Colonia del Sacramento
| Colonia del Sacramento | |
|---|---|
| Capital city | |
|
| |
  Colonia del Sacramento | |
| Coordinates: 34°28′17″S 57°50′39″W / 34.47139°S 57.84417°WCoordinates: 34°28′17″S 57°50′39″W / 34.47139°S 57.84417°W | |
| Country |
 Uruguay |
| Department | Colonia |
| Founded | 1680 |
| Founded by | Manuel Lobo |
| Elevation | 27 m (89 ft) |
| Population (2011) | |
| • Total | 26,231 |
| Time zone | UTC -3 |
| Postal code | 70000 |
| Dial plan | +598 452 (+5 digits) |
| Climate | Cfa |
| UNESCO World Heritage Site | |
| Official name | Historic Quarter of the City of Colonia del Sacramento |
| Criteria |
Cultural: (iv)  |
| Reference | 747 |
| Inscription | 1995 (19th Session) |
Colonia del Sacramento (Spanish pronunciation: [koˈlonja ðel sakɾaˈmento]; formerly the Portuguese Colónia do Sacramento) is a city in southwestern Uruguay, by the Río de la Plata, facing Buenos Aires, Argentina. It is one of the oldest towns in Uruguay and capital of the Colonia Department. It has a population of around 27,000.
It is renowned for its historic quarter, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.[1] Modern Colonia del Sacramento produces textiles and has a free trade zone, in addition to a polytechnic centre and various government buildings.
History
Following the restoration of the Portuguese crown, Dom Pedro sought the resolution of the southern border of Brazil. Manuel Lobo with 5 ships containing about 400 soldiers, craftsmen, carpenters and stonecutters, and 18 guns, reached San Gabriel island on 20 Jan. 1680. On 28 Jan., they commenced establishing a post.[2]
José de Garro sent spies from Santo Domingo de Soriano on 22 Feb. 1680, after receiving a negative response on 10 Feb. to his ultimatum to leave the site. Garro sent a force of 3400 men under the command of Antonio de Vera Mujica, capturing the besieged town on the night of 6-7 Aug. 1680. Lobo was taken as a prisoner to Buenos Aires, where he died on 7 Jan. 1683. A treaty between Spain and Portugal signed in 1681, returned Colonia to Portugal.[2]:105-106,109
Field Marshal Duarte Teixeira Chaves arrived off the San Gabriel islands on 25 Jan. 1683, and commenced to rebuild the settlement. Field Marshal Cristovao Dornelas Abreu was its governor until 1690, when Don Francisco Naper de Lencastre took over. Smuggling, and cattle hunting from the Banda Oriental, were the main components of the colony's economy. Lencastre houses of stone and mud, with tile roofs, besides enlarging the city walls, and adding a fortified tower. The colonists grew wheat, hemp flax, and grape vines, exported cattle hides to Rio De Janeiro, while importing wood and foodstuffs. Sebastiao da Veiga Cabral took over as governor in 1699.[2]:113-115,121-127,131
As a consequence of the War of the Spanish Succession, the governor of Buenos Aires, Valdes Incian, initiated the Siege of Colonia del Sacramento. The forces of the Spanish governor were commanded by Baltazar García Ros from 18 Oct. 1704 until 14 March 1705, when the colonists were evacuated by Portuguese ships. Only the churches and bridge remained undestroyed.[2]:135-136,142
The colony was given back to Portugal in the Treaty of Utrecht. Manuel Gomes Barboza took possession on 10 Feb. 1718 with 1040 colonists. More colonists arrived in 1721. Antonio Pedro de Vasconellos took over as governor on 14 March 1722 and transformed it into the richest and best defended city in the Rio de la Plata region. This included the coastal bastions of San Pedro de Alcantara, San Miguel, San Antonio, San Juan, Carmen, and Santa Rita.[2]:147-160,166,169
Another attack during the Spanish-Portuguese War, 1735-1737, failed. Don Luis Garcia de Bivar took over as governor in 1749, but died on 5 March 1760. During that time, the Treaty of Madrid (13 January 1750) was never complied with and finally considered null and void. Brigadier Vicente da Silva da Fonseca then took over as governor. Fonseca was forced to surrender the colony to Pedro Antonio de Cevallos on 11 Oct. 1762. Spain returned the colony in the 1762 Treaty of Fontainebleau, and Don Jose Pedro de Figueiredo Sarmento took over as governor on 27 Dec. 1763. He was replaced by Francisco Jose da Rocha on 15 March 1777.[2]:170-175,177-178,187,195,202-203
With the Treaty of San Ildefonso in 1777, the colony remained with the Spanish.[2]:206-207
It then transferred to Portuguese control again, being later incorporated into Brazil after 1816, when the entire Banda Oriental (Uruguay) was seized by the government of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves and renamed the Cisplatina province.
On 10 January 1809, before the independence of Uruguay, it was designated as a "Villa" (town) and has since been elevated to the status of "Ciudad" (city).
