Saijō, Ehime

Saijō
西条市
City

Flag
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Location of Saijō in Ehime Prefecture
Saijō

Location in Japan

Coordinates: 33°55′N 133°11′E / 33.917°N 133.183°E / 33.917; 133.183Coordinates: 33°55′N 133°11′E / 33.917°N 133.183°E / 33.917; 133.183
Country Japan
Region Shikoku
Prefecture Ehime Prefecture
Government
 • Mayor Toshihisa Tamai (since November 2016)
Area
 • Total 509.07 km2 (196.55 sq mi)
Population (December 31, 2013)
 • Total 113,786
Time zone Japan Standard Time (UTC+9)
City hall address 164 Akeyashiki, Saijō-shi, Ehime-ken
793-8601
Website www.city.saijo.ehime.jp

Saijō (西条市, Saijō-shi) is a city in Ehime Prefecture, Japan.

Demographics

As of December 31, 2013, the city has a population of 113,786.[1] The total area is 509.07 km².[2] The city was founded on April 29, 1941. On November 1, 2004, the city of Tōyo, and the towns of Komatsu and Tanbara (both from Shūsō District) were merged with Saijō.

Geography

Saijo sits at the base of Mount Ishizuchi, the tallest peak in western Japan. The consolidated city of Saijō encompasses a broad area, spreading out across the entire Dōzen Plain from the foothills of the Ishizuchi Mountain Range to the Seto Inland Sea (the former Saijō City, Tōyo City, Komatsu Town and Tanbara Town), and also contains smaller communities extending into the lower reaches of the mountains. The Dōzen Plain is crossed by several rivers, the largest being the Kamo River and the Nakayama River.

The main city of Saijō is known for natural spring water. Signs throughout the city and at the city's train station call Saijō the "Spring Water Capital of Japan." Numerous fountains, known locally as uchinuki, are scattered throughout the city where water is frequently bottled by locals and visitors alike. Most private dwelling houses also drill private wells to take advantage of the water.[3] A famous freshwater spring known as Kōbōsui, named for Kūkai (also known as Kōbō-Daishi), gushes from the bottom of Saijō harbor and is visited by locals and Buddhist pilgrims alike to drink and worship.

History

Prehistory

The Saijō area was inhabited at least as early as the Jōmon period, as evidenced by earthenware dated to approximately 6000 BC discovered in the Ichikura highland region. A large number of artifacts dating to the middle and late Yayoi period have been unearthed on and around Mount Hachidō. The significant clustering of tombs in the later Kofun period in the highlands has led archaeologists to believe that the flat plain on which modern Saijō sits was either too cold or too close to the Seto Inland Sea for tomb construction.[4]

Medieval to Early Modern

The history of the region from the Kamakura period to the beginning of the Edo period is difficult to piece together, in part because much of the area was destroyed as a result of Kobayakawa Takakage's campaign to subdue Iyo Province during the Invasion of Shikoku.

At the beginning of the Kamakura period, the shogunate established the powerful Kōno clan as governors (shugo) over the entire Iyo Province, including Saijō. The Kōno had long held power over the region as manorial lords of the Saijō area. However, in 1342, Ashikaga Takauji ordered the invasion of Iyo Province by the subordinate Hosokawa clan as part of a bid to consolidate the shogunate's power over all of Shikoku. The Hosokawa clan assumed control over a large portion of the area that would last until the Warring States Period, and Saijō was ruled by proxy by the Ishikawa clan from Takakogi Castle in the present day Sunouchi district.[4]

During the tumult of the establishment of the Tokugawa Shogunate, Saijō was ruled by a series of lords until the establishment of Saijō Domain (Saijō-han) in 1636. Hitotsuyanagi Naomori was appointed lord of this domain and transferred from Ise Domain (present-day Mie Prefecture), but died of illness in Osaka on the way to his new fiefdom. His successors ruled for two generations before they were relieved of their lordship by the shogunate in 1665 for political reasons including a peasant rebellion. In 1670 the shogunate installed Matsudaira Yorizumi, a grandson of Tokugawa Ieyasu, whose descendants ruled for 10 generations until the Meiji Restoration. The region granted to the Matsudaira clan was 30000 koku.

