Salman of Saudi Arabia

Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud
King of Saudi Arabia
Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques

Then-Crown Prince Salman in 2013
King of Saudi Arabia
Prime Minister of Saudi Arabia
Reign 23 January 2015 – present
Bay'ah 23 January 2015
Predecessor Abdullah
Heir(s) presumptive Muqrin (2015)
Muhammad (2015–17)
Mohammad (2017–present)
Born (1935-12-31) 31 December 1935
Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
Issue
Detail		 Mohammad
Turki
Abdulaziz
Fahd
Bandar
Faisal
Ahmed
Sultan
Rakan
Full name
Salman bin Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman bin Faisal bin Turki bin Abdullah bin Mohammed bin Saud
Arabic: سلمان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود‎‎
House House of Saud
Father Abdulaziz of Saudi Arabia
Mother Hassa bint Ahmad Al Sudairi

Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud (Arabic: سلمان بن عبد العزيز آل سعود‎‎‎, Salmān ibn ‘Abd al-‘Azīz Āl Sa‘ūd; born 31 December 1935) is King of Saudi Arabia, Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques, and head of the House of Saud.[1]

He served as the Deputy Governor and then the Governor of Riyadh for 48 years from 1963 to 2011. He was then appointed as Minister of Defence. He was also named the Crown Prince in 2012 following the death of his brother Nayef bin Abdulaziz Al Saud. Salman was crowned as the new King of Saudi Arabia on 23 January 2015 following the death of his half-brother, King Abdullah. Among the most notable events during his reign so far have been Saudi Arabia's military intervention in the Yemeni Civil War, the 2015 Mina stampede during the Hajj, and the execution of Nimr al-Nimr and 46 other Shia opponents of the regime on 2 January 2016 as well as siege and demolition of predominantly Shia Al-Awamiyah town starting in may 2017.

Early life

Salman was born on 31 December 1935, and is reported to be the 25th son of Ibn Saud.[2] Salman and his six brothers make up the Sudairi Seven.[3][4] He was raised in the Murabba Palace.[5]

Salman received his early education at the Princes' School in the capital city of Riyadh, a school established by Ibn Saud specifically to provide education for his children.[6] He studied religion and modern science.[7]

Governor of Riyadh

Governor Salman bin Abdulaziz with Vladimir Putin in 2007

Salman was first appointed as deputy governor of Riyadh Province in 1954 when he was 19 years old and held the post until 1955.[2]

He was appointed governor of Riyadh Province on 4 February 1963.[6] His tenure lasted for 48 years from 1963 to 2011.[7]

As governor, he contributed to the development of Riyadh from a mid-sized town into a major urban metropolis. He served as an important liaison to attract tourism, capital projects and foreign investment to his country. He favored political and economic relationships with the West.[8] During his governorship, Salman recruited advisors from King Saud University.[9]

During Salman's five decades as Riyadh governor, he became adept at managing the delicate balance of clerical, tribal, and princely interests that determine Saudi policy.[10]

In January 2011, he ordered the arrest of Riyadh beggars "who try to take advantage of the generosity of people". All foreign beggars were deported and Saudi beggars were placed in a rehabilitation program by the Ministry of Social Affairs.[11]

He was also the chairman of the King Abdulaziz Foundation for Research and Archives (KAFRA),[12] King Abdulaziz Museum,[13] the Prince Salman Center for Disability Research and the Prince Fahd bin Salman Charitable Society for the Care of Kidney Patients.[2]

Salman also undertook several foreign tours during his reign. In 1974, he visited Kuwait, Bahrain and Qatar to strengthen Saudi Arabia's relationship with the nations. During his visit to Montreal, Quebec, Canada, in 1991, he inaugurated a gallery. In 1996, he was received in the Élysée Palace in Paris by the then-French president Jacques Chirac. The same year he toured Bosnia and Herzegovina to give donations to the Muslim citizens of the country. Being a part of an Asian tour in 1998, Salman visited Pakistan, Japan, Brunei and China.[14]

