Mother Teresa

Mother Teresa
Saint Teresa of Calcutta
MC

Mother Teresa at a pro-life meeting
in 1986 in Bonn, West Germany
Consecrated religious, nun
Born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu
(1910-08-26)26 August 1910
Üsküp, Kosovo Vilayet, Ottoman Empire
(modern Skopje, Republic of Macedonia)
Died 5 September 1997(1997-09-05) (aged 87)
Calcutta, West Bengal, India
Venerated in Roman Catholic Church
Beatified 19 October 2003, Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope John Paul II
Canonized 4 September 2016, Saint Peter's Square, Vatican City by Pope Francis
Major shrine Mother House of the Missionaries of Charity, Calcutta, West Bengal, India
Feast 5 September[1]
Attributes
Patronage
Mother Teresa
Religion Roman Catholicism
Institute Sisters of Loreto
(1928–1948)
Missionaries of Charity
(1950–1997)
Personal
Nationality Ottoman subject (1910–1912)
Serbian subject (1912–1915)
Bulgarian subject (1915–1918)
Yugoslavian subject (1918–1943)
Yugoslavian citizen (1943–1948)
Indian subject (1948–1950)
Indian citizen[2] (1950–1997)
Albanian citizen[3] (1991–1997)
Senior posting
Title Superior general
Period in office 1950–1997
Successor Sr. Nirmala Joshi, MC
Signature

Mother Teresa, known in the Catholic Church as Saint Teresa of Calcutta[4] (born Anjezë Gonxhe Bojaxhiu; Albanian: [aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒiu]; 26 August 1910 – 5 September 1997), was an Albanian-Indian[2] Roman Catholic nun and missionary.[5] She was born in Skopje (now the capital of the Republic of Macedonia), then part of the Kosovo Vilayet of the Ottoman Empire. After living in Macedonia for eighteen years she moved to Ireland and then to India, where she lived for most of her life.

In 1950 Teresa founded the Missionaries of Charity, a Roman Catholic religious congregation which had over 4,500 sisters and was active in 133 countries in 2012. The congregation manages homes for people dying of HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis; soup kitchens; dispensaries and mobile clinics; children's- and family-counselling programmes; orphanages, and schools. Members, who take vows of chastity, poverty, and obedience, also profess a fourth vow: to give "wholehearted free service to the poorest of the poor".[6]

Teresa received a number of honours, including the 1962 Ramon Magsaysay Peace Prize and 1979 Nobel Peace Prize. She was canonised (recognised by the church as a saint) on 4 September 2016, and the anniversary of her death (5 September) is her feast day.

A controversial figure during her life and after her death, Teresa was admired by many for her charitable work. She was praised and criticised for her opposition to abortion, and criticised for poor conditions in her houses for the dying. Her authorised biography was written by Navin Chawla and published in 1992, and she has been the subject of films and other books.

Early life

Urban stone-and-glass building
Memorial House of Mother Teresa in her native Skopje

Teresa was born Anjezë Gonxhe (or Gonxha)[7] Bojaxhiu (Albanian: [aˈɲɛzə ˈɡɔndʒɛ bɔjaˈdʒiu]; Anjezë is a cognate of "Agnes"; Gonxhe means "rosebud" or "little flower" in Albanian) on 26 August 1910 into a Kosovar Albanian family[8][9][10] in Skopje (now the capital of the Republic of Macedonia), Ottoman Empire.[11][12] She was baptized in Skopje, the day after her birth.[7] She later considered 27 August, the day she was baptised, her "true birthday".[11]

She was the youngest child of Nikollë and Dranafile Bojaxhiu (Bernai).[13] Her father, who was involved in Albanian-community politics in Macedonia, died in 1919 when she was eight years old.[11][14] He may have been from Prizren, Kosovo, and her mother may have been from a village near Gjakova.[15]

According to a biography by Joan Graff Clucas, during her early years Teresa was fascinated by stories of the lives of missionaries and their service in Bengal; by age 12, she was convinced that she should commit herself to religious life.[16] Her resolve strengthened on 15 August 1928 as she prayed at the shrine of the Black Madonna of Vitina-Letnice, where she often went on pilgrimages.[17]

Teresa left home in 1928 at age 18 to join the Sisters of Loreto at Loreto Abbey in Rathfarnham, Ireland, to learn English with the view of becoming a missionary; English was the language of instruction of the Sisters of Loreto in India.[18] She never saw her mother or her sister again.[19] Her family lived in Skopje until 1934, when they moved to Tirana.[20]

She arrived in India in 1929[21] and began her novitiate in Darjeeling, in the lower Himalayas,[22] where she learnt Bengali and taught at St. Teresa's School near her convent.[23] Teresa took her first religious vows on 24 May 1931. She chose to be named after Thérèse de Lisieux, the patron saint of missionaries;[24][25] because a nun in the convent had already chosen that name, Agnes opted for its Spanish spelling (Teresa).[26]

Teresa took her solemn vows on 14 May 1937 while she was a teacher at the Loreto convent school in Entally, eastern Calcutta.[11][27][28] She served there for nearly twenty years, and was appointed its headmistress in 1944.[29] Although Teresa enjoyed teaching at the school, she was increasingly disturbed by the poverty surrounding her in Calcutta.[30] The Bengal famine of 1943 brought misery and death to the city, and the August 1946 Direct Action Day began a period of Muslim-Hindu violence.[31]

Missionaries of Charity

Three-story building with a sign and a statue
Missionaries of Charity motherhouse in Kolkata

On 10 September 1946, Teresa experienced what she later described as "the call within the call" when she travelled by train to the Loreto convent in Darjeeling from Calcutta for her annual retreat. "I was to leave the convent and help the poor while living among them. It was an order. To fail would have been to break the faith."[32] Joseph Langford later wrote, "Though no one knew it at the time, Sister Teresa had just become Mother Teresa".[33]

She began missionary work with the poor in 1948,[21] replacing her traditional Loreto habit with a simple, white cotton sari with a blue border. Teresa adopted Indian citizenship, spent several months in Patna to receive basic medical training at Holy Family Hospital and ventured into the slums.[34][35] She founded a school in Motijhil, Kolkata, before she began tending to the poor and hungry.[36] At the beginning of 1949 Teresa was joined in her effort by a group of young women, and she laid the foundation for a new religious community helping the "poorest among the poor".[37]

Her efforts quickly caught the attention of Indian officials, including the prime minister.[38] Teresa wrote in her diary that her first year was fraught with difficulty. With no income, she begged for food and supplies and experienced doubt, loneliness and the temptation to return to the comfort of convent life during these early months:

Our Lord wants me to be a free nun covered with the poverty of the cross. Today, I learned a good lesson. The poverty of the poor must be so hard for them. While looking for a home I walked and walked till my arms and legs ached. I thought how much they must ache in body and soul, looking for a home, food and health. Then, the comfort of Loreto [her former congregation] came to tempt me. "You have only to say the word and all that will be yours again", the Tempter kept on saying ... Of free choice, my God, and out of love for you, I desire to remain and do whatever be your Holy will in my regard. I did not let a single tear come.[39]
Four nuns in sandals and white-and-blue saris
Missionaries of Charity in traditional saris

On 7 October 1950, Teresa received Vatican permission for the diocesan congregation which would become the Missionaries of Charity.[40] In her words, it would care for "the hungry, the naked, the homeless, the crippled, the blind, the lepers, all those people who feel unwanted, unloved, uncared for throughout society, people that have become a burden to the society and are shunned by everyone".[41] By 1997 the 13-member Calcutta congregation had grown to more than 4,000 sisters who managed orphanages, AIDS hospices and charity centres worldwide, caring for refugees, the blind, disabled, aged, alcoholics, the poor and homeless and victims of floods, epidemics and famine.[42]