The geography of Saijō underwent great changes during the Edo period. The second Hitotsuyanagi ruler, Naoshige, built Saijō Castle and diverted the Kita River to create a moat. The former castle grounds now house Saijō High School, one of a few public schools in Japan contained within a moat and castle gate. Flood control projects for the Kamo River and land reclamation from the Seto Inland Sea began during the end of the Warring States Period and continued through the Edo Period, with major reclamation projects undertaken by the Matsudaira family as a means to increase their personal land holdings, 20000 koku of which were lost when they were reassigned to Saijō.[5]

Modern

After the Meiji Restoration, Saijō Domain and adjacent Komatsu Domain became Saijō Prefecture and Komatsu Prefecture, respectively, in 1871. That same year, both prefectures were absorbed by the new Matsuyama Prefecture, which would be renamed Ishizuchi Prefecture before being combined with Kamiyama Prefecture to form the current Ehime Prefecture in 1873.[5]

In 2004, Saijō experienced its worst typhoon season on record. A series of typhoons struck from August to the end of September, with Typhoon 21 (September 28–29) causing 5 deaths and 5.9 billion yen in damage. The typhoons hit the mountain communities hardest, exacerbating the gradual aging and depopulation trends of these areas. The scale of the 2004 disaster was attributed to twin factors of a lack in public disaster awareness mechanisms and environmental issues such as concrete dams and deforestation. In response to the disaster, Mayor Kōtarō Itō established a Public Safety Division in 2006 and began a partnership with the Kyoto University Graduate Environmental Studies Department in 2007 to help make the city better prepared for emergencies. Programs instituted since then include “Town Watching” and mandatory sixth-grade disaster preparedness education. Both of these programs have created ties between Saijō and the city of Hue in Vietnam, which has implemented them.[3]

Culture

Festivals

Saijō is famous for its three fall festivals, held annually from October 14–17, which feature over 100 hand-carried wooden floats known as danjiri or taikodai (depending on the festival) that belong to neighborhood associations across the city. These floats are up to 5 meters tall and weigh between 600 and 800 kilograms. The festivals have been celebrated since the Edo period.

Saijō's festivals are known as the Iwaoka Shrine Festival (Oct. 14-15), Isono Shrine Festival (Oct. 15-16), and Iizumi Shrine Festival (Oct. 16-17), with the largest number of danjiri (over 80) taking part in the Isono Shrine Festival. The Isono Shrine Festival begins at midnight of the 15th with a ceremony at Isono Shrine inviting a god into the portable shrine known as the Goshinyō, after which the danjiri and four two-wheeled mikoshi roam the city for two days. The float-bearers wear traditional outfits and sing a local variation of the Ise Ondo, signifying the region's historical relationship to Ise Grand Shrine in Mie Prefecture. The festival ends with the kawa-iri, where the Goshinyō and 11 danjiri are carried into the Kamogawa River while the other floats keep watch from the bank.[6]

Language

Residents of Saijō speak the Tōyo (eastern Ehime) variation of the Iyo dialect, which is part of the Western Japanese language group and similar in many ways to Kansai dialect. Due to some local variations in the dialect, people in Saijō refer to their particular form of Tōyo dialect as Saijō dialect (Saijō-ben).[7][8]

Origin of name

The first appearance of the name Saijō in written record is a letter from third Kamakura Shōgun Minamoto no Sanetomo recognizing the jurisdiction over the region of the Kōno clan that was included in the Yoshōki, a history of the clan written centuries later. Some regional historians such as Yuzuru Yamauchi challenge the veracity of that document, arguing that the first reliably datable extant document referring to Saijō is from the end of the Kamakura period.[9] The etymology of the name Saijō itself is unclear. One possible origin suggested in extant documents from Kikō-ji Temple in Niihama is that the region was once divided into a "western district" (the literal meaning of Saijō) and an eastern district (Tōjō, now Niihama) by the small group of mountains that lie between the two cities.[10] The most common narrative follows this interpretation and attributes both the name and the geographical boundaries of Saijō to the Taika Reforms of the 7th century, though this origin has been disputed for lack of concrete historical evidence.[11]

Points of interest

The Railway History Park in Saijō

This museum located next to Iyo-Saijō Station houses a first-generation 0 Series Shinkansen bullet train car and a JNR Class DF50 diesel locomotive (No. DF50 1), as well as exhibits detailing the history of railways in Shikoku. In July 2014, a new South Wing opened, featuring a Class C57 steam locomotive, a KiHa 65 express diesel multiple unit train car, a Class DE10 diesel locomotive, and one car of the former experimental Gauge Change Train capable of running on both express and Shinkansen tracks. Located next to the museum is the Shinji Sogō Memorial Museum and Saijo's Tourist Information Center. A life-size danjiri float can be viewed year-round in the tourist information center.[12]

Shikoku Pilgrimage

The Saijō area is home to five Buddhist temples of the 88-temple Shikoku Pilgrimage: Yokomine-ji, Kōon-ji, Hōju-ji, Kichijō-ji, and Maegami-ji.