Under Salman, Riyadh became "one of the richest cities in the Middle East" and an important place for trade and commerce. There were also infrastructural advances including schools, universities and sports stadiums.[2] About the province, he said

"Every village or town in the Riyadh Region is dear to me, and holds a special place in my heart... I witnessed every step taken by the city of Riyadh, and for this reason it is difficult for me to think about being far away from Riyadh."[2]

Second in line

US Secretary of Defense Leon Panetta with Salman at the Pentagon in April 2012

On 5 November 2011, Salman was appointed Second Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Defence, replacing his full brother, the late Crown Prince Sultan (at Defence),[15] Prince Sattam bin Abdulaziz was named as the governor of the Riyadh Province. Prince Salman was also named as a member of the National Security Council (NSC) on the same day.[16]

It is speculated that his placement in the immediate line of succession occurred due to his qualities. First, he has a conciliatory and diplomatic nature. He headed the family council, called The Descendants' Council (Majlis al Uthra in Arabic), that was established by King Fahd in 2000 to solve family matters, reach consensus and try to avoid any publicly embarrassing behaviour of some family members.[17][18] Second, Salman belongs to the "middle generation" in the royal family; therefore, he could develop close ties with both generations socially and culturally. Last, as a result of his long-term governorship, he had developed a network of relationships within Arab and international circles.[19]

Salman continued the policy of military intervention in Bahrain, to try to crush the Bahrain uprising. In April 2012, Salman visited both the United States and the United Kingdom where he met with US President Barack Obama and British Prime Minister David Cameron.[20][21] 2013 saw Saudi military spending climb to $67bn, overtaking that of the UK, France and Japan to place fourth globally.[22] As defense minister, Salman was head of the military as Saudi Arabia joined the United States and other Arab countries in carrying out airstrikes against the Islamic State in Iraq and Syria in 2014.

Crown Prince

Crown Prince Salman meeting U.S. Secretary of Defense Chuck Hagel, 23 April 2013

On 18 June 2012, Salman was appointed as Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia shortly after the death of his brother, Crown Prince Nayef bin Abdul-Aziz Al Saud.[23][24] Prince Salman was also made First Deputy Prime minister.[25] His nomination as crown prince and deputy prime minister was considered by Reuters to be a signal that King Abdullah's cautious reforms were likely to continue.[25] On the other hand, Saudi reformists stated that whilst Prince Salman, in contrast to other Saudi royals, took a more diplomatic approach towards them, he could not be considered a political reformer.[26] They also argued that, like King Abdullah, Salman focused mainly on economic improvement rather than political change.[26]

On 27 August 2012, the Royal Court announced that Salman was in charge of state affairs whilst King Abdullah was out of the country.[27] Prince Salman launched a Twitter account on 23 February 2013.[28] In September 2012, Salman was named as the deputy chairman of the military service council.[29] He is a strong advocate for philanthropy in poor Muslim nations such as Somalia, Sudan, Bangladesh and Afghanistan.[8]

King of Saudi Arabia

U.S. President Barack Obama shakes hands with King Salman, Riyadh, 27 January 2015
U.S. Secretary of State John Kerry with Salman at Andrews Air Force Base in Camp Springs, Maryland, 3 September 2015
King Salman and Indonesian President Joko Widodo in Jakarta, 1 March 2017

On 23 January 2015, Salman, aged 79, succeeded as king after his half-brother Abdullah died of pneumonia at the age of 90. The newly appointed king issued a statement which read "His Highness Salman bin Abdulaziz Al Saud and all members of the family and the nation mourn Custodian of the Two Holy Mosques King Abdullah bin Abdulaziz, who passed away at exactly 1am this morning." He appointed Prince Muqrin as the Crown Prince.[30]

Salman is conservative and holds traditional views with regards to political reforms and social change.[31]

After coming to power, Salman reshuffled the cabinet on 30 January 2015. Khalid bin Ali bin Abdullah al-Humaidan was made the intelligence chief. Prince Bandar bin Sultan was removed from his post in the security council and the adviser to the monarch was also removed as were the former monarch's sons Turki as governor of Riyadh and Mishaal as governor of Mecca. Ali al-Naimi remained the minister of petroleum and mineral resources, as did Saud al-Faisal of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Ibrahim Al-Assaf as finance minister. He also "gave a bonus of two months' salary to all Saudi state employees and military personnel", including pensioners and students while also asking citizens to "not forget me in your prayers".[32]

