Cabecilla 04.12.89, available here
  62. ↑ La Voz de la Provincia 03.04.97, available here
  63. ↑ El Día de Palencia 30.09.08, available here
  64. ↑ Díaz Díaz 1995, p. 530, Sergio Fernández Riquelme, Sociología, corporativismo y política social en España [PhD thesis Universidad de Murcia], Murcia 2008, p. 214. In 1913 he travelled across Europe to see the nascent Christian-Democratic initiatives first-hand, Baltar Rodriguez 2013, p. 73
  65. ↑ Díaz Díaz 1995, p. 530
  66. ↑ La Correspondencia de España 14.01.10, available here
  67. ↑ Bienvenido Comín Sarté and Pascual Comín Moya
  68. ↑ he is not a single time mentioned in a lengthy study on marques de Cerralbo, the most complete recent scholarly history of Carlism between the 1880s and 1910s, see Agustín Fernández Escudero, El marqués de Cerralbo (1845-1922): biografía politica [PhD thesis], Madrid 2012
  69. ↑ Gambra 1959, p. 86
  70. ↑ Fernández Riquelme 2008, p. 204
  71. ↑ Fernández Riquelme 2008, p. 197
  72. ↑ Orella Martínez 2012, pp. 106, 115
  73. ↑ Jacek Bartyzel, Umierać ale powoli, Kraków 2002, ISBN 8386225742, p. 288, Orella Martínez 2012, p. 123
  74. ↑ Bartyzel 2002, p. 288
  75. ↑ Jordi Canal, El carlismo, Madrid 2000, ISBN 8420639478, p. 267
  76. ↑ Juan Ramón de Andrés Martín, El cisma mellista. Historia de una ambición política, Madrid 2000, ISBN 9788487863820, p. 83
  77. ↑ Canal 2000, p. 267, Andrés Martín 2000, pp. 83, 247, 248
  78. ↑ José Andrés Gallego, Antón M. Pazos (eds.), Archivo Gomá: Febrero de 1937, Madrid 2001, ISBN 9788400080570, p. 353
  79. ↑ Bartyzel 2002, p. 288
  80. ↑ opinion of Mariano Fortuny, quoted after Canal 2000, p. 268, see also Andrés Martín 2000, p. 83
  81. ↑ Andrés Martín 2000, p. 83
  82. ↑ Andrés Martín 2000, p. 84
  83. ↑ Bartyzel 2002, p. 288; opposite view in Andrés Martín 2000, p. 84, namely that Don Jaime himself reduced dynastic thread to secondary position
  84. ↑ Andrés Martín 2000, p. 83
  85. ↑ Fernández Riquelme 2008, p. 197
  86. ↑ Canal 2000, p. 267
  87. ↑ e.g. when courted by Angel Ossorio y Gallardo in 1914
  88. ↑ Fernández Riquelme 2008, p. 337
  89. ↑ Andrés Martín 2000, pp. 127-8
  90. ↑ though periodically also with Maximiliano Arboleya, José Calvo Sotelo or Reig Genovés
  91. ↑ Fernández Riquelme 2008, pp. 218-9, Orella Martínez 2012, p. 190
  92. ↑ Andrés Martín 2000, p. 204
  93. ↑ Andrés Martín 2000, pp. 202-3
  94. ↑ Canal 2000, p. 279, Andrés Martín 2000, p. 202
  95. ↑ with Inocencio Jimenez and conde de Valldellano, Andrés Martín 2000, p. 231
  96. ↑ Andrés Martín 2000, pp. 232-2
  97. ↑ dubbed "grupo coordinador de Zaragoza", including also Inocencio Jimenez and Genaro Poza, Fernández Riquelme 2008, p. 221, Alares López 2013, p. 20. On catolicismo social in Aragón, see Eloy Fernández Clemente, Carlos Forcadell, Los orígenes del catolicismo social (1890-1910), [in:] Aragón Contemporáneo. Estudios, Zaragoza 1986, pp. 79-188, José Estarán Molinero, Catolicismo social en Aragón (1878-1901), Zaragoza 2001, his also Cien años de «Acción Social Católica de Zaragoza» (1903-2003), Zaragoza 2003
  98. ↑ formed also by tradicionalismo mellista, izquierda maurista, ACNDP and the Catholics; Fernández Riquelme 2008, pp. 220-1
  99. ↑ Martin Blinkhorn, Carlism and Crisis in Spain 1931-1939, Cambridge 2008, ISBN 9780521207294, p. 36
  100. ↑ Andrés Martín 2000, p. 233-4
  101. ↑ the Carlist political leader, marqués de Villores, issued a warning preventing the Carlists from assisting PSP; the party was referred to as recurrence of Pidalismo, Canal 2000, p.279
  102. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2014
  103. ↑ El Día de Palencia 02.06.23, available here
  104. ↑ El Debate 26.09.23, available here
  105. ↑ El Debate 29.12.23, available here
  106. ↑ Orella Martínez 2012, p. 300
  107. ↑ Orella Martínez 2012, p. 309
  108. ↑ Fernández Riquelme 2008, p. 279