Ioki Memorial Museum

Located next to Saijō High School in the city's center, this museum displays biographical artifacts and sculptures by the famous sculptor and Saijō-native Ioki Itō (1918-1992). The museum possesses most of his award-winning pieces, and over 40 of Ioki's other sculptures can be viewed outdoors in various places around Saijō.[13]

Ishizuchi Shrine

Ishizuchi Shrine consists of a complex of four shrines located on Mount Ishizuchi. The main shrine is situated at the base of the mountain, and there are shrines on the summit and near the landing of the Ishizuchi Ropeway. Constructed to venerate the mountain itself, the Ishizuchi cult dates back to the Nara period. The main shrine was built in the Meiji period after the shinbutsu bunri (the state enforced separation of Shinto and Buddhism) caused nearby Maegami-ji Temple to lose its status as headquarters for Ishizuchi worship. Ishizuchi Shrine holds a 10-day ceremony and festival beginning on July 1 to mark the official opening of climbing season.[14]

Saijō Archaeological History Museum

This three-story building located in the "Citizen's Forest" on Mount Hachidō displays artifacts unearthed in the region, the oldest holdings being pottery and tools dating back to the Yayoi period. The third floor features a gallery for special exhibitions, and visitors can see as far as the Nishiseto Expressway from the museum balcony. Two Yayoi period dwellings were reconstructed on the top of Mount Hachidō and are accessible via several trails leaving from the museum. The exterior of the museum is illuminated at night.[15]

Nishiyama Kōryū-ji

One of the designated "20 Sacred Places of Shikoku", areas associated with Kūkai but not part of the 88-temple pilgrimage, this Shingon temple is renowned in Shikoku for its fall foliage. It is located in Tanbara on the eastern side of the Takanawa mountain range.[16]

Horseshoe crabs

The Saijō area is known for Tachypleus tridentatus, an Asian species of horseshoe crab. This species is known by the common name "helmet crabs" (kabutogani). The Tōyo Cultural Center features an exhibit on the crabs and several live specimens on display. A mascot character named "Kabuchan", a horseshoe crab with a heart on its underside, was created in Saijō.[17]

Economy

As the extended Saijō area comprises mountain forests, farmland, and coastline, the city has a diverse economy.[3]

Logging was the major industry in the mountains Ōfuki village region, and the population of the area swelled during the postwar construction boom until the 1960s, when a shift to foreign lumber imports decimated the local industry. The accompanying population decline was severe, and the average age in Ōfuki as of 2011 is 67.[3] In addition to logging, mining was also a major part of the mountain economy. The nearby Ichinokawa Mine was founded at the beginning the Edo period and was a major source of antimony until its closure due to lack of economic viability in 1957. Large stibnite crystals taken from the mine are on display both in Saijō and in museums all over the world. The mine was controlled for generations by the Sogabe family before being purchased in the Showa period by the Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., which also managed the nearby Besshi copper mine. All that remains of the mine complex today is a sealed-off stone gateway leading to one of the larger mine shafts.[18]

In contrast to the decline of mountain-based industries in the middle of the Showa period, agriculture and coastal industries grew consistently through the economic boom period before experiencing some decline after the beginning of the recession in 1991. In 1964, Saijō was designated the "New Tōyo Industrial Development City", accompanied by increased coastal reclamation projects and the development of heavy industry. This allowed the Saijō port industrial zone to compete with the already developed Tōyo City and Niihama City coastal chemical industries.[5] Asahi Breweries opened a manufacturing plant in the main port area in 1996. The Imabari Shipbuilding Company maintains a shipyard in Saijo. The company's 800-t cranes are among the largest of their kind in the world and are a major visual landmark.[19]

Away from the coastline, Coca-Cola operates its Shikoku bottling plant in Komatsu. Panasonic Healthcare had a factory in the Iioka area that closed in 2013.[20]

Saijō's farms and orchards produce many varieties of crops, and the region is particularly known for producing the herbs used in the traditional spring porridge nanakusa-no-sekku, eggplant, roses, persimmons, and spinach. The Japan Agricultural (JA) Group operates several permanent farmers' markets in the Saijō region.[21]

Transportation

Rail

Saijō is served by the Yosan Line local and express trains, and the seven stations from Iyo-Saijō to Iyo-Miyoshi are all within the consolidated city limits. Express trains stop at Iyo-Saijō and Nyūgawa stations.