In February 2015, he received Prince Charles during his six-day tour in the Middle East. They "exchanged cordial talks and reviewed bilateral relations" between the countries.[33]

In February 2015, estimates that the king's post-coronation giveaway will ultimately cost more than $32 billion (more than the entire annual budget for Nigeria, which has Africa’s largest economy). These included grants to professional associations, literary and sports clubs; investments in water and electricity; and bonuses worth two months of salary to all government employees, soldiers, pensioners and students on government stipends at home and abroad. Some private companies followed suit with comparable bonuses for their Saudi employees, putting another few billion dollars into people’s pockets.[34]

Early reforms

One of the first things the King and his son, Mohammad bin Salman, did was to streamline the government bureaucracy. On the death of King Abdullah, there were as many as eleven government secretariats, and all of these were abolished and reconstituted as only two, the Council of Political and Security Affairs (CPSA), headed by Deputy Crown prince Mohammed bin Nayef, and the Council for Economic and Development Affairs (CEDA), headed by the Secretary General of the royal Court Prince Mohammad bin Salman, who were given free rein to completely reorganize the government[35] and cementing the power of the Sudari faction, to which both princes belong.

Yemen military intervention

In March 2015, the king ordered the bombing of Yemen and military intervention against the Shia Houthis and forces loyal to former President Ali Abdullah Saleh, who was deposed in the 2011 uprising.[36] He first put together a coalition of ten Sunni Muslim countries. Code-named Operation Decisive Storm, this was the first time the Saudi air force had launched airstrikes against another country since the 1990–91 Gulf War.

According to Farea Al-Muslim, direct war crimes have been committed during the conflict; for example, an IDP camp was hit by a Saudi airstrike.[37] Human Rights Watch (HRW) wrote that the Saudi-led air campaign had conducted airstrikes in apparent violation of the laws of war.[38] Human Rights groups have also criticized Saudi Arabia for the alleged use of cluster bombs against Yemeni civilians.[39]

Crown Prince change

Mohammad bin Salman aboard the aircraft carrier USS Theodore Roosevelt, 7 July 2015

Salman in April 2015 after becoming king appointed a full nephew, Muhammad bin Nayef, as the new Crown Prince. Furthermore he made young son, Mohammed bin Salman the Deputy Crown Prince. Almost all powers under the king are now concentrated in the hands of the crown prince and deputy crown prince, both of whom have the portfolio determining all security and economic development issues in Saudi Arabia.[40]

Al-Qaeda

Saudi Arabia has emerged as the main group to finance and arm the rebels fighting against the Syrian government.[41] As of 2015, Saudi Arabia is openly backing the Army of Conquest, an umbrella rebel group that reportedly includes an al-Qaeda linked al-Nusra Front and another Salafi coalition known as Ahrar al-Sham.[42][43][44]

Human rights

In February 2012, Ali Mohammed Baqir al-Nimr was arrested for participating in, and encouraging, pro-Democracy protests, when he was either 16 years old or 17 years old. In May 2014, Ali Al-Nimr was sentenced to be crucified, despite the minimum age for execution being 18 when a crime is committed.[45] Ali Al-Nimr has reported that he was tortured during his detention. As of 23 September 2015, the sentence awaited ratification by King Salman.[46]

In February 2015, a man from Hafar Al-Batin was sentenced to death for rejecting Islam.[47] In June 2015, Saudi Arabia's Supreme Court upheld the sentence of 1,000 lashes and 10 years in prison for Raif Badawi, a Saudi Arabian blogger who was imprisoned in 2012 after being charged for 'insulting Islam'.[48]

