Salmonella bongori

Salmonella bongori
Scientific classification
Domain: Bacteria
Kingdom: Eubacteria
Phylum: Proteobacteria
Class: Gammaproteobacteria
Order: Enterobacteriales
Family: Enterobacteriaceae
Genus: Salmonella
Species: S. bongori
Binomial name
Salmonella bongori
(Le Minor et al. 1985)
Reeves et al. 1989

Salmonella bongori is a pathogenic bacterium belonging to the genus Salmonella, and was earlier known as Salmonella subspecies V or S. enterica subsp. bongori or S. choleraesuis subsp. bongori. It is a Gram-negative rod-shaped bacterium (bacillus) which causes a gastrointestinal disease called salmonellosis, characterized by cramping and diarrhoea. It is typically considered a microbe of cold-blooded animals, unlike other members of the genus, and is most frequently associated with reptiles.[1]

It was discovered in 1966 from a lizard in the city of Bongor, Chad, from which the specific name bongori was derived.[2] After decades of controversy in Salmonella nomenclature, it gained the species status in 2005.[3]

Pathogenicity and epidemiology

S. bongori is classically regarded as the Salmonella of lizards. However, discrete investigations contradict the notion of strict host-specificity as there emerged reports of occurrence in dogs and birds.[4][5] In animals, unlike those of other Salmonella, infection is generally asymptomatic and does not cause discernible effects. However, infection of pet animals is associated with diarrhea.[5]

Further, human infections have been substantiated, with conclusive reports from Italy. The majority of these cases are among children of less than three years, who are more prone to oral contact with animal droppings. Symptoms are typified by diarrhoea with fever, and acute enteritis.[6] The first observations, from Messina and Palermo, starting from late 1984, were followed by other cities in Sicily.[5]

Origin and evolution

Originally S. bongori was considered to be a subspecies within the genus Salmonella. However, based on DNA similarity all members of Salmonella are now grouped into only two species, namely S. bongori and S. enterica.[1] Species of Salmonella are closely related to E. coli and they are estimated to have diverged from a common ancestor ~100 million years ago; their genomes still display significant similarity, hence many functional identities. Many of the genes which are unique to Salmonella serovars, compared to E. coli, are found on large discrete genomic islands such as Salmonella pathogenicity islands (SPIs).[7] These Salmonella-specific functions include many genes for their virulence and characterizes the divergence of S. enterica from S. bongori. For instance, the SPI-2 gene which encodes type III secretion systems present in S. enterica is absent in S. bongori.[8] There is also an indication that the virulence determinants, specifically effector proteins, are more closely related to enteropathogenic E. coli because some of the gene are missing in S. enterica.[9]

References

  1. 1 2 Tortora GA (2008). Microbiology: An Introduction] (9th ed.). Pearson. pp. 323–324. ISBN 8131722325.
  2. ↑ Le Minor L; Chamoiseau G; Barbe E; Charie-Marsaines C; Egron L (1969). "10 new Salmonella serotypes isolated in Chad". Annales de l'Institut Pasteur. 116 (6): 775–80. PMID 5363515.
  3. ↑ Agbaje M; Begum RH; Oyekunle MA; Ojo OE; Adenubi OT (2011). "Evolution of Salmonella nomenclature: a critical note". Folia Microbiologia. 56 (6): 497–503. PMID 22052214. doi:10.1007/s12223-011-0075-4.
  4. ↑ Foti M; Daidone A; Aleo A; Pizzimenti A; Giacopello C; Mammina C (2009). "Salmonella bongori 48:z35:- in migratory birds, Italy.". Emerging Infectious Diseases. 15 (3): 502–503. PMC 2681106 Freely accessible. PMID 19239780. doi:10.3201/eid1503.080039.
  5. 1 2 3 Giammanco GM; Pignato S; Mammina C; Grimont F; Grimont PA; Nastasi A; Giammanco G (2002). "Persistent endemicity of Salmonella bongori 48:z(35):--in Southern Italy: molecular characterization of human, animal, and environmental isolates". Journal of Clinical Microbiology. 40 (9): 3502–3505. PMC 130773 Freely accessible. PMID 12202604. doi:10.1128/JCM.40.9.3502-3505.2002.
  6. ↑ Pignato S; Giammanco G; Santangelo C; Giammanco GM (1998). "Endemic presence of Salmonella bongori 48:z35:- causing enteritis in children in Sicily". Research in Microbiology. 149 (6): 429–31. PMID 9766242. doi:10.1016/s0923-2508(98)80325-2.
  7. ↑ Schmidt H; Hensel M (2004). "Pathogenicity islands in bacterial pathogenesis.". Clinical Microbiology Reviews. 17 (1): 14–56. PMC 321463 Freely accessible. PMID 14726454. doi:10.1128/cmr.17.1.14-56.2004.
  8. ↑ Helaine S; Thompson JA; Watson KG; Liu M; Boyle C; Holden DW (2010). "Dynamics of intracellular bacterial replication at the single cell level.". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 107 (10): 3746–3751. PMC 2840444 Freely accessible. PMID 20133586. doi:10.1073/pnas.1000041107.
  9. ↑ Fookes M, Schroeder GN, Langridge GC, Blondel CJ, Mammina C, et al. (2011). "Salmonella bongori provides insights into the evolution of the Salmonellae". PLoS Pathogens. 7 (8): e1002191. PMC 3158058 Freely accessible. PMID 21876672. doi:10.1371/journal.ppat.1002191.
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