GLUT1

SLC2A1

Available structures

Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB

List of PDB id codes
4PYP, 5EQH, 5EQI, 5EQG

Identifiers

Aliases

SLC2A1, CSE, DYT17, DYT18, DYT9, EIG12, GLUT, GLUT-1, GLUT1, GLUT1DS, HTLVR, PED, SDCHCN, solute carrier family 2 member 1

External IDs

OMIM: 138140 MGI: 95755 HomoloGene: 68520 GeneCards: SLC2A1

Gene ontology
Molecular function	• substrate-specific transmembrane transporter activity • xenobiotic transporter activity • transmembrane transporter activity • transporter activity • protein self-association • kinase binding • protein binding • identical protein binding • dehydroascorbic acid transporter activity • glucose transmembrane transporter activity • D-glucose transmembrane transporter activity
Cellular component	• cytoplasm • integral component of membrane • vesicle • cytosol • blood microparticle • membrane • cell-cell junction • melanosome • Golgi membrane • plasma membrane • integral component of plasma membrane • intracellular • female pronucleus • basolateral plasma membrane • midbody • apical plasma membrane • cortical actin cytoskeleton • caveola • membrane raft • extracellular exosome • intercalated disc • Z disc • sarcolemma
Biological process	• L-ascorbic acid metabolic process • cellular response to glucose starvation • protein complex assembly • regulation of insulin secretion • xenobiotic transport • response to osmotic stress • lactose biosynthetic process • glucose transport • dehydroascorbic acid transport • carbohydrate transport • transmembrane transport • glucose transmembrane transport • female pregnancy • cerebral cortex development • response to insulin • cellular response to mechanical stimulus • cellular hyperosmotic response • response to Thyroglobulin triiodothyronine • regulation of glucose transport • transport
Sources:Amigo / QuickGO

RNA expression pattern

More reference expression data

Orthologs

Species

Human

Mouse

Entrez


6513


20525

Ensembl


ENSG00000117394


ENSMUSG00000028645

UniProt


P11166


P17809

RefSeq (mRNA)


NM_006516


NM_011400

RefSeq (protein)


NP_006507


NP_035530

Location (UCSC)

Chr 1: 42.93 – 42.96 Mb

Chr 4: 119.11 – 119.14 Mb

PubMed search

^[1]

^[2]

Wikidata

View/Edit Human

View/Edit Mouse

Glucose transporter 1 (or GLUT1), also known as solute carrier family 2, facilitated glucose transporter member 1 (SLC2A1), is a uniporter protein that in humans is encoded by the SLC2A1 gene.^[3] GLUT1 facilitates the transport of glucose across the plasma membranes of mammalian cells.^[4]

Discovery

GLUT1 was the first glucose transporter to be characterized. GLUT 1 is highly conserved.^[3] GLUT 1 of humans and mice have 98% identity at the amino acid level. GLUT 1 is encoded by the SLC2 gene and is one of a family of 14 genes encoding GLUT proteins.^[5]

Function

Energy-yielding metabolism in erythrocytes depends on a constant supply of glucose from the blood plasma, where the glucose concentration is maintained at about 5mM. Glucose enters the erythrocyte by facilitated diffusion via a specific glucose transporter, at a rate about 50,000 times greater than uncatalyzed transmembrane diffusion. The glucose transporter of erythrocytes (called GLUT1 to distinguish it from related glucose transporters in other tissues) is a type III integral protein with 12 hydrophobic segments, each of which is believed to form a membrane-spanning helix. The detailed structure of GLUT1 is not known yet, but one plausible model suggests that the side-by-side assembly of several helices produces a transmembrane channel lined with hydrophilic residues that can hydrogen-bond with glucose as it moves through the channel.^[6]

GLUT1 is responsible for the low level of basal glucose uptake required to sustain respiration in all cells. Expression levels of GLUT1 in cell membranes are increased by reduced glucose levels and decreased by increased glucose levels.

GLUT1 is also a major receptor for uptake of Vitamin C as well as glucose, especially in non vitamin C producing mammals as part of an adaptation to compensate by participating in a Vitamin C recycling process. In mammals that do produce Vitamin C, GLUT4 is often expressed instead of GLUT1.^[7]

Tissue distribution

It is widely distributed in fetal tissues. In the adult it is expressed at highest levels in erythrocytes and also in the endothelial cells of barrier tissues such as the blood–brain barrier.

Structure

GLUT1 behaves as a Michaelis-Menten enzyme and contains 12 membrane-spanning alpha helices, each containing 20 amino acid residues. A helical wheel analysis shows that the membrane spanning alpha helices are amphipathic, with one side being polar and the other side hydrophobic. Six of these membrane spanning helices are believed to bind together in the membrane to create a polar channel in the center through which glucose can traverse, with the hydrophobic regions on the outside of the channel adjacent to the fatty acid tails of the membrane.

