Sakurajima

Sakurajima

View of Sakurajima from mainland Kagoshima, 2009
Highest point
Elevation 1,117 m (3,665 ft)
Coordinates 31°35′N 130°39′E / 31.583°N 130.650°E / 31.583; 130.650Coordinates: 31°35′N 130°39′E / 31.583°N 130.650°E / 31.583; 130.650 
Geography
Sakurajima
Geology
Mountain type composite volcano
Last eruption 1955 to present

Sakurajima (Japanese: 桜島, lit. "Cherry blossom Island") is an active composite volcano (stratovolcano) and a former island in Kagoshima Prefecture in Kyushu, Japan.[1] The lava flows of the 1914 eruption caused the former island to be connected with the Osumi Peninsula.[2]

The volcanic activity still continues, dropping large amounts of volcanic ash on the surroundings. Earlier eruptions built the white sands highlands in the region. As of September 2015, the volcano is under a Level 3 (orange) alert by the Japan Meteorological Agency, signifying the volcano is active and should not be approached.[3] The most recent eruption started on February 5, 2016.[4] On September 13, 2016 a team of experts from Bristol University and the Sakurajima Volcano Research Centre in Japan suggested that the volcano could have a major eruption within 30 years.[5]

Sakurajima is a stratosphereic-volcano. Its summit has three peaks, Kita-dake (northern peak), Naka-dake (central peak) and Minami-dake (southern peak) which is active now.

Kita-dake is Sakurajima's highest peak, rising to 1,117 m (3,665 ft) above sea level. The mountain is located in a part of Kagoshima Bay known as Kinkō-wan. The former island is part of the city of Kagoshima.[6] The surface of this volcanic peninsula is about 77 km2 (30 sq mi).

History

Geological history

A map of Sakurajima in 1902, showing it as a distinct island.

Sakurajima is located in the Aira caldera and formed in an enormous eruption 22,000 years ago.[7] Several hundred cubic kilometres of ash and pumice were ejected, causing the magma chamber underneath the erupting vents to collapse. The resulting caldera is over 20 km (12 mi) across. Tephra fell as far as 1,000 km (620 mi) from the volcano. Sakurajima is a modern active vent of the same Aira caldera volcano.

Sakurajima was formed by later activity within the caldera, beginning about 13,000 years ago.[8] It lies about 8 km (5 mi) south of the centre of the caldera. Its first eruption in recorded history occurred in 963 AD.[9] Most of its eruptions are strombolian,[9] affecting only the summit areas, but larger plinian eruptions have occurred in 1471–1476, 1779–1782 and 1914.[10]

Volcanic activity at Kita-dake ended around 4,900 years ago: subsequent eruptions have been centered on Minami-dake.[11] Since 2006 activity has centred on Showa crater, to the East of the summit of Minami-dake.[12]

1914 eruption

Date January 1914
Type Peléan
VEI 4
Impact Pre-eruption earthquakes killed at least 35 people; caused an evacuation and significant changes to the local topography.

The 1914 eruption was the most powerful in twentieth-century Japan. Lava flows filled the narrow strait between the island and the mainland, turning it into a peninsula. The volcano had been dormant for over a century until 1914.[7] The 1914 eruption began on January 11. Almost all residents had left the island in the previous days, in response to several large earthquakes that warned them that an eruption was imminent. Initially, the eruption was very explosive, generating eruption columns and pyroclastic flows, but after a very large earthquake on January 13, 1914 which killed 35 people, it became effusive, generating a large lava flow.[7] Lava flows are rare in Japan—the high silica content of the magmas there mean that explosive eruptions are far more common[13]—but the lava flows at Sakurajima continued for months.[7]

The island grew, engulfing several smaller islands nearby, and eventually becoming connected to the mainland by a narrow isthmus. Parts of Kagoshima bay became significantly shallower, and tides were affected, becoming higher as a result.[7]

During the final stages of the eruption, the centre of the Aira Caldera sank by about 60 cm (24 in), due to subsidence caused by the emptying out of the underlying magma chamber.[7] The fact that the subsidence occurred at the centre of the caldera rather than directly underneath Sakurajima showed that the volcano draws its magma from the same reservoir that fed the ancient caldera-forming eruption.[7] The eruption partly inspired a 1914 movie, The Wrath of the Gods, centering on a family curse that ostensibly causes the eruption.

Recent Activity

An image taken from the International Space Station showing Sakurajima and its surroundings on 10 January 2013.
Sakura-jima eruption as seen on August 18, 2013

Sakurajima's activity became more prominent in 1955, and the volcano has been erupting almost constantly ever since. Thousands of small explosions occur each year, throwing ash to heights of up to a few kilometers above the mountain. The Sakurajima Volcano Observatory was set up in 1960 to monitor these eruptions.[9]

Monitoring of the volcano and predictions of large eruptions are particularly important because of its location in a densely populated area, with the city of Kagoshima's 680,000 residents just a few kilometers from the volcano. The city conducts regular evacuation drills, and a number of shelters have been built where people can take refuge from falling volcanic debris.[14]

In light of the dangers it presents to nearby populations, Sakurajima was designated a Decade Volcano in 1991, identifying it as worthy of particular study as part of the United Nations' International Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction.[15]