Iran and Syria

U.S. President Donald Trump with King Salman, Riyadh, May 20, 2017

US Defense Secretary Ashton Carter met with the King and his Arabian military counterpart, Deputy Crown Prince Mohammad bin Salman, at Jeddah to answer regional security concerns in the Kingdom and the Gulf states over lifting Iranian economic and conventional military sanctions as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action outlines. The King has misgivings over the deal since it would increase the regional power of Iran especially in the proxy conflicts in Syria, Yemen, and elsewhere.[49]

In January 2016, Saudi Arabia executed the prominent Saudi Shia cleric Sheikh Nimr.[50] Iran warned that the House of Saud would pay a high price for the execution of Sheikh Nimr by God's will.[50]

Panama Papers revelations

King Salman has been implicated in the Panama Papers leaks, with 2 companies originating in the British Virgin Islands taking mortgages in excess of US$34 million to purchase property in central London. His role has not been specified.[51][52] According to the TeleSUR, "King Salman’s net worth is estimated at US$17.0 billion."[51]

The then-Crown Prince Muhammad bin Nayef has also been named in association with the Papers.[53]

Influence

Salman was often a mediator in settling royal conflicts among the extended Al Saud family – estimated at 4,000 princes. He was a prominent figure of the royal council, which allowed him to select which princes will be delegated which responsibilities of the Kingdom.[8]

Salman and his family own a media group, including pan-Arab daily Asharq Al-Awsat and Al Eqtisadiah.[54][55] Though he owns only ten percent of the Saudi Research and Marketing Group (SRMG), he is often referred by auditors as its owner.[54] He reportedly controls the organization through his son Prince Faisal,[54] who is a former chairman of the concern. The SRMG publishes such daily papers as Arab News, Asharq Al-Awsat and Al Eqtisadiah through its subsidiary Saudi Research and Publishing Company (SRPC).[56]

In a similar vein, Salman is reported to have some strong alliances with significant journalists. He is said to be close to Al Arabiya TV director and Asharq Al-Awsat journalist Abdelrahman Al Rashid and to Othman Al Omeir, who launched and is the owner of the liberal e-newspaper Elaph. King Salman is thought to have connections with the Elaph website.[57]

Views

In November 2002, in reference to charitable organizations accused of terrorism (e.g. al-Haramain Foundation, Saudi High Commission for Relief of Bosnia and Herzegovina), Salman stated that he had personally taken part in the activities of such organizations,[58] but added "I know the assistance goes to doing good. But if there are those who change some work of charity into evil activities, then it is not the Kingdom's responsibility, nor its people, which helps its Arab and Muslim brothers around the world."[58]

Al Jazeera referred to Salman's views reported in a 2007 US diplomatic cable.[59][60] Salman said that "the pace and extent of reforms depend on social and cultural factors, ... that for social reasons—not [religious] reasons—reforms cannot be imposed by the [Saudi government] or there will be negative reactions, ... [and] that changes have to be introduced in a sensitive and timely manner." According to the cable, he said that "democracy should not be imposed" in Saudi Arabia, since the country "is composed of tribes and regions and if democracy were imposed, each tribe and region would have its political party."[60]

Personal life

Salman in his youth

Salman bin Abdulaziz has married three times.[61] As of 2015, he had 13 children.[62] His first wife was Sultana bint Turki Al Sudairi,[63] who died at the age of 71 in late July 2011.[64][65] She was a daughter of Salman's maternal uncle, Turki bin Ahmad Al Sudairi,[64] who was a former governor of the Asir Province.[66] Sultana Al Sudairi supported the Prince Fahd bin Salman Charitable Society for the Care of Kidney Patients and other charitable organizations in the country.[67] His children from this marriage are Prince Fahd, Prince Ahmed, Prince Sultan, Prince Abdulaziz, Prince Faisal and Princess Hassa (born 1974).[67]

His eldest son, Fahd bin Salman, died of heart failure at the age of 47 in July 2001.[68] His second son, Ahmad bin Salman, died after a heart attack in July 2002 at the age of 43.[69] His son, Sultan bin Salman, became the first person of royal blood, the first Arab, and first Muslim to fly in outer space when he flew aboard the Space Shuttle Discovery (STS-51-G) in June 1985[70] and is currently the chairman of the Saudi Commission for Tourism & Antiquities (SCTA). Abdulaziz bin Salman, another son, has been the deputy minister of oil since 1995.[71] Faisal bin Salman is the governor of Madinah province.