In 1952, Teresa opened her first hospice with help from Calcutta officials. She converted an abandoned Hindu temple into the Kalighat Home for the Dying, free for the poor, and renamed it Kalighat, the Home of the Pure Heart (Nirmal Hriday).[43] Those brought to the home received medical attention and the opportunity to die with dignity in accordance with their faith: Muslims were read the Quran, Hindus received water from the Ganges, and Catholics received extreme unction.[44] "A beautiful death", Teresa said, "is for people who lived like animals to die like angels—loved and wanted."[44]

White, older building
Nirmal Hriday, Mother Teresa's Calcutta hospice, in 2007

She opened a hospice for those with leprosy, calling it Shanti Nagar (City of Peace).[45] The Missionaries of Charity established leprosy-outreach clinics throughout Calcutta, providing medication, dressings and food.[46] The Missionaries of Charity took in an increasing number of homeless children; in 1955 Teresa opened Nirmala Shishu Bhavan, the Children's Home of the Immaculate Heart, as a haven for orphans and homeless youth.[47]

The congregation began to attract recruits and donations, and by the 1960s it had opened hospices, orphanages and leper houses throughout India. Teresa then expanded the congregation abroad, opening a house in Venezuela in 1965 with five sisters.[48] Houses followed in Italy (Rome), Tanzania and Austria in 1968, and during the 1970s the congregation opened houses and foundations in the United States and dozens of countries in Asia, Africa and Europe.[49]

The Missionaries of Charity Brothers was founded in 1963, and a contemplative branch of the Sisters followed in 1976. Lay Catholics and non-Catholics were enrolled in the Co-Workers of Mother Teresa, the Sick and Suffering Co-Workers, and the Lay Missionaries of Charity. Responding to requests by many priests, in 1981 Mother Teresa founded the Corpus Christi Movement for Priests[50] and (with priest Joseph Langford) the Missionaries of Charity Fathers in 1984[51] to combine the vocational aims of the Missionaries of Charity with the resources of the priesthood. By 2007 the Missionaries of Charity numbered about 450 brothers and 5,000 sisters worldwide, operating 600 missions, schools and shelters in 120 countries.[52]

International charity

Teresa said, "By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus."[2] Fluent in five languages – Bengali,[53] Albanian, Serbian, English and Hindi – she made occasional trips outside India for humanitarian reasons.[54]

In 1982, at the height of the Siege of Beirut, Teresa rescued 37 children trapped in a front-line hospital by brokering a temporary cease-fire between the Israeli army and Palestinian guerrillas.[55] Accompanied by Red Cross workers, she travelled through the war zone to the hospital to evacuate the young patients.[56]

When Eastern Europe experienced increased openness in the late 1980s, Teresa expanded her efforts to Communist countries which had rejected the Missionaries of Charity. She began dozens of projects, undeterred by criticism of her stands against abortion and divorce: "No matter who says what, you should accept it with a smile and do your own work." She visited Armenia after the 1988 earthquake[57] and met with Nikolai Ryzhkov, Chairman of the Council of Ministers.[58]

Teresa travelled to assist the hungry in Ethiopia, radiation victims at Chernobyl and earthquake victims in Armenia.[59][60][61] In 1991 she returned to Albania for the first time, opening a Missionaries of Charity Brothers home in Tirana.[62]

By 1996, Teresa operated 517 missions in over 100 countries.[63] Her Missionaries of Charity grew from twelve to thousands, serving the "poorest of the poor" in 450 centres worldwide. The first Missionaries of Charity home in the United States was established in the South Bronx area of New York City, and by 1984 the congregation operated 19 establishments throughout the country.[64]

Declining health and death

Teresa had a heart attack in Rome in 1983 while she was visiting Pope John Paul II. Following a second attack in 1989, she received an artificial pacemaker. In 1991, after a bout of pneumonia in Mexico, she had additional heart problems. Although Teresa offered to resign as head of the Missionaries of Charity, in a secret ballot the sisters of the congregation voted for her to stay and she agreed to continue.[65]

In April 1996 she fell, breaking her collarbone, and four months later she had malaria and heart failure. Although Teresa had heart surgery, her health was clearly declining. According to Archbishop of Calcutta Henry Sebastian D'Souza, he ordered a priest to perform an exorcism (with her permission) when she was first hospitalised with cardiac problems because he thought she might be under attack by the devil.[66]

On 13 March 1997 Teresa resigned as head of the Missionaries of Charity, and she died on 5 September.[67] At the time of her death, the Missionaries of Charity had over 4,000 sisters and an associated brotherhood of 300 members operating 610 missions in 123 countries.[68] These included hospices and homes for people with HIV/AIDS, leprosy and tuberculosis, soup kitchens, children's- and family-counselling programmes, orphanages and schools. The Missionaries of Charity were aided by co-workers numbering over one million by the 1990s.[69]

Teresa lay in repose in St Thomas, Calcutta, for a week before her funeral. She received a state funeral from the Indian government in gratitude for her service to the poor of all religions in the country.[70] Teresa's death was mourned in the secular and religious communities. Prime Minister of Pakistan Nawaz Sharif called her "a rare and unique individual who lived long for higher purposes. Her life-long devotion to the care of the poor, the sick, and the disadvantaged was one of the highest examples of service to our humanity."[71] According to former U.N. Secretary-General Javier Pérez de Cuéllar, "She is the United Nations. She is peace in the world."[71]

Recognition and reception

India

Teresa was first recognised by the Indian government more than a third of a century earlier, receiving the Padma Shri in 1962 and the Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding in 1969.[72] She later received other Indian awards, including the Bharat Ratna (India's highest civilian award) in 1980.[73] Teresa's official biography, by Navin Chawla, was published in 1992.[74] In Kolkata, she is worshipped as a goddess by some Hindus.[75]

To commemorate the 100th anniversary of her birth, the government of India issued a special ₹5 coin (the amount of money Teresa had when she arrived in India) on 28 August 2010. President Pratibha Patil said, "Clad in a white sari with a blue border, she and the sisters of Missionaries of Charity became a symbol of hope to many – the aged, the destitute, the unemployed, the diseased, the terminally ill, and those abandoned by their families."[76]

Indian views of Teresa are not uniformly favourable. Aroup Chatterjee, a physician born and raised in Calcutta who was an activist in the city's slums for years around 1980 before moving to the UK, said that he "never even saw any nuns in those slums".[77] His research, involving more than 100 interviews with volunteers, nuns and others familiar with the Missionaries of Charity, was described in a 2003 book critical of Teresa.[77] Chatterjee criticized her for promoting a "cult of suffering" and a distorted, negative image of Calcutta, exaggerating work done by her mission and misusing funds and privileges at her disposal.[77][78] According to him, some of the hygiene problems he had criticized (needle reuse, for example) improved after Teresa's death in 1997.[77]

Bikash Ranjan Bhattacharya, mayor of Kolkata from 2005 to 2010, said that "she had no significant impact on the poor of this city", glorified illness instead of treating it and misrepresented the city: "No doubt there was poverty in Calcutta, but it was never a city of lepers and beggars, as Mother Teresa presented it."[79] On the Hindu right, the Bharatiya Janata Party clashed with Teresa over the Christian Dalits but praised her in death and sent a representative to her funeral.[80] Vishwa Hindu Parishad, however, opposed the government decision to grant her a state funeral. Secretary Giriraj Kishore said that "her first duty was to the Church and social service was incidental", accusing her of favouring Christians and conducting "secret baptisms" of the dying.[81][82] In a front-page tribute, the Indian fortnightly Frontline dismissed the charges as "patently false" and said that they had "made no impact on the public perception of her work, especially in Calcutta". Praising her "selfless caring", energy and bravery, the author of the tribute criticised Teresa's public campaign against abortion and her claim to be non-political.[83]

In February 2015 Mohan Bhagwat, leader of the Hindu right-wing organisation Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh, said that Teresa's objective was "to convert the person, who was being served, into a Christian".[84] Former RSS spokesperson M. G. Vaidhya supported Bhagwat's assessment, and the organisation accused the media of "distorting facts about Bhagwat's remarks". Trinamool Congress MP Derek O'Brien, CPI leader Atul Anjan and Delhi chief minister Arvind Kejriwal protested Bhagwat's statement.[85]

Elsewhere

President and Mrs. Ronald Reagan with Mother Teresa, standing at a microphone
President Ronald Reagan presents Mother Teresa with the Presidential Medal of Freedom at a White House ceremony as Nancy Reagan looks on (20 June 1985).