Clinical significance

Mutations in the GLUT1 gene are responsible for GLUT1 deficiency or De Vivo disease, which is a rare autosomal dominant disorder.^[8] This disease is characterized by a low cerebrospinal fluid glucose concentration (hypoglycorrhachia), a type of neuroglycopenia, which results from impaired glucose transport across the blood–brain barrier.

GLUT1 is also a receptor used by the HTLV virus to gain entry into target cells.^[9]

Glut1 has also been demonstrated as a powerful histochemical marker for hemangioma of infancy^[10]

Interactions

GLUT1 has been shown to interact with GIPC1.^[11]

GLUT1 has two significant types in brain 45k and 55k. GLUT1 45k is present on astroglia of neurons and GLUT1 55k is present on capillaries in brain and is responsible for glucose transport across blood brain barrier and its deficiency causes low level of glucose in CSF (less than 60 mg/dl) which may manifest as convulsion in deficient individuals.

Recently it has been described a GLUT1 inhibitor, DERL3, that is often methylated in colorectal cancer. In this cancer, DERL3 methylations seems to mediate the Warburg Effect.^[12]

Inhibitors

Fasentin is a small molecule inhibitor of the intracellular domain of GLUT1 preventing glucose uptake.^[13]

Interactive pathway map

Click on genes, proteins and metabolites below to link to respective articles. ^{[§ 1]}

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Glycolysis and Gluconeogenesis edit

↑ The interactive pathway map can be edited at WikiPathways: "GlycolysisGluconeogenesis_WP534".

References

↑ "Human PubMed Reference:".
↑ "Mouse PubMed Reference:".
1 2 Mueckler M, Caruso C, Baldwin SA, Panico M, Blench I, Morris HR, Allard WJ, Lienhard GE, Lodish HF (1985). "Sequence and structure of a human glucose transporter". Science. 229 (4717): 941–5. Bibcode:1985Sci...229..941M. PMID 3839598. doi:10.1126/science.3839598.
↑ Olson AL, Pessin JE (1996). "Structure, function, and regulation of the mammalian facilitative glucose transporter gene family". Annual Review of Nutrition. 16: 235–56. PMID 8839927. doi:10.1146/annurev.nu.16.070196.001315.
↑ Mueckler, M; Thorens, B (2013). "The SLC2 (GLUT) Family of Membrane Transporters". Molecular Aspects of Medicine. 34: 121–138. PMC 4104978 . doi:10.1016/j.mam.2012.07.001.
↑ Nelson DL, Cox MM (2008). Lehninger, Principles of Biochemistry. W. H. Freeman and Company. ISBN 978-0-7167-7108-1.
↑ Montel-Hagen A, Kinet S, Manel N, Mongellaz C, Prohaska R, Battini JL, Delaunay J, Sitbon M, Taylor N (2008). "Erythrocyte Glut1 triggers dehydroascorbic acid uptake in mammals unable to synthesize vitamin C". Cell. 132 (6): 1039–48. PMID 18358815. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2008.01.042. Lay summary – ScienceDaily (March 21, 2008).
↑ Seidner G, Alvarez MG, Yeh JI, et al. (1998). "GLUT-1 deficiency syndrome caused by haploinsufficiency of the blood–brain barrier hexose carrier". Nat. Genet. 18 (2): 188–91. PMID 9462754. doi:10.1038/ng0298-188.
↑ Manel N, Kim FJ, Kinet S, Taylor N, Sitbon M, Battini JL (November 2003). "The ubiquitous glucose transporter GLUT-1 is a receptor for HTLV". Cell. 115 (4): 449–59. PMID 14622599. doi:10.1016/S0092-8674(03)00881-X.
↑ North PE, Waner M, Mizeracki A, Mihm MC (January 2000). "GLUT1: a newly discovered immunohistochemical marker for juvenile hemangiomas". Hum. Pathol. 31 (1): 11–22. PMID 10665907. doi:10.1016/S0046-8177(00)80192-6.
↑ Bunn RC, Jensen MA, Reed BC (1999). "Protein interactions with the glucose transporter binding protein GLUT1CBP that provide a link between GLUT1 and the cytoskeleton". Molecular Biology of the Cell. 10 (4): 819–32. PMC 25204 . PMID 10198040. doi:10.1091/mbc.10.4.819.
↑ Lopez-Serra P, Marcilla M, Villanueva A, Ramos-Fernandez A, Palau A, Leal L, Wahi JE, Setien-Baranda F, Szczesna K, Moutinho C, Martinez-Cardus A, Heyn H, Sandoval J, Puertas S, Vidal A, Sanjuan X, Martinez-Balibrea E, Viñals F, Perales JC, Bramsem JB, Ørntoft TF, Andersen CL, Tabernero J, McDermott U, Boxer MB, Vander Heiden MG, Albar JP, Esteller M (2014). "A DERL3-associated defect in the degradation of SLC2A1 mediates the Warburg effect". Nature Communications. 5: 3608. Bibcode:2014NatCo...5E3608L. PMC 3988805 . PMID 24699711. doi:10.1038/ncomms4608.
↑ Wood TE, Dalili S, Simpson CD, Hurren R, Mao X, Saiz FS, Gronda M, Eberhard Y, Minden MD, Bilan PJ, Klip A, Batey RA, Schimmer AD (2008). "A novel inhibitor of glucose uptake sensitizes cells to FAS-induced cell death". Mol. Cancer Ther. 7 (11): 3546–55. PMID 19001437. doi:10.1158/1535-7163.MCT-08-0569. Retrieved 2015-04-25.