His child from his second marriage with Sarah bint Faisal Al Subai'ai is Prince Saud. His children from his third marriage with Fahda bint Falah bin Sultan Al Hithalayn[72] are Prince Mohammed, Prince Turki, Prince Khalid, Prince Nayif, Prince Bandar and Prince Rakan.[73]

Prince Mohammad was his private advisor at the ministry of defense and at the Crown Prince Court.[74] Mohammad was appointed the minister of defence and head of the royal court on his father's accession to the throne in January 2015.[75] Turki bin Salman became the chairman of the Saudi Research and Marketing Group in February 2013, replacing his elder brother Faisal bin Salman.[76]

Salman was the closest brother to Crown Prince Sultan, having remained at his side during his constant illness and recovery in New York and Morocco, from 2008 to 2011.[19] Prince Sultan described him as "the prince of loyalty" in a letter sent to him.[77] Salman was also King Fahd's most trusted advisor during his reign.[78][79]

His legal counsel was William Jeffress, Jr., of U.S.-based firm, Baker Botts LLP, in a lawsuit filed by families of victims of the 11 September terrorist attacks from 2002 to 2010.[80]

In August 2010, Salman underwent spinal surgery in the United States and remained out of the kingdom for recovery.[81] He has had one stroke and despite physiotherapy, his left arm does not work as well as his right.[82][83][84]

Salman suffers from mild dementia,[85] specifically Alzheimer's.[86]

According to the Daily Mail (February, 2014), Salman booked out three islands in the Maldives for a month for him and his entourage, displacing existing bookings. The cost of this was reputed to be $30 million and Salman was reported to have brought a floating hospital, luxury yacht and more than 100 bodyguards.[87]

Salman received the Lifetime Achievement Award of the Al-Turath Charity Foundation in the field of urban heritage in 2013.[5]

Controversies

Salman in his 30s

According to a report by the Institute of Gulf Affairs, King Salman fathered a child named Abdullah whose mother was a former slave girl of African origin. There are allegations that he had Abdullah murdered in the 1980s in order to avoid the scandal.[88]