Road

Two major expressways run through Saijo. The Matsuyama Expressway has two interchanges in Saijō, opened in 1991. The terminus of Imabari-Komatsu Expressway is the Komatsu Interchange, and the expressway was completed in 1999. Prior to the completion of these expressways, National Route 11 was the main artery across the Saijō region.

Ship

The Orange Ferry for Osaka departs from Tōyo Port.

Notable people

Sister cities

References

  1. ↑ 西条市の人口・世帯数 [Population and number of households in Saijo] (in Japanese). Japan: City of Saijo. January 7, 2014. Retrieved January 11, 2014.
  2. ↑ "土地及び気象 [Land and Climate], from 西条市と計データ（2014年版）[Saijo City Statistical Data (2014 edition)]" (PDF) (in Japanese). Japan: City of Saijo. Retrieved 11 January 2014.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Saijō City Disaster Prevention Department, ed. (March 2012). 30年後の君たちへ [To the Next Generation] (in Japanese). Saijō City, printed by Watanabe Publishing.
  4. 1 2 Ehime Prefecture High School Education Research Association, Social Studies Department, ed. (March 1993). 西条市の地理（平成五年） [The Geography of Saijō (1993)] (in Japanese). Ehime Prefecture High School Education Research Association, Social Studies Department, printed by Seki Publishing.
  5. 1 2 3 Kadokawa Encyclopedia of Japanese Place Names Editing Committee, ed. (October 1981). 日本地名大辞典38愛媛県 [The Encyclopedia of Japanese Place Names] (in Japanese). Kadokawa.
  6. ↑ Saijo Festival(in Japanese)
  7. ↑ Fujioka, Kazuo (January 1989). "郷土の方言について[On Our Local Dialect]". 西條史談 [Saijō Journal of History] (in Japanese). Saijō Historical Society (16): 43–53.
  8. ↑ Yamamoto, Masaru (September 2003). "伊予国　西条弁（その一）[Iyo Province: Saijō Dialect (Vol. 1)]". 西条史談 [Saijō Journal of History] (in Japanese). Saijō Historical Society (59): 62–90.
  9. ↑ Yamauchi, Yuzuru (May 2001). "新居西條庄と京・鎌倉）[The Nii Saijō Manor and Kyōto/Kamakura]". 西条史談 [Saijō Journal of History] (in Japanese). Saijō Historical Society (52): 10–25.
  10. ↑ Akehi, Manabu (1985). 西條の歴史探訪 [Searching for Saijō's History] (in Japanese). "Searching for Saijō's History" Committee, printed by Sasaki Publishing.
  11. ↑ Saijō City, ed. (1991). 西条市生活文化誌 [A Record of Saijō Life and Culture] (in Japanese). Saijō City.
  12. ↑ The Railway History Park in Saijo
  13. ↑ Ioki Memorial Museum (in Japanese)
  14. ↑ Ishizuchi Shrine (in Japanese)
  15. ↑ Saijo Archaeological History Museum (in Japanese)
  16. ↑ Ehime Prefecture Tourism Association - Nishiyama Kōryū-ji (in Japanese)
  17. ↑ Tōyo Cultural Center (in Japanese)
  18. ↑ Ichinokawa Community Center, ed. (March 1983). 市之川鉱山の話 [A Discussion of Ichinokawa Mine] (in Japanese). Ichinokawa Community Center.
  19. ↑ Imabari Shipbuilding Co., Ltd.
  20. ↑ Panasonic Healthcare's Saijō Plant Closes, Nihon Keizai Shimbun, October 4, 2013 (in Japanese)
  21. ↑ JA Saijō (in Japanese)
  22. ↑ I've returned to Saijō, Kaori Manabe - Official Blog, 2012"(in Japanese)
  23. ↑ Yuto Nagatomo birthday press release, F.C.Internazionale Milano - Official Website, 2013
  24. ↑ Shinji Sogo Memorial Museum
  25. ↑ Great Men of Ehime: Taguchi Nobutaka, Ehime Prefectural Lifelong Learning Center"(in Japanese)
  26. ↑ List of Sister Cities, Ehime Prefectural Government, 2013
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