Teresa received the Ramon Magsaysay Award for Peace and International Understanding, given for work in South or East Asia, in 1962. According to its citation, "The Board of Trustees recognises her merciful cognisance of the abject poor of a foreign land, in whose service she has led a new congregation".[86] By the early 1970s, she was an international celebrity. Teresa's fame may be partially attributed to Malcolm Muggeridge's 1969 documentary, Something Beautiful for God, and his 1971 book of the same name. Muggeridge was undergoing a spiritual journey of his own at the time.[87] During filming, footage shot in poor lighting (particularly at the Home for the Dying) was thought unlikely to be usable by the crew. In England, the footage was found to be extremely well-lit and Muggeridge called it a miracle of "divine light" from Teresa.[88] Other crew members said that it was due to a new type of ultra-sensitive Kodak film.[89] Muggeridge later converted to Catholicism.[90]

Around this time, the Catholic world began to honour Teresa publicly. Pope Paul VI gave her the inaugural Pope John XXIII Peace Prize in 1971, commending her work with the poor, display of Christian charity and efforts for peace,[91] and she received the Pacem in Terris Award in 1976.[92] After her death, Teresa progressed rapidly on the road to sainthood.

She was honoured by governments and civilian organisations, and appointed an honorary Companion of the Order of Australia in 1982 "for service to the community of Australia and humanity at large".[93] The United Kingdom and the United States bestowed a number of awards, culminating in the Order of Merit in 1983 and honorary citizenship of the United States on 16 November 1996.[94] Teresa's Albanian homeland gave her the Golden Honour of the Nation in 1994,[83] but her acceptance of this and the Haitian Legion of Honour was controversial. Teresa was criticised for implicitly supporting the Duvaliers and corrupt businessmen such as Charles Keating and Robert Maxwell; she wrote to the judge of Keating's trial, requesting clemency.[83][95]

Universities in India and the West granted her honorary degrees.[83] Other civilian awards included the Balzan Prize for promoting humanity, peace and brotherhood among peoples (1978)[96] and the Albert Schweitzer International Prize (1975).[97] In April 1976 Teresa visited the University of Scranton in northeastern Pennsylvania, where she received the La Storta Medal for Human Service from university president William J. Byron.[98] She challenged an audience of 4,500 to "know poor people in your own home and local neighbourhood", feeding others or simply spreading joy and love,[99] and continued: "The poor will help us grow in sanctity, for they are Christ in the guise of distress".[98] In August 1987 Teresa received an honorary doctor of social science degree, in recognition of her service and her ministry to help the destitute and sick, from the university.[100] She spoke to over 4,000 students and members of the Diocese of Scranton[101] about her service to the "poorest of the poor", telling them to "do small things with great love".[102]

External video
Mother Teresa's 1979 Nobel Peace Prize acceptance speech

In 1979, Teresa received the Nobel Peace Prize "for work undertaken in the struggle to overcome poverty and distress, which also constitutes a threat to peace".[103] She refused the conventional ceremonial banquet for laureates, asking that its $192,000 cost be given to the poor in India[104] and saying that earthly rewards were important only if they helped her to help the world's needy. When Teresa received the prize she was asked, "What can we do to promote world peace?" She answered, "Go home and love your family." Building on this theme in her Nobel lecture, she said: "Around the world, not only in the poor countries, but I found the poverty of the West so much more difficult to remove. When I pick up a person from the street, hungry, I give him a plate of rice, a piece of bread, I have satisfied. I have removed that hunger. But a person that is shut out, that feels unwanted, unloved, terrified, the person that has been thrown out from society—that poverty is so hurtable [sic] and so much, and I find that very difficult." Teresa singled out abortion as "the greatest destroyer of peace today. Because if a mother can kill her own child—what is left for me to kill you and you kill me—there is nothing between."[105]

Barbara Smoker of the secular humanist magazine The Freethinker criticised Teresa after the Peace Prize award, saying that her promotion of Catholic moral teachings on abortion and contraception diverted funds from effective methods to solve India's problems.[106] At the Fourth World Conference on Women in Beijing, Teresa said: "Yet we can destroy this gift of motherhood, especially by the evil of abortion, but also by thinking that other things like jobs or positions are more important than loving."[107]

During her lifetime Teresa was among the top 10 women in the annual Gallup's most admired man and woman poll 18 times, finishing first several times in the 1980s and 1990s.[108] In 1999 she headed Gallup's List of Most Widely Admired People of the 20th Century,[109] out-polling all other volunteered answers by a wide margin, and was first in all major demographic categories except the very young.[109][110]

Criticism

According to a paper by Canadian academics Serge Larivée, Geneviève Chénard and Carole Sénéchal, Teresa's clinics received millions of dollars in donations but lacked medical care, systematic diagnosis, necessary nutrition and sufficient analgesics for those in pain:[111] "Mother Teresa believed the sick must suffer like Christ on the cross".[112] It was said that the additional money might have transformed the health of the city's poor by creating advanced palliative care facilities.[113][114] Abortion-rights groups criticised Teresa's stance on abortion,[115][116][117] and opponents of abortion praised her support of fetal rights.[118][119][120]

One of Teresa's most outspoken critics was English journalist, literary critic and antitheist Christopher Hitchens, author of the essay The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice (1995), who wrote in a 2003 article: "This returns us to the medieval corruption of the church, which sold indulgences to the rich while preaching hellfire and continence to the poor. [Mother Teresa] was not a friend of the poor. She was a friend of poverty. She said that suffering was a gift from God. She spent her life opposing the only known cure for poverty, which is the empowerment of women and the emancipation of them from a livestock version of compulsory reproduction."[121] He accused her of hypocrisy for choosing advanced treatment for her heart condition.[122][123]

Although Hitchens thought he was the only witness called by the Vatican, Aroup Chatterjee (author of Mother Teresa: The Untold Story) was also called to present evidence opposing Teresa's beatification and canonisation;[124] the Vatican had abolished the traditional "devil's advocate", which served a similar purpose.[124] Hitchens said that "her intention was not to help people", and she lied to donors about how their contributions were used. "It was by talking to her that I discovered, and she assured me, that she wasn't working to alleviate poverty", he said, "She was working to expand the number of Catholics. She said, 'I'm not a social worker. I don't do it for this reason. I do it for Christ. I do it for the church.'"[125]

Bill Donohue, the president of Catholic League, issued a comprehensive answer to Hitchens' criticisms in 2016.[126]

Spiritual life

Analysing her deeds and achievements, Pope John Paul II said: "Where did Mother Teresa find the strength and perseverance to place herself completely at the service of others? She found it in prayer and in the silent contemplation of Jesus Christ, his Holy Face, his Sacred Heart."[127] Privately, Teresa experienced doubts and struggle in her religious beliefs which lasted nearly 50 years (until the end of her life); according to her postulator, Brian Kolodiejchuk, "She felt no presence of God whatsoever ... in her heart or in the eucharist".[128] Teresa expressed grave doubts about God's existence and pain over her lack of faith:

Where is my faith? Even deep down ... there is nothing but emptiness and darkness ... If there be God—please forgive me. When I try to raise my thoughts to Heaven, there is such convicting emptiness that those very thoughts return like sharp knives and hurt my very soul.[129]
Outdoor bas-relief plaque
Plaque dedicated to Mother Teresa in Wenceslas Square, Olomouc, Czech Republic

