Salt Creek (Orange County)

Salt Creek
River
Mouth of Salt Creek at Dana Point
Name origin: "Arroyo Salado" (Salt Creek)
Country United States
State California
Counties Orange County
Cities Laguna Niguel, Dana Point, San Juan Capistrano
Source
 - location Orange County, California
 - coordinates 33°31′23″N 117°41′25″W / 33.52306°N 117.69028°W / 33.52306; -117.69028 [1]
Mouth Pacific Ocean
 - location Laguna Beach, California
 - elevation 0 ft (0 m) [1]
 - coordinates 33°28′53″N 117°43′31″W / 33.48139°N 117.72528°W / 33.48139; -117.72528Coordinates: 33°28′53″N 117°43′31″W / 33.48139°N 117.72528°W / 33.48139; -117.72528 [1]
Length 4 mi (6 km)
Basin 6.1 sq mi (16 km2)
Discharge for Pacific Ocean at Salt Creek County Beach
 - average 2.2 cu ft/s (0 m3/s)

Salt Creek is a small coastal stream in southern Orange County in the U.S. state of California. The 4-mile (6.4 km)[2] creek drains 6.1 square miles (16 km2) in parts of the cities of Laguna Niguel, Dana Point, and San Juan Capistrano. The mostly channelized creek has no named surface tributaries.[3] The creek begins in the central portion of the city of Laguna Niguel and flows west and south through a narrow canyon referred to as the Salt Creek Corridor, which is mostly inside a long and narrow regional park.[4] It then flows into the Monarch Beach Golf Course in the city of Dana Point and enters a subsurface storm channel ("Arroyo Salada Storm Channel") which carries it to its discharge point at Salt Creek County Beach.[3][5]

Name

Salt Creek's name originates from when Spanish explorers named the creek "Arroyo Salado" (Spanish: "Salt Creek"). The name given to the creek by the indigenous people has been lost.

Course

Salt Creek begins in a series of small canyons west of the Street of the Golden Lantern, an arterial roadway that connects with Dana Point at the south end. The canyon the creek begins in is protected as part of the Salt Creek Corridor Regional Park, which covers most of the creek's course. The creek winds west through the narrow gorge, picking up runoff from numerous residential communities both north and south of the Salt Creek Canyon. Just before it crosses beneath Niguel Road, which also runs in a north-south direction, it receives runoff from a large storm drain on the right bank; this drains much of the small valley to the north of the Salt Creek Canyon.[3][3][6]

Niguel Road crosses Salt Creek on an earthfill structure about 50 feet (15 m) high as Salt Creek is diverted beneath it in a concrete culvert. Turning southwest, the creek winds alongside Niguel Road, continuing to flow through a canyon that is not developed but is heavily modified to prevent erosion, especially on the northwest slopes. At this point, the Salt Creek Trail begins to parallel the creek, and continues to the mouth. Upstream of Camino del Avion, which runs east-west, it again enters a concrete pipe and is carried underneath the road to a small pond. Like Niguel Road, Camino del Avion crosses on an earthfill, not a bridge, except for a small section on the southwest which allows the Salt Creek Trail and floodwaters to pass underneath.[3][6]

The creek receives the water of a large, south-flowing tributary on the right bank; this tributary is now diverted into culverts and called the Arroyo Salada Storm Channel. It is speculated that Sulphur Creek, a tributary of Aliso Creek to the north, originally flowed into this creek, and as a result was a tributary of Salt Creek.[7] Flowing through a golf course in a small canyon near the Pacific, several canyons join the Salt Creek Canyon on the left bank, then Salt Creek is diverted into a massive concrete culvert that takes it underground through the original course of a canyon that is now filled in. The culvert discharges onto a concrete apron at Salt Creek Beach, where Salt Creek is treated before it enters the sea.[3][6]

Watershed

At 6.1 square miles (16 km2) in size, the watershed of Salt Creek is the smallest major watershed in the county. Shaped roughly like a "Y", the two arms of the mostly residential watershed represent the drainage basins of Salt Creek and its major tributary, the Arroyo Salada Storm Channel.[3][8] Bounded almost entirely by the San Joaquin Hills, the watershed consists of a hilly region east of the Aliso Creek watershed, south of the Sulphur Creek drainage basin, and west of the valley of San Juan Creek and Trabuco Creek. The easternmost part of the watershed lies within San Juan Capistrano, and the southernmost part between Dana Point and Laguna Beach. Two-thirds of the watershed lies within the city of Laguna Niguel.[9][10]

If not for the uplift of the San Joaquin Hills approximately 1.2 million years ago, the Salt Creek watershed may have a different geography altogether. The unnamed tributary that now is diverted into the Arroyo Salada Storm Channel was once part of the course of Sulphur Creek, a tributary of Aliso Creek to the north. The historic creek had a length of around 7 miles (11 km), far longer than the present-day mainstem of Salt Creek. At that time, the Sulphur Creek-Arroyo Salada combination would have represented the mainstem of the Salt Creek watershed, draining southward towards the Pacific, and would have added over 4 square miles (10 km2) to the Salt Creek watershed. A low saddle now divides the two drainage basins.[7]