  109. ↑ Mariano García Canales, La teoría de la representación en la España del siglo XX: (de la crisis de la restauración a 1936), Madrid 1977, ISBN 9788460010531, p. 101
  110. ↑ it is known only that he closely co-operated with UP, Baltar Rodriguez 2013, p. 73
  111. ↑ Boletín de Acción Social December 1928, available here
  112. ↑ La Tierra 15.08.29, available here
  113. ↑ also from the right; for Minguijón's anxiety related to violence of Legionarios de Albiñana see La Voz 04.12.30, available here
  114. ↑ e.g. on May 7, 1931, in one of his very first commentaries after the fall of the monarchy, Minguijón discussed a manifesto of Liga de Unión Latina in Paris, see Las Provincias 07.05.31, available here
  115. ↑ Labor 29.08.35, available here
  116. ↑ Labor 07.03.35, available here
  117. ↑ he compared agrarian reform to building a railway line across private property: you have to sacrifice individual good for common good; Labor 15.04.35, available here
  118. ↑ "¿Es que la nobleza existía verdaderamente entre nosotros ? ¿Es que desempeñaba una verdadera función social de dirección, de guía, de patronato? Ni lucha, ni estudio, ni sacrificio, ni preocupación por los problemas de nuestro tiempo. Deportes, apuestas, cuadras con hermosos caballos de carrera, Gran Peña, fiestas fastuosas, tertulias, amistades con algún astro de la torería, Monte-Cristo, Kasabal, frivolidad, vicio, incomprensión; de todo eso no ha quedado ninguna estela duradera", Acción Española 01.12.32, available here
  119. ↑ La ciudad y los campos 19.05.34, available here
  120. ↑ Heraldo de Almería 17.11.31, available here
  121. ↑ Regíon 26.07.31, available here
  122. ↑ La Gaceta de Tenerife 16.02.34, available here
  123. ↑ El Día de Palencia 06.11.31, available here
  124. ↑ Labor 15.04.35, available here; according to Minguijón, translation to urban milieu deprived rural masses of tradition and values Labor 09.03.36, available here;
  125. ↑ Región 19.06.31, available here
  126. ↑ El Día de Palencia 11.03.32, available here
  127. ↑ ABC 22.10.33, available here
  128. ↑ El Día de Palencia 31.01.36, available here
  129. ↑ La Cruz 30.11.35, available here
  130. ↑ he denounced every revolution as chaotic bloodbath, Labor 20.06.35, available here
  131. ↑ La Gaceta de Tenerife 01.08.35, available here
  132. ↑ "a nuestro lado tenemos una nación que ha salido de la anarquía y que lentamente se va reconstituyendo. Esta nacion no tiene un Mussolini, tiene un Oliveira Salazar", Correo de Tortosa 05.07.34
  133. ↑ Orella Martínez 2012, p. 413
  134. ↑ Orella Martínez 2012, p. 458
  135. ↑ Universalità e cultura nel pensiero di Luigi Sturzo, Roma 2001, ISBN 9788849800937, p. 356
  136. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2014
  137. ↑ Roberto Villa García, Las elecciones de 1933 en el País Vasco y Navarra, Madrid 2007, ISBN 9788498491159, p. 29
  138. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2014
  139. ↑ Joaquim de Camps i Arboix, El parlament de Catalunya, (1932-1936), Barcelona 1976, ISBN 9788429711523, p. 146, Cristóbal Robles, Cristóbal Robles Muñoz, José María de Urquijo e Ybarra: opinión, religión y poder, Madrid 1997, ISBN 9788400076689, p 577; for Minguijón's view as justified to the public see La Gaceta de Tenerife 22.07.34, available here
  140. ↑ Angel Alcaide Fernández, El apoyo de la Universidad de Zaragoza a la sublevación militar de 1936, [in:] Ignacio Peiró Martín, Guillermo Vicente y Guerrero (eds.), Estudios históricos sobre la Universidad de Zaragoza, Zaragoza 2010, ISBN 9788499110479, pp. 339-351; he is neither mentioned in Angela Cenarro, La Reina de Hispanidad: fascismo y nacionalcatolicismo en Zaragoza. 1939-1945, [in:] Revista de Historia Jerónimo Zurita 72 (1997), pp. 91-102
  141. ↑ Alcaide Fernández 2010, pp. 342-3
  142. ↑ Carlos Pulpillo Leiva, Orígenes del franquismo: la construcción de la "Nueva España" (1936-1941) [PhD thesis Universidad Rey Juan Carlos], Madrid 2013, p. 85