Sakurajima is part of the Kirishima-Yaku National Park, and its lava flows are a major tourist attraction. The area around Sakurajima contains several hot spring resorts. One of the main agricultural products of Sakurajima is a huge basketball-sized white radish (Sakurajima daikon).[16]

On 10 March 2009, Sakurajima erupted, sending debris up to 2 km (1.2 mi). An eruption had been expected following a series of smaller explosions over the weekend. It is not thought there was any damage caused.[17]

In 2011 and 2012, Sakurajima experienced several significant eruptions; volcanic activity continues into 2013.[18] Photographer Martin Rietze captured a rare picture of lightning within the ash plume in January 2013 during a magma ejection, which was a NASA astronomy pic of the day in March 2013.[19]

On 18 August 2013, the volcano erupted from Showa crater and produced its highest recorded plume of ash since 2006, rising 5,000 metres high and causing darkness and significant ash falls on the central part of Kagoshima city. The eruption occurred at 16:31 and was the 500th eruption of the year.[20]

In August 2015, Japan's meteorological agency issued a level 4 emergency warning, which urges residents to prepare to evacuate.[21] Scientists warned that a major eruption could soon take place at the volcano;[22] it eventually did erupt around 20:00 on 5 February 2016.[23]

After a long pause of eruptions at the vent, the eruptions abruptly stopped there and returned to the Showa crater, on April 4, 2016, some 8–9 days preceding major 2016 Kumamoto earthquakes on the Median Tectonic Line near Kumamoto, Japan.[24] Then, three months later, on July 26, it spewed volcanic ash 5,000 m (16,000 ft) into the air.[25]

A major eruption, similar in scale to the 1914 event, is predicted by scientists to occur during the 2040s.[26]

Timeline

Comparison

In Japanese literature

Sakurajima is the title of a 1946 short story, written by the Japanese writer Haruo Umezaki, about a disillusioned Navy officer stationed on the volcano island towards the end of World War II as American air force planes bomb Japan. The story is based on Umezaki's own experience; he was stationed in a military cipher base in the nearby Prefecture city of Kagoshima.

See also

Notes

  1. ↑ Nussbaum, Louis-Frédéric. (2005). "Sakurajima" in Japan Encyclopedia, p. 814; see photo, caption -- Kagoshima after Sakurashima eruption, Illustrated London News. January 1914.
  2. ↑ Davison C (1916-09-21). "The Sakura-Jima Eruption of January, 1914". Nature. 98: 57–58. Bibcode:1916Natur..98...57D. doi:10.1038/098057b0.
  3. ↑ Japan Meteorological Agency: Volcano Warnings
  4. ↑ "Mount Sakurajima erupts in fiery blast". The Japan Times. 5 February 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  5. ↑ https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/sep/13/new-data-points-to-major-eruption-of-japanese-volcano
  6. ↑ Nussbaum, "Kagoshima prefecture" at p. 447.
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "The 1914 Sakurajima explosion at Volcanoworld". Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  8. ↑ "Sakurajima at Activolcan.info" (in French). Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  9. 1 2 3 "Sakura-jima, Japan". VolcanoWorld. Oregon State University. Archived from the original on 2008-08-01. Retrieved 2008-10-12.
  10. ↑ "Sakurajima at the Earthquake Research Institute, University of Tokyo.". Retrieved 2007-08-03.
  11. ↑ "Sakura-jima". Global Volcanism Program. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved 2007-08-04.
  12. ↑ Iguchi, Masato (20 July 2013). "Forecasting volcanic activity of Sakurajima" (PDF). Proceedings of IAVCEI 2013 Scientific Assembly. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  13. ↑ "Japanese Volcanoes at the Northern Illinois University". Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  14. ↑ "Reuters report on Sakurajima explosion, June 5th 2006". Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  15. ↑ "Decade Volcano Sakurajima at the Earthquake Research Institute". Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  16. ↑ "Touristic information on synapse.ne.jp". Retrieved 2007-08-06.
  17. ↑ "Japan's Sakurajima volcano erupts". March 10, 2009. Retrieved March 16, 2012.
  18. ↑ VolcanoDiscovery
  19. ↑ Nemiroff, R.; Bonnell, J., eds. (11 March 2013). "Sakurajima Volcano with Lightning". Astronomy Picture of the Day. NASA.
  20. ↑ "Sakurajima spews its highest volcanic column ever at 5,000 meters". Asahi Shimbum. 18 August 2013. Retrieved 18 August 2013.
  21. ↑ "Volcano alerts issued in Ecuador, Japan". 15 August 2015. Retrieved 16 August 2015.
  22. ↑
  23. ↑ "Sakurajima volcano in Japan erupts". The Guardian. Associated Press. 5 February 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  24. ↑ http://www.volcanodiscovery.com/volcano-activity/news/57153/Volcanic-activity-worldwide-4-Apr-2016-Popocatpetl-volcano-Bromo-Turrialba-Sangay-Sakurajima.html
  25. ↑ http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2016/07/26/world/kagoshimas-sakurajima-volcano-erupts-spews-plume-5000-meters/#.V5ds0LgrLIU
  26. ↑ "Japan's Sakurajima volcano due for major eruption within 30 years, say scientists". BBC News. 14 September 2016. Retrieved 24 February 2017.

References

Further reading

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