Kolodiejchuk (the official responsible for gathering evidence for her canonisation) thought that her unhappiness might be misinterpreted by some, but her faith that God was working through her was undiminished; although she pined for lost closeness to God, she did not question his existence.[130] Teresa may have experienced something similar to Jesus, who said when he was crucified: "Eli Eli lama sabachthani?" ("My God, my God, why have you forsaken me?")[131] Kolodiejchuk drew a comparisons to the 16th-century mystic John of the Cross, who coined the phrase "Dark Night of the Soul".[87] Other saints (including Teresa's namesake Thérèse of Lisieux, who called it a "night of nothingness") had similar experiences of spiritual dryness.[132] According to James Langford, these doubts were typical and would not be an impediment to canonisation.[132]

After ten years of doubt, Teresa described a brief period of renewed faith. After Pope Pius XII's death in 1958, while she prayed for him at a requiem mass, she was relieved of "the long darkness: that strange suffering." However, five weeks later her spiritual dryness returned.[133]

Teresa wrote many letters to her confessors and superiors over a 66-year period, most notably to Calcutta Archbishop Ferdinand Perier and Jesuit priest Celeste van Exem (her spiritual advisor since the formation of the Missionaries of Charity).[134] She requested that her letters be destroyed, concerned that "people will think more of me—less of Jesus."[87][135] However, the correspondence has been compiled in Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light.[87][136] Teresa wrote to spiritual confidant Michael van der Peet, "Jesus has a very special love for you. [But] as for me, the silence and the emptiness is so great, that I look and do not see—listen and do not hear—the tongue moves [in prayer] but does not speak ... I want you to pray for me—that I let Him have [a] free hand."

In Deus caritas est (his first encyclical), Pope Benedict XVI mentioned Teresa three times and used her life to clarify one of the encyclical's main points: "In the example of Blessed Teresa of Calcutta we have a clear illustration of the fact that time devoted to God in prayer not only does not detract from effective and loving service to our neighbour but is in fact the inexhaustible source of that service."[137] She wrote, "It is only by mental prayer and spiritual reading that we can cultivate the gift of prayer."[138]

Although her order was not connected with the Franciscan orders, Teresa admired Francis of Assisi[139] and was influenced by Franciscan spirituality. The Sisters of Charity recite the prayer of Saint Francis every morning at mass during the thanksgiving after Communion, and their emphasis on ministry and many of their vows are similar.[139] Francis emphasised poverty, chastity, obedience and submission to Christ. He devoted much of his life to serving the poor, particularly lepers.[140]

Canonisation

Miracle and beatification

After Teresa's death in 1997, the Holy See began the process of beatification (the third step towards canonisation) and Kolodiejchuk was appointed postulator by the Diocese of Calcutta. Although he said, "We didn't have to prove that she was perfect or never made a mistake ...", he had to prove that Teresa's virtue was heroic. Kolodiejchuk submitted 76 documents, totalling 35,000 pages, which were based on interviews with 113 witnesses who were asked to answer 263 questions.[141]

The process of canonisation requires the documentation of a miracle resulting from the intercession of the prospective saint.[142] In 2002 the Vatican recognised as a miracle the healing of a tumour in the abdomen of Monica Besra, an Indian woman, after the application of a locket containing Teresa's picture. According to Besra, a beam of light emanated from the picture and her cancerous tumour was cured; however, her husband and some of her medical staff said that conventional medical treatment eradicated the tumour.[143] Dr. Ranjan Mustafi, who told the New York Times he had treated Besra, said that the cyst was caused by tuberculosis: "It was not a miracle ... She took medicines for nine months to one year."[144] According to Besra's husband, "My wife was cured by the doctors and not by any miracle ... This miracle is a hoax."[145] Besra said that her medical records, including sonograms, prescriptions and physicians' notes, were confiscated by Sister Betta of the Missionaries of Charity. According to Time, calls to Sister Betta and the office of Sister Nirmala (Teresa's successor as head of the order) elicited no comment. Officials at Balurghat Hospital, where Besra sought medical treatment, said that they were pressured by the order to call her cure miraculous.[145] In February 2000, former West Bengal health minister Partho De ordered a review of Besra's medical records at the Department of Health in Kolkata. According to De, there was nothing unusual about her illness and cure based on her lengthy treatment. He said that he had refused to give the Vatican the name of a doctor who would certify that Monica Besra's healing was a miracle.[146]

During Teresa's beatification and canonisation, the Roman Curia (the Vatican) studied published and unpublished criticism of her life and work. Hitchens and Chatterjee (author of The Final Verdict, a book critical of Teresa) spoke to the tribunal; according to Vatican officials, the allegations raised were investigated by the Congregation for the Causes of Saints.[141] The group found no obstacle to Teresa's canonisation, and issued its nihil obstat on 21 April 1999.[147][148] Because of the attacks on her, some Catholic writers called her a sign of contradiction.[149] A separate medical committee ruled that the miracle of Monica Besra, one of three considered by Kolodiejchuk, was evidence of divine intercession.[141] Teresa was beatified on 19 October 2003, and was known by Catholics as "Blessed".[150]

Canonisation

On 17 December 2015, the Vatican Press Office confirmed that Pope Francis recognised a second miracle attributed to Teresa: the healing of a Brazilian man with multiple brain tumours back in 2008.[151] The miracle first came to the attention of the postulation (officials managing the cause) during the events of World Youth Day 2013 when the pope was in Brazil that July. A subsequent investigation took place in Brazil from 19-26 June 2015 which was later transferred to the Congregation for the Causes of Saints who issued a decree recognizing the investigation to be completed.[151] A team of medical experts first analyzed and approved this miracle to have no scientific explanation on 10 September 2015, while theologians ascertained the miracle came about after prayers directed to Teresa after they met on 8 October. The members of the Congregation themselves met and approved the findings of the two previous boards on 15 December which allowed for them to pass on their findings to the pope two days later for his approval which he subsequently granted.

Francis canonised her at a ceremony on 4 September 2016 in St. Peter's Square in Vatican City. Tens of thousands of people witnessed the ceremony, including 15 government delegations and 1,500 homeless people from across Italy.[152][153] It was televised live on the Vatican channel and streamed online; Skopje, Teresa's hometown, announced a week-long celebration of her canonisation.[152] In India, a special mass was celebrated by the Missionaries of Charity in Kolkata.[153]

Commemorations

Airport terminal, with four trees in the foreground
Tirana International Airport Nënë Tereza

Teresa has been commemorated by museums and named the patroness of a number of churches. She has had buildings, roads and complexes named after her, including Albania's international airport. Mother Teresa Day (Dita e Nënë Terezës), 19 October, is a public holiday in Albania. In 2009 the Memorial House of Mother Teresa was opened in her hometown of Skopje, Macedonia. The Roman Catholic cathedral in Pristina, Kosovo, is named in her honour.[154] Its construction, begun in 2011, sparked controversy in Muslim circles who saw it as oversized relative to the number of Catholics in the area. An initiative to erect a monument to Teresa in the town of Peć (according to activists, 98 percent Muslim) was opposed by Kosovo Muslims.[154]

Mother Teresa Women's University,[155] in Kodaikanal, was established in 1984 as a public university by the government of Tamil Nadu. The Mother Theresa Postgraduate and Research Institute of Health Sciences,[156] in Pondicherry, was established in 1999 by the government of Puducherry. The charitable organisation Sevalaya runs the Mother Teresa Girls Home, providing poor and orphaned girls near the underserved village of Kasuva in Tamil Nadu with free food, clothing, shelter and education.[157] A number of tributes by Teresa's biographer, Navin Chawla, have appeared in Indian newspapers and magazines.[158][159][160] Indian Railways introduced the "Mother Express", a new train named after Mother Teresa, on 26 August 2010 to commemorate the centenary of her birth.[161] The Tamil Nadu government organised centenary celebrations honouring Teresa on 4 December 2010 in Chennai, headed by chief minister M Karunanidhi.[162][163] Beginning on 5 September 2013, the anniversary of her death has been designated the International Day of Charity by the United Nations General Assembly.[164]