Effects of Channelization

Salt Creek just before it is diverted into the culvert near its mouth

Due to channelization during urban development, the source of Salt Creek, which was a small marshy wetland but has been replaced by a community pool, is no longer where it was before the area was developed in the 1990s. At that point, The flow of Salt Creek is channeled into storm drain K01P07, which ends about 1/2 mile to the northeast of the original source at 33.52508, -117.68814. The various storm drains and the obliteration of the original source have in effect moved the source to an area completely under the street of Marina Hills. In addition, the flow of the stream is almost entirely urban runoff during dry seasons. This is evidenced by a constant annual flow, albeit low, which is low in life and the fact that it is choked with stringy algae, the growth of which is stimulated by nitrates from yard fertilizer. Also as a result of this intense channelization, Salt Creek has no surface tributaries and is inhospitable for all but the smallest mosquito fish and tadpoles. Oftentimes, there are soap suds visible on the water's surface, originating from the many residential and commercial entities in the watershed.[11]

History

Like other Orange County creeks south of Aliso Creek and north of San Mateo Creek, the Salt Creek watershed was once part of the territory of the nomadic Acjachemen Native American group, which was later renamed the Juaneño by Spanish missionaries when they founded Mission San Juan Capistrano at the confluence of San Juan and Trabuco Creeks farther south, close to the group's main population center. It is possible that Juaneño villages once were located along the lower channel of Salt Creek, as springs feeding the creek provided a small but stable year round flow.[12]

By the 1960s, residential development had filled most of the available land within the Salt Creek watershed.[13] Mountaintops were flattened and dumped into small canyons to create level land for tract housing and roads. Despite that, the Salt Creek Canyon remained relatively undeveloped, except for a golf course - the Monarch Beach Golf Links - at its southern end, and a golf course surrounding the Arroyo Salada Storm Channel's mainstem. As recently as the 1970s, the lowermost stretch of the Salt Creek Canyon was still in existence.[14] This part of the canyon was also destroyed by landfill for the purpose of building more houses and the Pacific Coast Highway.[15]

Pollution and treatment

The Salt Creek watershed is heavily developed, and as a result, it has been heavily impacted by polluted urban runoff. Prior to the construction of the Salt Creek Ozone Treatment Plant in 2004, at least 2.2 cubic feet per second (0.06 m3/s) flowed freely into the ocean, which caused a toxic plume of pollutants to drift south along the county beach and warrant its frequent closure. The $6.7 million USD facility treats the runoff with ozonation and releases it into the ocean, removing toxins, bacteria, garbage, polluted sediments, and other harmful substances. In effect the plant sterilizes the water, making it safe for contact, although not safe to drink.[16]

See also

References

Notes

  1. 1 2 3 "Salt Creek". Geographic Names Information System. United States Geological Survey. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  2. ↑ Durham, p. 149-150
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "Salt Creek Watercourses and Elevation Ranges". Watershed and Coastal Resources Division of Orange County. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  4. ↑ "Salt Creek Watershed - Land Use". Watershed and Coastal Resources Division of Orange County. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  5. ↑ "The Urban Runoff Battle - Ready, Fire, Aim!" (PDF). Watershed and Coastal Resources Division of Orange County. Retrieved 2009-06-13.
  6. 1 2 3 Map of Salt Creek (Map). Cartography by NAVTEQ. Google Maps. 2009. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  7. 1 2 O'Neil, Stephen; Corey, Christopher; Sikes, Nancy E. (October 2006). "Cultural Resources Inventory and Evaluation for the Proposed Aliso Creek Inn and Golf Course Project, City of Laguna Beach, Orange County, California" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on June 30, 2007. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  8. ↑ "Salt Creek Watershed - Land Use". Watershed and Coastal Resources Division of Orange County. www.ocwatersheds.com. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  9. ↑ "Introduction to Salt Creek Watershed". Watershed and Coastal Resources Division of Orange County. www.ocwatersheds.com. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  10. ↑ "Salt Creek - City/County Boundaries". Watershed and Coastal Resources Division of Orange County. www.ocwatersheds.com. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  11. ↑ Individual research
  12. ↑ Cameron, Constance. "Determining Tribal Boundaries Through Potsherds - An Archaeological Perspective" (PDF). Pacific Coast Archaeological Society. www.pcas.org. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  13. ↑ "South Orange County Integrated Regional Water Management Plan" (PDF). Santa Margarita Water District. www.smwd.com. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  14. ↑ "Salt Creek Beach, Dana Point (1972)". California Coastal Records Project. www.californiacoastline.org. 1972. Retrieved 2009-08-04.
  15. ↑ "Salt Creek Beach, Dana Point (2008)". California Coastal Records Project. www.californiacoastline.org. 2008. Retrieved 2010-07-28.
  16. ↑ "Helen Putnam Award for Excellence: Dana Point Treats Urban Runoff to Clean Up Beaches". Western City. www.cacities.org. August 2008. Retrieved 2009-06-13.

Bibliography

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