Ancestry

See also

References

  1. ↑ "King Salman bin Abdulaziz". 18 September 2015. Archived from the original on 23 September 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 "Profile: New Saudi Defense Minister Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz". Aawsat. Archived from the original on 14 February 2015. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  3. ↑ "An Heir to the Kingdom: New Crown Prince Salman" (PDF). The Diplomat. 35: 8–11. July–August 2012. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  4. ↑ Alexander Bligh. From Prince to King; Succession to the throne in modern Saudi Arabia. New York, New York University Press (1984). Arabic edition: Alexander Bligh. Min amir ila malik. London, D.A. Publications (1989).
  5. 1 2 "Crown Prince receives Lifetime Achievement Award in the field of Urban Heritage". National Built Heritage Forum. Retrieved 17 July 2013.
  6. 1 2 "His royal highness Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz". Ministry of Interior. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  7. 1 2 "Ministers with portfolio". Saudi Embassy, Washington DC. Retrieved 19 June 2012.
  8. 1 2 3 "Prince Salman bin Abdulaziz". PBS. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  9. ↑ Joseph A. Kechichian. Succession in Saudi Arabia. New York: Palgrave, 2001. Print.
  10. ↑ Here's Everything We Know About The New Saudi King Business Insider. 23 january 2015. Retrieved 27 January 2015.
  11. ↑ Riyadh Police round up 109 in Clampdown on Beggary Arab News 21 January 2011. Retrieved 21 January 2011.
  12. ↑ M. Taha, Sharif (5 May 2012). "Sharjah ruler among 18 to be honored by Prince Salyman". Arab News. Retrieved 12 May 2012.
  13. ↑ "In-Depth Study of King Faisal's Life Urged". Arab News. 11 May 2008. Archived from the original on 16 June 2012. Retrieved 8 June 2012.
  14. ↑ "الجولات الخارجية لسلمان.. دعم للعلاقات وتعزيز للرؤية السعودية". Al Madina. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  15. ↑ "Saudi Arabia names Prince Salman as new defence minister". BBC News. 5 November 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  16. ↑ "The Allegiance Council". APS Diplomat News Service. 27 October 2011. Retrieved 16 March 2013.
  17. ↑ Kapoor, Talal (2 July 2012). "Nayif's Passing – The Family Regroups". Datarabia. Retrieved 7 July 2012.
  18. ↑ Amir Taheri (2012). "Saudi Arabia: Change Begins within the Family". The Journal of the National Committee on American Foreign Policy. 34 (3): 138, 143. doi:10.1080/10803920.2012.686725.
  19. 1 2 al Baker, Basheer (3 November 2011). "Prince Sulayman Seeks Balance in Saudi Transitional Period". Al Akhbar. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  20. ↑ "Saudi Prince dead, Salman likely successor". Trade Arabia. 16 June 2012. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  21. ↑ "Al Saud move with speed to reconfigure top team after Nayef's death" (PDF). Gulf States Newsletter. 36 (926). 21 June 2012. Retrieved 23 February 2013.
  22. ↑ "Saudis lead Middle East military spending". 14 April 2014. Al Jazeera English. Retrieved 14 April 2014.
  23. ↑ Patrick, Neil (17 June 2012). "Saudi Arabia: Crown Prince's death raises succession questions". BBC. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  24. ↑ Roberts, David (19 June 2012). "Saudi Succession after the Death of Crown Prince Nayef". RUSI Analysis. Retrieved 12 April 2013.
  25. 1 2 Angus McDowall (18 June 2012). "Saudi appoints Prince Salman as crown prince". Reuters. Retrieved 18 June 2012.
  26. 1 2 Allam, Abeer (26 August 2012). "Saudi Arabia: In a restless realm". Financial Times. Retrieved 26 August 2012.
  27. ↑ "Crown prince in charge as Saudi king leaves on holiday". Reuters. Riyadh. 27 August 2012. Retrieved 27 August 2012.
  28. ↑ "Saudi Crown Prince Salman launches Twitter account". Al Arabiya. 26 February 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  29. ↑ "Saudi- Authority to monitor audiovisual media". MEFAFN. Arab News. 4 September 2012. Archived from the original on 14 August 2014. Retrieved 4 September 2012.
  30. ↑ "Saudi Arabia buries its king: Thousands gather in Mecca as King Abdullah is laid to rest in Riyadh after losing battle with pneumonia". Daily Mail. Retrieved 17 February 2015.