Since independence, Colonia del Sacramento has expanded to the north and east, but the original Bairro Histórico (historic quarter in Portuguese or Barrio Histórico, current Spanish spelling) retains its irregular, terrain-fitting street plan built by the Portuguese, contrasting with the wider, orthogonal calles in the newer Spanish area.
Timeline of rule
The rule from 1680 to present (with flag of the period) is:
| From | To | Rule | Reason for Handover |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1680 | 1680 | .svg.png){kind=small} Portugal | conquered by José de Garro |
| 1680 | 1681 |  Spain | Provisional Treaty of Lisbon |
| 1681 | 1705 | Portugal | conquered in the War of Spanish Succession |
| 1705 | 1713 |  Spain | Treaty of Utrecht |
| 1714 | 1762 |  Portugal | First Cevallos expedition |
| 1762 | 1763 | Spain | Treaty of Paris (1763) |
| 1763 | 1777 | Portugal | Second Cevallos expedition |
| 1777 | 1811 | .svg.png){kind=small} Spain | Revolt led by José Gervasio Artigas |
| 1811 | 1817 |  Liga Federal | Portuguese conquest |
| 1817 | 1822 |  Portugal | Brazilian Declaration of Independence |
| 1822 | 1828 | .svg.png){kind=small} Brazil | Cisplatine War |
| 1828 | present | Uruguay |
Population
In 2011 Colonia del Sacramento had a population of 26,231.[3]
| Year | Population |
|---|---|
| 1908 | 8,021 |
| 1963 | 12,846 |
| 1975 | 17,046 |
| 1985 | 19,102 |
| 1996 | 22,200 |
| 2004 | 21,714 |
| 2011 | 26,231 |
Source: Instituto Nacional de Estadística de Uruguay[4]
Climate
Colonia del Sacramento has a mild humid subtropical climate, described by the Köppen climate classification as Cfa. Summers are warm and winters are cool, with relatively frequent frosts and fog. The precipitation is evenly distributed throughout the year, with an average of 1,039 mm (40.91 in), and the annual average temperature is 17 °C (63 °F).
| Climate data for Colonia del Sacramento , Uruguay | |||||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Month | Jan | Feb | Mar | Apr | May | Jun | Jul | Aug | Sep | Oct | Nov | Dec | Year |
| Record high °C (°F) | 39.6 (103.3) |
35.8 (96.4) |
34.9 (94.8) |
31.6 (88.9) |
30.9 (87.6) |
25.8 (78.4) |
30.6 (87.1) |
28.8 (83.8) |
30.6 (87.1) |
32.8 (91) |
36.4 (97.5) |
38.0 (100.4) |
39.6 (103.3) |
| Average high °C (°F) | 27.3 (81.1) |
27.2 (81) |
25.4 (77.7) |
21.7 (71.1) |
18.3 (64.9) |
14.9 (58.8) |
14.6 (58.3) |
16.0 (60.8) |
18.0 (64.4) |
20.9 (69.6) |
23.8 (74.8) |
26.7 (80.1) |
21.2 (70.2) |
| Daily mean °C (°F) | 23.7 (74.7) |
22.9 (73.2) |
21.2 (70.2) |
17.9 (64.2) |
14.8 (58.6) |
11.7 (53.1) |
11.4 (52.5) |
12.2 (54) |
14.1 (57.4) |
16.8 (62.2) |
19.5 (67.1) |
22.3 (72.1) |
17.4 (63.3) |
| Average low °C (°F) | 19.2 (66.6) |
18.8 (65.8) |
17.2 (63) |
14.3 (57.7) |
11.4 (52.5) |
8.7 (47.7) |
8.1 (46.6) |
8.9 (48) |
10.3 (50.5) |
12.8 (55) |
15.0 (59) |
17.6 (63.7) |
13.5 (56.3) |
| Record low °C (°F) | 10.1 (50.2) |
10.3 (50.5) |
8.1 (46.6) |
5.1 (41.2) |
0.2 (32.4) |
0.0 (32) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
0.4 (32.7) |
1.5 (34.7) |
4.7 (40.5) |
4.1 (39.4) |
8.8 (47.8) |
−0.7 (30.7) |
| Average precipitation mm (inches) | 92 (3.62) |
116 (4.57) |
125 (4.92) |
91 (3.58) |
78 (3.07) |
66 (2.6) |
69 (2.72) |
76 (2.99) |
80 (3.15) |
113 (4.45) |
108 (4.25) |
87 (3.43) |
1,099 (43.27) |
| Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) | 6 | 6 | 6 | 6 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 7 | 6 | 70 |
| Average relative humidity (%) | 70 | 73 | 74 | 77 | 79 | 81 | 79 | 78 | 75 | 74 | 72 | 69 | 75 |
| Mean monthly sunshine hours | 285.6 | 223.1 | 228.5 | 182.9 | 166.1 | 137.0 | 142.6 | 168.1 | 194.6 | 232.2 | 240.9 | 270.0 | 2,471.6 |
| Source: Dirección Nacional de Meteorología[5] | |||||||||||||
Urban fabric
The city was developed on a peninsula that protrudes into the Río de la Plata. The 16 hectare "Barrio Histórico", or Portuguese Old City, was enclosed by a fortification wall across the peninsula in the site of present-day Calle Ituzaingó. Most of the fortification wall was removed in 1777 and the remaining parts in 1859. The Portuguese part of the city has an irregular street network.