  143. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2014. The Tribunal first convened in May 1939 in Madrid, Carlos Jiménez Villarejo, La destrucción del orden republicano (apuntes juridicos), [in:] Hispania Nova 7 (2007), p. 15
  144. ↑ Francisco J. Bastida Freijedo, El pensamiento político del Tribunal Supremo en la Dictadura franquista, [in:] Cronica Popular 20.11.14, available here
  145. ↑ Pulpillo Leiva 2013, p. 60
  146. ↑ Pulpillo Leiva 2013, p. 17
  147. ↑ Pulpillo Leiva 2013, pp. 84-5
  148. ↑ Pulpillo Leiva 2013, pp. 719-720
  149. ↑ there are 9 Minguijón's articles identified, published on 28.5.38, 5.8.38, 3.9.38, 17.9.38, 18.2.39, 25.3.39, 29.4.39, 1.7.39, 12.8.39, see Pulpillo Leiva 2013
  150. ↑ along with Melchor Fernandez Almagro. Pulpillo Leiva 2013, p. 155
  151. ↑ Pulpillo Leiva 2013, pp. 161-2, 170
  152. ↑ Pulpillo Leiva 2013, pp. 90-91
  153. ↑ Pulpillo Leiva 2013, p. 205; "el Movimiento nacionalista no se alzó contra un régimen, sino contra la ausencia de régimen, no contra un Gobierno, sino contra la una carencia de Gobierno, no contra una legalidad, sino contra una anarquía", quoted after Pulpillo Leiva 2013, p. 263
  154. ↑ thesis laid out in La cuestión española. Legalidad Republicana of February 18, 1939
  155. ↑ El alzamiento era inevitable, referred after Pulpillo Leiva 2013, p. 173
  156. ↑ Pulpillo Leiva 2013, p. 197
  157. ↑ "Una República que se instaura por voluntad del pueblo; unas clases privilegiadas que no se resignan a perder sus privilegios; la República liberal, progresiva, democrática que quiere libertar al pueblo oprimido; los privilegiados que se conjuran contra ella; el Gobierno atacado por los rebeldes; las oligarquías contra la democracia; la fuerza contra el derecho, etc. etc.", quoted after Pulpillo Leiva 2013, p. 241
  158. ↑ "No hay derecho sino en el Estado y por el Estado. El mundo de la conciencia, los derechos fundamentales de las personas humanas, las afirmaciones del derecho natural, las ideas que se presentan como interiorización de nuestra conciencia de una superrealidad fundamental llamada a dominar las realidades contingentes, todo eso queda suprimido en una concepción tan radicalmente estatista", quoted after Pulpillo Leiva 2013, p. 826
  159. ↑ see his Fascism in Spain, [in:] J. Bayo, Spain, New York 1939, pp. 5-7
  160. ↑ "[1] El fascismo es teísta, es decir, respeta y fomenta los va-lores y las instituciones religiosas. [2] Utilizando las palabras de Henri Mazel de la revista Mercure de France del 15 de septiembre de 1935 co-menta que el fascismo respeta la libertad y la dignidad individual, la propiedad y el ahorro, la familia y la patria, la moral y la religión, insertándose en un orden civiliza-cional. [3] Ideología que se representa como reanudadora de las tra-diciones de la antigua Roma para recuperar la gloria del Imperio antiguo [4] Importante culto a la infancia y a la juventud sobre la que ha de insertarse los valores de la tradición histórica [5] Inculca en la población disciplina de acción prosperidad y orden [6] A la larga también inculca la libertad del individuo pero siempre supeditada, en palabras de Mussolini, a la fe, la disciplina y la tenacidad", Caracteres del fascismo, July 1, 1939, quoted [except numbering, inserted for convenience] after Pulpillo Leiva 2013, pp. 731-732
  161. ↑ Díaz Díaz 1995, p. 530
  162. ↑ Gambra 1959, pp. 82-83
  163. ↑ Jiménez Villarejo 2007, pp. 10, 12, 15, 16, 23
  164. ↑ Boletin Oficial del Obispado de Orihuela 16.05.40, available here
  165. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2014
  166. ↑ Jesús Ibanez (ed.), Las ciencias sociales en España. Historia inmediata, crítica y perspectivas, vol. 1: Sociología, Madrid 1992, ISBN 9788474914061, p. 58
  167. ↑ ABC 07.11.51, available here
  168. ↑ Alares López 2013, p. 267 and onwards
  169. ↑ e.g. Criterio, see ABC 15.06.48, available here