Film and literature

Documentaries and books

Dramatic films and television

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Canonisation of Mother Teresa – September 4th". Diocese of Killala. September 2016. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  2. 1 2 3 Cannon, Mae Elise (25 January 2013). Just Spirituality: How Faith Practices Fuel Social Action. InterVarsity Press. p. 19. ISBN 978-0-8308-3775-5. Retrieved 3 September 2016. When asked about her personal history, Mother Teresa said: 'By blood, I am Albanian. By citizenship, an Indian. By faith, I am a Catholic nun. As to my calling, I belong to the world. As to my heart, I belong entirely to the Heart of Jesus.'
  3. ↑ shqiptare, bota. "Kur Nënë Tereza vinte në Tiranë/2".
  4. ↑ "Mother Teresa | Canonization, Awards, Facts, & Feast Day". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
  5. ↑ Poplin, Mary (2011-02-28). Finding Calcutta: What Mother Teresa Taught Me About Meaningful Work and Service. InterVarsity Press. p. 112. ISBN 9780830868483. Remember, brother, I am a missionary and so are you.
  6. ↑ Muggeridge (1971), chapter 3, "Mother Teresa Speaks", pp. 105, 113
  7. 1 2 Blessed Are You: Mother Teresa and the Beatitudes, ed. by Eileen Egan and Kathleen Egan, O.S.B., MJF Books: New York, 1992
  8. ↑ Group, Salisbury (28 January 2011). The Salisbury Review, Volumes 19–20. InterVarsity Press. p. 2. ISBN 978-0-8308-3472-3. Mother Teresa, Albanian by birth
  9. ↑ "Mother Teresa". www.nytimes.com. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
  10. ↑ Alpion, Gëzim (2006). Mother Teresa: Saint or Celebrity?. Taylor & Francis. ISBN 0-203-08751-8. Retrieved 15 November 2014. the nun's mother was born in Prizren in Kosova, her family came originally from the Gjakova region, also in Kosova
  11. 1 2 3 4 (2002) "Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1910–1997)". Vatican News Service. Retrieved 30 May 2007.
  12. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1979: Mother Teresa". www.nobelprize.org. Archived from the original on 11 October 2014. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  13. ↑ Lester, Meera (2004). Saints' Blessing. Fair Winds. p. 138. ISBN 1-59233-045-2. Retrieved 14 December 2008.
  14. ↑ Although some sources state she was 10 when her father died, in an interview with her brother, the Vatican documents her age at the time as "about eight".
  15. ↑ "Moder Teresa" (in Danish). Retrieved 23 August 2010. Hendes forældre var indvandret fra Shkodra i Albanien; muligvis stammede faderen fra Prizren, moderen fra en landsby i nærheden af Gjakova.
  16. ↑ Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). Mother Teresa. New York. Chelsea House Publications, p. 24. ISBN 1-55546-855-1.
  17. ↑ Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, p. 11.
  18. ↑ Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). Mother Teresa. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 28–29. ISBN 1-55546-855-1.
  19. ↑ Sharn, Lori (5 September 1997). "Mother Teresa dies at 87". USA Today. Retrieved September 5, 2016
  20. ↑ Allegri, Renzo (2011-09-11). Conversations with Mother Teresa: A Personal Portrait of the Saint. ISBN 978-1-59325-415-5.
  21. 1 2 "From Sister to Mother to Saint: The journey of Mother Teresa". The New Indian Express. 31 August 2016. Retrieved 3 September 2016. [Mother Teresa] came to India in 1929 ... she founded the Missionaries of Charity in 1948.
  22. ↑ Clucas (1988), p. 31
  23. ↑ Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 17.
  24. ↑ Sebba, Anne (1997).Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image. New York. Doubleday, p.35. ISBN 0-385-48952-8.
  25. ↑ "Blessed Mother Teresa of Calcutta and St. Therese of Lisieux: Spiritual Sisters in the Night of Faith". Thereseoflisieux.org. 4 September 2007. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  26. ↑ Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 18.
  27. ↑ Spink, Kathryn (1997). Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography. New York. HarperCollins, p.16. ISBN 0-06-250825-3.
  28. ↑ Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). Mother Teresa. New York. Chelsea House Publications, p. 32. ISBN 1-55546-855-1.
  29. ↑ Meg Greene, Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004, page 25.
  30. ↑ Spink, Kathryn (1997). Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography. New York. HarperCollins, pp.18–21. ISBN 0-06-250825-3.
  31. ↑ Spink, Kathryn (1997). Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography. New York. HarperCollins, pp.18, 21–22. ISBN 0-06-250825-3.
  32. ↑ Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). Mother Teresa. New York. Chelsea House Publications, p. 35. ISBN 1-55546-855-1.
  33. ↑ Langford, Joseph (October 2008). Mother Teresa's Secret Fire: The Encounter That Changed Her Life, and How It Can Transform Your Own. Our Sunday Visitor Publishing. p. 44. ISBN 978-1-59276-309-2. Retrieved 9 September 2011.
  34. ↑ Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). Mother Teresa. New York. Chelsea House Publications, p. 39. ISBN 1-55546-855-1.
  35. ↑ "Blessed Mother Teresa". Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica. Archived from the original on 28 January 2006. Retrieved 20 December 2007.
  36. ↑ Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). Mother Teresa. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 48–49. ISBN 1-55546-855-1.
  37. ↑ "Mother Teresa - ReligionFacts". www.religionfacts.com. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  38. ↑ Williams, Paul (2002). Mother Teresa. Indianapolis. Alpha Books, p. 57. ISBN 0-02-864278-3.
  39. ↑ Spink, Kathryn (1997). Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography. New York. HarperCollins, p.37. ISBN 0-06-250825-3.
  40. ↑ Williams, Paul (2002). Mother Teresa. Indianapolis. Alpha Books, p. 62. ISBN 0-02-864278-3.
  41. ↑ "washingtonpost.com: Highlights of Mother Teresa's Life". www.washingtonpost.com. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  42. ↑ Spink, Kathryn (1997). Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography. New York. HarperCollins, p.284. ISBN 0-06-250825-3.
  43. ↑ Sebba, Anne (1997).Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image. New York. Doubleday, pp. 58–60. ISBN 0-385-48952-8.
  44. 1 2 Spink, Kathryn (1997). Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography. New York. HarperCollins, p.55. ISBN 0-06-250825-3.
  45. ↑ Sebba, Anne (1997).Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image. New York. Doubleday, pp. 62–63. ISBN 0-385-48952-8.
  46. ↑ "Mother Theresa". www.indianideology.com. Archived from the original on 9 November 2013. Retrieved 11 August 2012.
  47. ↑ Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). Mother Teresa. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 58–59. ISBN 1-55546-855-1.
  48. ↑ Spink, Kathryn (1997). Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography. New York. HarperCollins, p.82. ISBN 0-06-250825-3.
  49. ↑ Spink, Kathryn (1997). Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography. New York. HarperCollins, pp.286–287. ISBN 0-06-250825-3.
  50. ↑ "God's People Yearn For Holy Priests, Founded by Blessed Mother Teresa of Calcutta. Corpus Christi Movement for Priests". Corpuschristimovement.com. Retrieved 14 March 2013.
  51. ↑ The Religious Community of priests founded by Mother Teresa. Missionaries of Charity Fathers
  52. ↑ Slavicek, Louise (2007). Mother Teresa. New York; Infobase Publishing, pp. 90–91. ISBN 0-7910-9433-2.