  31. ↑ Sullivan, Kevin (23 January 2015). "Before he was king, Salman was the family disciplinarian who put princes behind bars". Washington Post. Retrieved 25 January 2015.
  32. ↑ "Saudi Arabia's King Salman unveils cabinet reshuffle". BBC News. Retrieved 3 February 2015.
  33. ↑ "King Salman receives Prince Charles in Riyadh". Al Arabiya. Retrieved 14 February 2015.
  34. ↑ Ben Hubbart (19 February 2015). "Saudi King Unleashes a Torrent of Money as Bonuses Flow to the Masses". The New York Times. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  35. ↑ Mohammad bin Nayef takes leading role in Saudi Arabia Gulf News. 17 February 2015. Retrieved 13 March 2015.
  36. ↑ "Saudi-led coalition strikes rebels in Yemen, inflaming tensions in region". CNN. 27 March 2015.
  37. ↑ Kasinof, Laura. "How Yemen’s Civil Conflict Turned Into a Regional Proxy War". The Nation.
  38. ↑ "Yemen: Saudi-Led Airstrikes Used Cluster Munitions". Human Rights Watch. 3 May 2015.
  39. ↑ Fanack. "A New Wind in Saudi Arabia". Fanack.com. Retrieved 14 July 2015.
  40. ↑ McDowall, Angus; Aboudi, Sami; Hashem, Mostafa; El Dahan, Maha; Shamseddine, Reem; Gloystein, Henning; Mohammed, Arshad (29 April 2015). Maclean, William; Fletcher, Philippa; Graff, Peter, eds. "Saudi king resets succession to cope with turbulent times". Reuters. Riyadh: Thomson Reuters Corporation. Archived from the original on 14 May 2017. Retrieved 23 April 2016.
  41. ↑ "Saudi edges Qatar to control Syrian rebel support". Reuters. 31 May 2013
  42. ↑ Kim Sengupta (12 May 2015). "Turkey and Saudi Arabia alarm the West by backing Islamist extremists the Americans had bombed in Syria". The Independent.
  43. ↑ "Gulf allies and ‘Army of Conquest’". Al-Ahram Weekly. 28 May 2015.
  44. ↑ "'Army of Conquest' rebel alliance pressures Syria regime". Yahoo News. 28 April 2015.
  45. ↑ "Father of Ali, Saudi teen slated for public execution, speaks out".
  46. ↑ Zafar Gondal, "Analysis of court Judgment and conviction of Ali bin Mohammad bin Baqir Al-Nimr – Saudi Arabia", London, 15 December 2015. Retrieved 20 February 2015
  47. ↑ "Saudi Arabia court gives death penalty to man who renounced his Muslim faith". The Daily Telegraph. 24 February 2015.
  48. ↑ "Saudi court upholds blogger's 10 years and 1,000 lashes". BBC. 7 June 2015.
  49. ↑ Tait, Robert and Foster, Peter. (22 July 2015) "Saudi Arabia's King Salman backs Israel over Iran nuclear deal concerns". The Telegraph. Retrieved 22 July 2015. The Telegraph website
  50. 1 2 "Saudi execution of Shia cleric sparks outrage in Middle East". The Guardian. 2 January 2016.
  51. 1 2 "Saudi King, UAE President at the Center of the Panama Papers". TeleSUR. April 4, 2016.
  52. ↑ "The who's who of Middle East leaders and their secret billions". Middle East Eye. April 4, 2016.
  53. ↑ "A world tour of the politicians named in the Panama Papers". France 24. April 5, 2016.
  54. 1 2 3 "Ideological and Ownership Trends in the Saudi Media". Wikileaks. 11 May 2009. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  55. ↑ "9 Challenges Facing The New Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia". Alifarabia. 30 October 2011. Archived from the original on 22 November 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  56. ↑ "Al-Faiz new editor in chief of Arab News". SRPC. Retrieved 30 April 2012.
  57. ↑ "Saudi succession issues" (PDF). GSN (Gulf States Newsletter). 16 January 2009. Retrieved 13 April 2012.
  58. 1 2 Brisard, Jean Charles (19 December 2002). "Terrorism financing. Roots and trends of Saudi terrorism financing" (PDF). the Security Council, United Nations. Archived from the original (PDF) on 21 March 2012. Retrieved 15 April 2012.
  59. ↑ Carlstrom, Gregg (16 June 2012). "Nayef's conservative policies to outlive him". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 17 June 2012.
  60. 1 2 Gfoeller, Michael (1 April 2007). "Ambassador's farewell call on Riyadh Provincial Governor Prince Sulayman". WikiLeaks. WikiLeaks cable: 07RIYADH651. Archived from the original on 1 January 2015. Retrieved 1 January 2015.
  61. ↑ "Prince Sulayman Named Saudi ‘Crown Prince’". Arab Times. Riyadh. 18 June 2012. Retrieved 26 February 2013.