  170. ↑ ABC 01.10.41, available here
  171. ↑ Gambra 1959, p. 86
  172. ↑ see e.g. Manuel Martorell Pérez, La continuidad ideológica del carlismo tras la Guerra Civil [PhD thesis in Historia Contemporanea, Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia], Valencia 2009
  173. ↑ Gambra 1959, pp. 86-7
  174. ↑ "vulgarización de las grandes concepciones físicas y filosóficas del presente, tomadas en aquel punto en que coinciden y se completan para darnos una visión nueva del mundo en que vivimos. Una visión que enlaza asimismo la problematice política y social d nuestra época, en sus más profundas raíces", Gambra 1959, pp. 89-90
  175. ↑ Alares López 2013, p. 382-3
  176. ↑ Minguijón is not a single time mentioned in works dealing with Catholic and Carlist syndicalism as developing in the early 20th century, compare Colin M. Winston, Carlist workers groups in Catalonia, 1900-1923, [in:] Stanley G. Payne. (ed.), Identidad y nacionalismo en la España contemporánea: el carlismo, 1833-1975, Madrid 2001, ISBN 8487863469, pp. 85-101, his also The Proletarian Carlist Road to Fascism: Sindicalismo Libre, [in:] Journal of Contemporary History 17/1 (1982), pp. 557-585, his also Workers and the Right in Spain, 1900-1936, Princeton 2014, ISBN 9781400858095
  177. ↑ La lectura dominical 29.04.11, available here
  178. ↑ Revista Montserratina December 1917, available here
  179. ↑ Nuestro Tiempo October 1924, available here
  180. ↑ Revista católica de cuestines sociales August 1929, available here, also "doctisimo catedrático", "sabio catedrático", "catedrático ilustre" etc
  181. ↑ Revista de ciencias jurídicas 1926, available here
  182. ↑ e.g. in an article discussing health care infrastructure in Zaragoza Minguijón is referred to as a Christian-Democrat, not a Carlist or a Francoist, see Isabel Delmás Gracia, Enfermeria y planificacion familiar en Aragon en el franquismo y transicion [MA thesis], Zaragoza 2014, p. 27
  183. ↑ compare hemeroteca of ABC, available here
  184. ↑ Manuelle Peloille, Notas sobre la recepcion de la recepción de la revolución rusa en España, p. 4, available here
  185. ↑ Minguijón Adrían, Salvador [in:] Gran Enciclopedia de España, vol. 14, Zaragoza 1999, ISBN 9788487544149, p. 6537
  186. ↑ Díaz Díaz 1995, pp. 529-531
  187. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2013, p. 72, Díaz Díaz 1995, p. 529
  188. ↑ Bartyzel 2002, p. 288, Fernández Riquelme 2008, p. 197; on the other hand, he is ignored in a recent large encyclopedica entry on Traditionalism, Pedro Carlos González Cuevas, Tradicionalismo, [in:] Javier Fernández Sebastián (ed.), Diccionario político y social del siglo XX español, Madrid 2008, ISBN 9788420687698, pp. 1163-1173
  189. ↑ Benjamín Oltra, Amando de Miguel, Bonpartismo y catolicismo. Una hipótesis sobre los orígenes ideológicos del franquismo, [in:] Revista de Sociologia 8 (1978), p. 87, Sergio Fernández Riquelme, La Democracia Orgánica en Espańa [1943-1967]: los teóricos y las ideas, [in:] Arbil 120, available here
  190. ↑ Pulpillo Leiva 2013, p. 19; in the text he is noted 26 times
  191. ↑ Díaz Díaz 1995, p. 531
  192. ↑ Baltar Rodriguez 2013, p. 72, Minguijón y Adrián, Juan Salvador [in:] Gran Enciclopedia Aragonesa online, available here
  193. ↑ Oltra, de Miguel 1978, p. 87
  194. ↑ contributing to the Francoist periodical in midst of the Civil War (September 1938) he wrote that the Republic was "un régimen basado en la voluntad del pueblo. Y en buen régimen democrático la voluntad del pueblo habrá de ser respetada siempre, lo mismo cuando nos agrade que cuando no nos agrade. Esa es la democracia. Nosotros no conocemos otra"; the problem was that the Frentepopulistas did not respect democracy, referred after Pulpillo Leiva 2013, p. 197
  195. ↑ Bartyzel 2015, pp. 16, 64, also Oltra, de Miguel 1978, p. 86

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