  53. ↑ "Mother Teresa". bangalinet.com. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  54. ↑ "Top Ten Things to Know About Mother Teresa". biographycentral.net. Archived from the original on 24 August 2011. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
  55. ↑ CNN Staff, "Mother Teresa: A Profile", retrieved from CNN online on 30 May 2007
  56. ↑ Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). Mother Teresa. New York. Chelsea House Publications, p. 17. ISBN 1-55546-855-1.
  57. ↑ Milena, Faustova (26 August 2010). "Russian monument to Mother Teresa". Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  58. ↑ "Mother Teresa and Nikolai Ryzhkov". 20 December 1988. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  59. ↑ Cooper, Kenneth J. (14 September 1997). "Mother Teresa Laid to Rest After Multi-Faith Tribute". The Washington Post. Retrieved 30 May 2007
  60. ↑ "A Vocation of Service". Eternal Word Television Network
  61. ↑ Embassy of India in Armenia Official Website. Describes how Mother Teresa journeyed to Armenia in December 1988 following the great earthquake. She and her congregation established an orphanage there. Retrieved 30 May 2007. Archived 20 March 2007 at the Wayback Machine.
  62. ↑ "Albania History : MC Contemplative". www.mc-contemplative.org. Retrieved 16 December 2016.
  63. ↑ Williams, Paul (2002).Mother Teresa. Indianapolis. Alpha Books, pp. 199–204. ISBN 0-02-864278-3.
  64. ↑ Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). Mother Teresa. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 104. ISBN 1-55546-855-1.
  65. ↑ "Blessed Mother Teresa". Encyclopædia Britannica. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  66. ↑ Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001). "Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism". CNN Retrieved 30 May 2007.
  67. ↑ "Indianborn nun to succeed Mother Teresa". cnn. 13 March 1997. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  68. ↑ "Lights Out for Mother Teresa". Bernardgoldberg.com. 23 August 2010. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  69. ↑ "The Nobel Peace Prize 1979".
  70. ↑ Associated Press (14 September 1997). ""India honors nun with state funeral". Archived from the original on 6 March 2005.". Houston Chronicle. Retrieved 30 May 2007.
  71. 1 2 Memorials, Christian. "Mother Teresa of Calcutta Online Memorial Tribute". www.christianmemorials.com. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
  72. ↑ "Nehru Award Recipients | Indian Council for Cultural Relations | Government of India". www.iccr.gov.in. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
  73. ↑ "List Of Bharat Ratna Awardees". www.bharatratna.co.in. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
  74. ↑ Chawla, Navin (1992-03-01). Mother Teresa: The Authorized Biography. Diane Publishing Company. ISBN 9780756755485.
  75. ↑ Stacey, Daniel (2016-09-03). "In India, Teresa Draws Devotees of All Faiths". Wall Street Journal. ISSN 0099-9660. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
  76. ↑ "Commemorative coin on Mother Teresa released - Times of India". The Times of India. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
  77. 1 2 3 4 Schultz, Kai (2016-08-26). "A Critic’s Lonely Quest: Revealing the Whole Truth About Mother Teresa". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
  78. ↑ Chatterjee, Aroup, Introduction to The Final Verdict
  79. ↑ "Was Mother Teresa a saint? In city she made synonymous with suffering, a renewed debate over her legacy". Los Angeles Times. 2016-09-02. ISSN 0458-3035. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
  80. ↑ Dicker, Chris. The Biography of Mother Teresa: The Light Of The Devoted Soul That Changed The World. Chris Dicker.
  81. ↑ A life of selfless caring - Frontline (magazine) article.
  82. ↑ "Secret Baptism". Usislam.org. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  83. 1 2 3 4 Parvathi Menon Cover story: A life of selfless caring, Frontline, Vol.14 :: No. 19 :: 20 September–3 October 1997
  84. ↑ Dhar, Aarti. "Mother Teresa’s aim was conversion, says Bhagwat". The Hindu. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
  85. ↑ "RSS backs its chief Mohan Bhagwat's remarks on Mother Teresa, Opposition lashes out at him - Timesofap.com". tsjzcra.timesofap.com. Retrieved 2017-05-18.
  86. ↑ Ramon Magsaysay Award Foundation (1962) Citation for Mother Teresa.
  87. 1 2 3 4 Van Biema, David (23 August 2007). "Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith". Time. Retrieved 24 August 2007.
  88. ↑ Sebba, Anne (1997). Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image. New York. Doubleday, pp. 80–84. ISBN 0-385-48952-8.
  89. ↑ Alpion, Gezmin (2007). Mother Teresa: Saint or Celebrity?. Routledge Press, pp. 9. ISBN 0-415-39246-2.
  90. ↑ "Malcolm Muggeridge's spiritual evolution". www.thewords.com. Retrieved 20 December 2016.
  91. ↑ Clucas, Joan Graff. (1988). Mother Teresa. New York. Chelsea House Publications, pp. 81–82. ISBN 1-55546-855-1.
  92. ↑ Quad City Times staff (17 October 2005). "Habitat official to receive Pacem in Terris honor". Peace Corps. Retrieved 26 May 2007.
  93. ↑ "It's an Honour: AC". Itsanhonour.gov.au. 26 January 1982. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  94. ↑ Joint Resolution to Confer Honorary Citizenship of the United States on Agnes Gonxha Bojaxhiu, also Known as Mother Teresa.
  95. ↑ Loudon, Mary (6 January 1996). "The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice, Book Review". BMJ. 312 (7022): 64–5. doi:10.1136/bmj.312.7022.64a. (Subscription required (help)).
  96. ↑ Mother Teresa of Calcutta, Fondazione Internazionale Balzan, 1978 Balzan Prize for Humanity, Peace and Brotherhood among Peoples. Retrieved 26 May 2007. Archived 14 May 2006 at the Wayback Machine.
  97. ↑ Jones, Alice & Brown, Jonathan (7 March 2007). "Opposites attract? When Robert Maxwell met Mother Teresa". The Independent. Retrieved 25 March 2012.
  98. 1 2 "Mother Teresa Addresses 4,500 At Long Center". Catholic Light. The University of Scranton Digital Collections. The University of Scranton. 1 May 1976. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  99. ↑ Cannella, Tony (28 April 1976). "Mother Teresa Asks Local Citizens To Spread Love, Help Poor of Heart". Scranton Times. The University of Scranton Digital Collections. The University of Scranton. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  100. ↑ Connors, Terry (October 1987). "Mother Teresa Awarded Honorary Degree". Northeast Magazine. The University of Scranton Digital Collections. The University of Scranton. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  101. ↑ Pifer, Jerry (6 September 1987). "Mother Teresa in Scranton". Scrantonian. The University of Scranton Digital Collections. The University of Scranton. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  102. ↑ "Do Small Things with Great Love: Mother Teresa Graces Diocese". Catholic Light. The University of Scranton Digital Collections. The University of Scranton. 27 August 1987. Retrieved 28 April 2015.
  103. ↑ "Nobel Committee: The Nobel Peace Prize 1979 press release".
  104. ↑ Locke, Michelle (22 March 2007). "Berkeley Nobel laureates donate prize money to charity". San Francisco Gate. Associated Press. Retrieved 26 May 2007
  105. ↑ Mother Teresa (11 December 1979). "Nobel Prize Lecture". NobelPrize.org. Retrieved 25 May 2007.
  106. ↑ Smoker 1980, pp. 11, 28
  107. ↑ "Mother Teresa's Message to the Fourth Women's Conference". EWTN. 2006-10-06. Retrieved 2016-03-28.
  108. ↑ Frank Newport, David W. Moore, and Lydia Saad (13 December 1999). "Most Admired Men and Women: 1948–1998", The Gallup Organization.