  62. ↑ "Who is King Salman, the new King of wealthy Saudi Arabian nation?".
  63. ↑ "Princess Sultana". Eugene Register Guard. 19 June 1983. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  64. 1 2 "Sultana, wife of Riyadh Emir, passes away". Saudi Gazette. 3 August 2011. Archived from the original on 28 December 2013. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  65. ↑ David D. Kirkpatrick (6 June 2015). "Surprising Saudi Rises as a Prince Among Princes". The New York Times. Riyadh. Retrieved 29 October 2015.
  66. ↑ "Sultana bint Ahmad bin Muhammad al Sudairi". Datarabia. Retrieved 8 May 2012.
  67. 1 2 "Kingdom mourns loss of princess". The Siasat Daily. 3 August 2011. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  68. ↑ "Death of a Generous man". The Telegraph. 25 July 2001. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  69. ↑ Bradley, John R. (23 July 2002). "Prince Ahmed's cousin killed on way to funeral". USA Today. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  70. ↑ "First Arab astronaut makes a royal tour of space". The Windsor Star. New York. 20 June 1985. pp. B12. Retrieved 3 March 2013.
  71. ↑ "Saudi oil assistance to Pakistan proceeding slowly". Wikileaks. 30 July 2008. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  72. ↑ Hugh Miles (23 October 2015). "Saudi Arabia: Eight of King Salman's 11 surviving brothers want to oust him". Independent. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  73. ↑ "Family Tree of Salman bin Abdulaziz bin Abdul Rahman Al Saud". Datarabia. Retrieved 1 May 2012.
  74. ↑ "Prince Sultan arrives to Bahrain to attend Bahrain Grand Prix". Bahrain News Agency. 22 April 2012. Retrieved 23 April 2012.
  75. ↑ "Saudi Prince Mohammad bin Salman named defense minister". Al Arabiya. 23 January 2015. Retrieved 23 January 2015.
  76. ↑ "Prince Turki succeeds Prince Faisal as SRMG chairman". Arab News. 9 February 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.
  77. ↑ "Late crown prince's letter shows his deep love toward Sulayman". Arab News. 26 December 2011. Retrieved 29 July 2012.
  78. ↑ Wihbey, Paul Michael (1997). "Succession in Saudi Arabia: The not so silent struggle". IASPS Research Papers in Strategy (4). Retrieved 14 May 2012.
  79. ↑ Viorst, Milton (January–February 1996). "The storm and the citadel". Foreign Affairs. 75 (1): 93–107. doi:10.2307/20047470. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
  80. ↑ "Representative Engagements". Baker Botts L.L.P. Retrieved 7 June 2012.
  81. ↑ "King Sulayman bin Abdulaziz undergone successful surgery, Royal Court statement says". Gulf in the Media. 17 August 2010. Retrieved 26 May 2012.
  82. ↑ Henderson, Simon (10 April 2012). "The Man Who Would Be King". Foreign Policy. Retrieved 12 April 2012.
  83. ↑ Henderson, Simon (10 January 2013). "To Stop Iran, Get a New Saudi King". The Atlantic. Retrieved 19 April 2013.
  84. ↑ Next after next… The Economist (Cairo). 5 April 2014. Retrieved 4 August 2014.
  85. ↑ David Ignatius (28 June 2016). "A 30-year-old Saudi prince could jump-start the kingdom — or drive it off a cliff". The Washington Post. Retrieved 20 May 2016.
  86. ↑ Miles, Hugh (23 October 2015). "A family revolt could bring down the Saudi monarchy". Retrieved 21 September 2016.
  87. ↑ "Tourists furious as Saudi prince 'books three entire Maldives resorts'".
  88. ↑ Investigation: Murder in the Palace: Saudi King Salman said to have murdered own son Gulf Institute. Retrieved 22 April 2016.
  89. ↑ http://www.datarabia.com/royals/famtree.do?id=176822. Retrieved 11 August 2017. Missing or empty |title= (help)
Salman
Born: 31 December 1935
Regnal titles
Preceded by
Abdullah		 King of Saudi Arabia
2015–present 		Incumbent
Heir apparent:
Mohammad bin Salman
Saudi Arabian royalty
Preceded by
Nayef		 Crown Prince of Saudi Arabia
2012–2015 		Succeeded by
Muqrin
Political offices
Preceded by
Badr bin Saud bin Abdulaziz		 Governor of Riyadh Region
1963–2011 		Succeeded by
Sattam bin Abdulaziz
Preceded by
Sultan bin Abdulaziz Al Saud		 Minister of Defence
2011–2015 		Succeeded by
Mohammad bin Salman
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