Outside the wall, the historical part of the city was planned in Spanish colonial style and in the characteristic checkerboard layout.
Points of interest
The Barrio Histórico (historic quarter) section of Colonia del Sacramento is designated a World Heritage Site by UNESCO. It is a popular tourist attraction for visitors from Buenos Aires, and there is frequent ferry service across the Río de la Plata between the two cities, with fast ferries completing the journey in just 50 minutes. The historical section of Colonia, which has some cobblestone streets built by the Portuguese in the 17th century, is within walking distance of the ferry terminal. Among the notable tourist attractions around the tree-lined Plaza Mayor (main square) are:
- Portón de Campo – the City Gate and wooden drawbridge
- Lighthouse and convent ruins of the 17th century Convent of San Francisco
- Basílica del Santísimo Sacramento – the Basilica of the Holy Sacrament, built of stone by the Portuguese in 1808
- Portuguese Museum – constructed in the 18th century, it exhibits Portuguese furnishings, jewelry, uniforms and old maps of Portuguese naval expeditions
- Casa de Nacarello – an 18th-century Portuguese house
- Municipal Museum – rebuilt by the Spanish in 1835 as the Casa del Almirante Brown, it exhibits artifacts and documents of the city's different periods and cultures
- Viceroy's House – the Casa del Virrey, reconstructed from the original ruins
- Plaza de toros Real de San Carlos, a Bullring included in an old tourist complex now abandoned.
Gallery
- Views of the Barrio Histórico
Map of the Old City in ceramic tiles
View of the historic district from the top of the lighthouse
Portón de Campo, the City Gate
Another view of the City Gate
Lighthouse at Colonia del Sacramento
Calle San Pedro, a typical street in the historic district
The 1866 Wharf of Colonia
The water front
Old car parked on Calle Real in the historic district
Night at the historic quarter district - "Misiones de los Tapes" Street
The Buquebus seen from the Paseo San Gabriel
Wall art in Colonia del Sacramento
Remains of Portuguese Azulejo
Transportation
Colonia del Sacramento is served by three ferry boat lines from Buenos Aires, Argentina: "Buquebus", "Seacat Colonia" and "Colonia Express".
Two principal highways end in Colonia: Route 1 connects Colonia to Montevideo and points east; Route 21 connects to points north, including the Aarón de Anchorena National Park, 30 kilometres (19 mi) distant, and Fray Bentos. There is also a local airport for small planes. There is a project in process to lengthen the runway and begin commercial flights to Buenos Aires (this was done in the past) and other cities within Uruguay.
The city is served by Laguna de los Patos International Airport located 17 km from Colonia along Route 1.
Consular representation
Argentina and Portugal both maintain a consulate in Colonia del Sacramento.
Twin town/sister city
See also
Bibliography
- Assunção, Fernando O.; Cravotto, Antonio (1996). Colonia del Sacramento, patrimonio mundial. Montevideo: UNESCO. (with prologue by Federico Mayor Zaragoza and introduction by Marta Canessa de Sanguinetti) (in Spanish)
References
- ↑ "21 World Heritage Sites you have probably never heard of". The Daily Telegraph. London.
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Mayor, Federico; de Sanguinetti, Marta Canessa; Assuncao, Fernando; Cravotto, Antonio (1996). Colonia del Sacramento. UNESCO. pp. 88,93,98–103. ISBN 9230032956.
- ↑ "Censos 2011 Cuadros Colonia". INE. 2012. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
- ↑ "Statistics of urban localities (1963–2004)" (PDF). INE. 2012. Archived from the original (PDF) on 23 March 2015. Retrieved 3 September 2012.
- ↑ "Estadísticas climatológicas" (in Spanish). Dirección Nacional de Meteorología. Retrieved 10 October 2012.
- ↑ (in Portuguese) Cidades-irmãs de Pelotas terão espaço na Fenadoce, Prefeitura Municipal de Pelotas - accessed on June 4, 2007.
External links
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Wikimedia Commons has media related to Colonia del Sacramento. |
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Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Colonia. |
- Article on Colonia del Sacramento, Official Portal of the Uruguayan Government
- 360° Virtual Tours of Colonia del Sacramento - Uruguay360.com.uy
- Tourist information about Colonia del Sacramento
- Tourist guide about Colonia del Sacramento – photos, hosting and attractions of Colonia del Sacramento attractions
- Colonia del Sacramento Website
- INE map of Colonia del Sacramento
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Capital: Colonia del Sacramento | ||
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