  109. 1 2 Frank Newport (31 December 1999). "Mother Teresa Voted by American People as Most Admired Person of the Century", The Gallup Organization.
  110. ↑ Greatest of the Century Gallup/CNN/USA Today Poll. 20–21 December 1999.
  111. ↑ Larivée, Serge; Carole Sénéchal; Geneviève Chénard (1 March 2013). "Mother Teresa: anything but a saint ...". Université de Montréal. Retrieved 6 March 2013.
  112. ↑ Adriana Barton (5 March 2013). "Mother Teresa was 'anything but a saint,' new Canadian study claims". The Globe and Mail.
  113. ↑ ""I Don't Think She Deserved The Nobel" – Anirudh Bhattacharyya – Mar 18,2013".
  114. ↑ "The Saint & The Sceptic – Dola Mitra – Mar 18,2013".
  115. ↑ Adam Taylor (18 December 2015). "Why Mother Teresa is still no saint to many of her critics". Washington Post.
  116. ↑ "On the Same Page – Amit Chaudhuri – Mar 18,2013".
  117. ↑ "City of Doubts: Kolkata's Uneasy Love for Mother Teresa – New America Media".
  118. ↑ Eric Metaxas (4 September 2015). "The secret of Mother Teresa's greatness". Fox News.
  119. ↑ "Remarkable Pro-life Women" (PDF). Feminists for Life of America. 1999. p. 19.
  120. ↑ Kapur, Malika; Pokharel, Sugam (4 September 2016). "'Troubled individual:' Mother Teresa no saint to her critics". CNN. Retrieved 7 September 2016.
  121. ↑ Hitchens, Christopher (December 18, 2015). "Mommie Dearest". Slate. Retrieved December 19, 2015.
  122. ↑ Hitchens (1995), p. 41
  123. ↑ cf. Fr. James Martin, SJ, Letter in The New York Review of Books, 19 September 1996 In Defense of Mother Teresa, accessed 2 February 2014
  124. 1 2 "Less than Miraculous" by Christopher Hitchens, Free Inquiry 24(2), February/March 2004.
  125. ↑ "The Debate over Sainthood" (11 February 2009). CBS News. Retrieved 29 May 2011.
  126. ↑ Bill Donohue. Unmasking Mother Teresa’s Critics, Sophia Institute Press, 2016.
  127. ↑ John Paul II (20 October 2003). "Address of John Paul II to the Pilgrims Who Had Come To Rome for the Beatification of Mother Teresa". Vatican.va. Retrieved 13 March 2007.
  128. ↑ David Van Biema (23 August 2007). "Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith". TIME.
  129. ↑ "Sermon – Some Doubted". Edgewoodpc.org. 19 June 2011. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  130. ↑ N, Ajay Kumar (3 September 2016). "MOTHER TERESA's SPIRITUAL LIFE :". A. K. Nandy. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  131. ↑ "Douay-Rheims Catholic Bible, Gospel According to Saint Matthew Chapter 27".
  132. 1 2 New Book Reveals Mother Teresa's Struggle with Faith Beliefnet, AP 2007
  133. ↑ "Hitchens Takes on Mother Teresa". Newsweek. Retrieved 11 December 2008.
  134. ↑ "The dark night of 'a blessed soul'". The Baltimore Sun. Baltimore. 19 October 2003.
  135. ↑ "Mother Teresa's Crisis of Faith". Sun Times. Archived from the original on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 26 August 2007.
  136. ↑ Teresa, Mother; Kolodiejchuk, Brian (2007). Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light. New York: Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-52037-9.
  137. ↑ Pope Benedict XVI (25 December 2005). Deus caritas est. (PDF). Vatican City, pp.10. Retrieved 2 August 2007.
  138. ↑ Mother Teresa (197). No Greater Love. Google Books. New World Library. ISBN 978-1-57731-201-7. Retrieved 12 August 2007.
  139. 1 2 "Mother Teresa of Calcutta Pays Tribute to St. Francis of Assisi" on the American Catholic website. Retrieved 30 May 2007.
  140. ↑ "St. Francis of Assisi on the Joy of Poverty and the Value of Dung". Christian History | Learn the History of Christianity & the Church. Retrieved 21 December 2016.
  141. 1 2 3 Brown, Mick (2 September 2016). "Did Mother Teresa really perform miracles?". The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  142. ↑ "Mother Teresa: The Road to Official Sainthood". www.americancatholic.org. Retrieved 13 September 2012.
  143. ↑ Orr, David (10 May. 2003). "Medicine cured 'miracle' woman – not Mother Teresa, say doctors". The Telegraph. Retrieved 30 May 2007.
  144. ↑ "Her Legacy: Acceptance and Doubts of a Miracle", by David Rohde. The New York Times. 20 October 2003
  145. 1 2 "What's Mother Teresa Got to Do with It?". Time.com. 13 October 2002. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  146. ↑ Edamaruku, Sanal. "Catholic Church manufactured an ovarian miracle for Mother Teresa". Church and State. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  147. ↑ "History of the Cause of Mother Teresa". Catholic Online. Retrieved 4 September 2016.
  148. ↑ Lattin, Don (October 12, 2003). "Living Saint: Mother Teresa's fast track to canonization". San Francisco Chronicle. Retrieved September 4, 2016.
  149. ↑ Shaw, Russell. (1 September 2005)."Attacking a Saint". Archived from the original on 26 May 2007. Retrieved 2006-09-14., Catholic Herald. Retrieved 1 May 2007.
  150. ↑ "Vatican news release". Vatican.va. 19 October 2003. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  151. 1 2 "Mother Teresa to become saint after Pope recognises 'miracle' – report". The Guardian. Agence France-Presse. 18 December 2015. Retrieved 18 December 2015.
  152. 1 2 Povoledo, Elisabetta (2016-09-03). "Mother Teresa Is Made a Saint by Pope Francis". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2016-09-04.
  153. 1 2 "Mother Teresa declared saint by Pope Francis at Vatican ceremony – BBC News". Retrieved 2016-09-04.
  154. 1 2 Petrit Collaku (26 May 2011). "Kosovo Muslims Resent New Mother Teresa Statue". Balkan Insight. Retrieved 16 December 2014.
  155. ↑ ":: Welcome To Mother Teresa Women's University ::".
  156. ↑ "Mother Theresa Post Graduate And Research Institute of Health Sciences, Pondicherry". Mtihs.Pondicherry.gov.in. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  157. ↑ "Activities: Children home". Sevalaya. Archived from the original on 1 November 2014.
  158. ↑ "Memories of Mother Teresa". Hinduonnet.com. 26 August 2006. Archived from the original on 23 May 2011. Retrieved 22 October 2011.
  159. ↑ "Touch the Poor ...". India-today.com. 15 September 1997. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  160. ↑ Navin Chawla (11 April 2008). "Mission Possible". Indiatoday.digitaltoday.in. Retrieved 24 August 2010.
  161. ↑ ""Mother Express" to be launched on Aug 26". IBN Live. 2 August 2010. Archived from the original on 12 August 2011. Retrieved 5 August 2010.
  162. ↑ "Centre could have done more for Mother Teresa: Karunanidhi". The Times of India. 4 December 2010.
  163. ↑ "Centenary Celebrations of Mother Teresa". The New Indian Express. 5 December 2010. Archived from the original on 23 February 2015. Retrieved 28 August 2011.
  164. ↑ "Charity contributes to the promotion of dialogue, solidarity and mutual understanding among people.". International Day of Charity: 5 September. United Nations.
  165. ↑ Muggeridge, Malcolm (1986). Something beautiful for God : Mother Teresa of Calcutta (1st Harper & Row pbk. ed.). New York: Harper & Row. ISBN 0-06-066043-0.
  166. ↑ "Christopher Hitchens - Mother Teresa: Hell's Angel (1994) • /r/Documentaries". reddit.
  167. ↑ "Mother Teresa Dies". BBC.
  168. ↑ "Seeker of Souls". Time. 24 June 2001. Retrieved 4 May 2010.
  169. ↑ "Actress draws on convent experience for 'Teresa' role". Chicago Tribune.
  170. ↑ Greydanus, Steven D. "Mother Teresa (2003) | Decent Films - SDG Reviews". Decent Films.
  171. ↑ "CAMIE awards". 6 July 2007. Archived from the original on 6 July 2007. Retrieved 31 December 2016.
  172. ↑ Schager, Nick (4 December 2015). "Film Review: 'The Letters'". Variety. Retrieved 21 December 2016.

Sources

  • Alpion, Gezim. Mother Teresa: Saint or Celebrity?. London: Routledge Press, 2007. ISBN 0-415-39247-0
  • Banerjee, Sumanta (2004), "Revisiting Kolkata as an 'NRB' [non-resident Bengali]", Economic and Political Weekly, Vol. 39, No. 49 ( 4–10 Dec. 2004), pp. 5203–5205
  • Benenate, Becky and Joseph Durepos (eds). Mother Teresa: No Greater Love (Fine Communications, 2000) ISBN 1-56731-401-5
  • Bindra, Satinder (7 September 2001). "Archbishop: Mother Teresa underwent exorcism". CNN.com World. Archived from the original on 17 December 2006. Retrieved 23 October 2006. 
  • Chatterjee, Aroup. Mother Teresa: The Final Verdict (Meteor Books, 2003). ISBN 81-88248-00-2, introduction and first three chapters of fourteen (without pictures). Critical examination of Agnes Bojaxhiu's life and work.
  • Chawla, Navin. Mother Teresa. Rockport, Mass: Element Books, 1996. ISBN 1-85230-911-3
  • Chawla, Navin. Mother Teresa: The Authorized Biography. Diane Pub Co. (March 1992). ISBN 978-0-7567-5548-5. First published by Sinclair-Stevenson, UK (1992), since translated into 14 languages in India and abroad. Indian language editions include Hindi, Bengali, Gujarati, Malayalam, Tamil, Telugu, and Kannada. The foreign language editions include French, German, Dutch, Spanish, Italian, Polish, Japanese, and Thai. In both Indian and foreign languages, there have been multiple editions. The bulk of royalty income goes to charity.
  • Chawla, Navin. The miracle of faith, article in the Hindu dated 25 August 2007 "The miracle of faith"
  • Chawla, Navin. Touch the Poor ... – article in India Today dated 15 September 1997 " Touch the Poor ..."
  • Chawla, Navin. The path to Sainthood, article in The Hindu dated Saturday, 4 October 2003 " The path to Sainthood "
  • Chawla, Navin. In the shadow of a saint, article in The Indian Express dated 5 September 2007 " In the shadow of a saint "
  • Chawla, Navin. Mother Teresa and the joy of giving, article in The Hindu dated 26 August 2008 " Mother Teresa and the joy of giving"
  • Clark, David, (2002), "Between Hope And Acceptance: The Medicalisation Of Dying", British Medical Journal, Vol. 324, No. 7342 (13 April 2002), pp. 905–907
  • Clucas, Joan. Mother Teresa. New York: Chelsea House, 1988. ISBN 1-55546-855-1
  • Dwivedi, Brijal. Mother Teresa: Woman of the Century
  • Egan, Eileen and Kathleen Egan, OSB. Prayertimes with Mother Teresa: A New Adventure in Prayer, Doubleday, 1989. ISBN 978-0-385-26231-6.
  • Greene, Meg. Mother Teresa: A Biography, Greenwood Press, 2004. ISBN 0-313-32771-8
  • Hitchens, Christopher (1995). The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice. London: Verso. ISBN 978-1-85984-054-2. Retrieved 22 August 2014. 
  • Hitchens, Christopher (20 October 2003). "Mommie Dearest". Slate. Archived from the original on 13 August 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2014. 
  • Kwilecki, Susan and Loretta S. Wilson, "Was Mother Teresa Maximizing Her Utility? An Idiographic Application of Rational Choice Theory", Journal for the Scientific Study of Religion, Vol. 37, No. 2 (Jun. 1998), pp. 205–221
  • (in French) Larivée, Serge (Université de Montréal), Carole Sénéchal (University of Ottawa), and Geneviève Chénard (Université de Montréal). "Les côtés ténébreux de Mère Teresa." Studies in Religion/Sciences Religieuses. September 2013 vol. 42 no. 3, p. 319–345. Published online before print 15 January 2013, doi: 10.1177/0008429812469894. Available at SAGE Journals.
  • Le Joly, Edward. Mother Teresa of Calcutta. San Francisco: Harper & Row, 1983. ISBN 0-06-065217-9.
  • Livermore, Colette, Hope Endures: Leaving Mother Teresa, Losing Faith, and Searching for Meaning. Free Press (2008) ISBN 1-4165-9361-6.
  • Macpherson, C. (2009) "Undertreating pain violates ethical principles", Journal of Medical Ethics, Vol. 35, No. 10 (October 2009), pp. 603–606
  • McCarthy, Colman, The Washington Post, 6 September 1997 Nobel Winner Aided the Poorest, accessed 2 February 2014
  • Mehta & Veerendra Raj & Vimla, Mother Teresa Inspiring Incidents, Publications division, Ministry of I&B, Govt. of India, 2004, ISBN 81-230-1167-9.
  • Muggeridge, Malcolm. Something Beautiful for God. London: Collins, 1971. ISBN 0-06-066043-0.
  • Muntaykkal, T.T. Blessed Mother Teresa: Her Journey to Your Heart. ISBN 1-903650-61-5. ISBN 0-7648-1110-X. "Book Review". Archived from the original on 9 February 2006. .
  • Panke, Joan T. (2002), "Not a Sad Place", The American Journal of Nursing, Vol. 102, No. 9 (Sep. 2002), p. 13
  • Raghu Rai and Navin Chawla. Faith and Compassion: The Life and Work of Mother Teresa. Element Books Ltd. (December 1996). ISBN 978-1-85230-912-1. Translated also into Dutch and Spanish.
  • Rajagopal MR, Joranson DE, and Gilson AM (2001), "Medical use, misuse and diversion of opioids in India", The Lancet, Vol. 358, 14 July 2001, pp. 139–143
  • Rajagopal MR, and Joranson DE (2007), "India: Opioid availability – An update", The Journal of Pain Symptom Management, Vol. 33:615–622.
  • Rajagopal MR (2011), interview with the UN Office on Drugs and Crime, April 2011 India: The principle of balance to make opioids accessible for palliative care
  • Scott, David. A Revolution of Love: The Meaning of Mother Teresa. Chicago: Loyola Press, 2005. ISBN 0-8294-2031-2.
  • Sebba, Anne. Mother Teresa: Beyond the Image. New York: Doubleday, 1997. ISBN 0-385-48952-8.
  • Slavicek, Louise. Mother Teresa. New York: Infobase Publishing, 2007. ISBN 0-7910-9433-2.
  • Smoker, Barbara (1 February 1980). "Mother Teresa – Sacred Cow?". The Freethinker (journal). Archived from the original on 5 September 2014. Retrieved 5 September 2014. 
  • Spink, Kathryn. Mother Teresa: A Complete Authorized Biography. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. ISBN 0-06-250825-3
  • Teresa, Mother et al., Mother Teresa: In My Own Words. Gramercy Books, 1997. ISBN 0-517-20169-0.
  • Teresa, Mother, Mother Teresa: Come Be My Light: The Private Writings of the "Saint of Calcutta", edited with commentary by Brian Kolodiejchuk, New York: Doubleday, 2007. ISBN 0-385-52037-9.
  • Williams, Paul. Mother Teresa. Indianapolis: Alpha Books, 2002. ISBN 0-02-864278-3.
  • Wüllenweber, Walter. "Nehmen ist seliger denn geben. Mutter Teresa—wo sind ihre Millionen?" Stern (illustrated German weekly), 10 September 1998. English translation.


Catholic Church titles
New creation Superior General of the Missionaries of Charity
1950–1997 		Succeeded by
Sister Nirmala Joshi, M.C.
Awards
Preceded by
Genevieve Caulfield		 Ramon Magsaysay Award
1962 		Succeeded by
Peace Corps
New award Templeton Prize
1973 		Succeeded by
Frère Roger
Preceded by
Anwar El Sadat, Menachem Begin		 Nobel Peace Prize
1979 		Succeeded by
Adolfo Pérez Esquivel
Preceded by
K. Kamaraj		 Bharat Ratna
1980 		Succeeded by
Vinoba Bhave
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.