External links

GeneReviews/NIH/UW entry on Glucose Transporter Type 1 Deficiency Syndrome
Glucose Transporter Type 1 at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

Membrane proteins, carrier proteins: membrane transport proteins solute carrier (TC 2A)

By group

SLC1–10

(1):	high affinity glutamate and neutral amino-acid transporter SLC1A1 2 3 4 5 6 7
(2):	facilitative GLUT transporter SLC2A1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
(3):	heavy subunits of heterodimeric amino-acid transporters SLC3A1 2
(4):	bicarbonate transporter SLC4A1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
(5):	sodium glucose cotransporter SLC5A1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
(6):	sodium- and chloride- dependent sodium:neurotransmitter symporters SLC6A1 SLC6A2 SLC6A3 SLC6A4 SLC6A5 SLC6A6 SLC6A7 SLC6A8 SLC6A9 SLC6A10 SLC6A11 SLC6A12 SLC6A13 SLC6A14 SLC6A15 SLC6A16 SLC6A17 SLC6A18 SLC6A19 SLC6A20
(7):	cationic amino-acid transporter/glycoprotein-associated SLC7A1 SLC7A2 SLC7A3 SLC7A4 glycoprotein-associated/light or catalytic subunits of heterodimeric amino-acid transporters SLC7A5 SLC7A6 SLC7A7 SLC7A8 SLC7A9 SLC7A10 SLC7A11 SLC7A13 SLC7A14
(8):	Na⁺/Ca²⁺ exchanger SLC8A1 SLC8A2 SLC8A3
(9):	Na⁺/H⁺ exchanger SLC9A1 SLC9A2 SLC9A3 SLC9A4 SLC9A5 SLC9A6 SLC9A7 SLC9A8 SLC9A9 SLC9A10 SLC9A11
(10):	sodium bile salt cotransport SLC10A1 SLC10A2 SLC10A3 SLC10A4 SLC10A5 SLC10A6 SLC10A7 10A1 10A2 10A3 10A7

SLC11–20

(11):	proton coupled metal ion transporter SLC11A1 SLC11A2 11A3
(12):	electroneutral cation-Cl cotransporter SLC12A1 SLC12A2 SLC12A3 SLC12A4 SLC12A5 SLC12A6 SLC12A7 SLC12A8 SLC12A9
(13):	human Na⁺-sulfate/carboxylate cotransporter SLC13A1 SLC13A2 SLC13A3 SLC13A4 SLC13A5
(14):	urea transporter SLC14A1 SLC14A2
(15):	proton oligopeptide cotransporter SLC15A1 SLC15A2 SLC15A3 SLC15A4
(16):	monocarboxylate transporter SLC16A1 SLC16A2 SLC16A3 SLC16A4 SLC16A5 SLC16A6 SLC16A7 SLC16A8 SLC16A9 SLC16A10 SLC16A11 SLC16A12 SLC16A13 SLC16A14
(17):	Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 SLC17A1 SLC17A2 SLC17A3 SLC17A4 SLC17A5 SLC17A6 SLC17A7 SLC17A8 SLC17A9
(18):	vesicular monoamine transporter SLC18A1 SLC18A2 SLC18A3
(19):	folate/thiamine transporter SLC19A1 SLC19A2 SLC19A3
(20):	type III Na⁺-phosphate cotransporter SLC20A1 SLC20A2

SLC21–30

(21):	Organic anion-transporting polypeptide SLCO1A2 SLCO1B1 SLCO1B3 SLCO1B4 SLCO1C1 SLCO2A1 SLCO2B1 SLCO3A1 SLCO4A1 SLCO4C1 SLCO5A1(SLCO6A1)
(22):	organic cation/anion/zwitterion transporter SLC22A1 SLC22A2 SLC22A3 SLC22A4 SLC22A5 SLC22A6 SLC22A7 SLC22A8 SLC22A9 SLC22A10 SLC22A11 SLC22A12 SLC22A13 SLC22A14 SLC22A15 SLC22A16 SLC22A17 SLC22A18 SLC22A19 SLC22A20
(23):	Na+-dependent ascorbic acid transporter SLC23A1 SLC23A2 SLC23A3 SLC23A4
(24):	Na⁺/(Ca²⁺-K⁺) exchanger SLC24A1 SLC24A2 SLC24A3 SLC24A4 SLC24A5 SLC24A6
(25):	mitochondrial carrier SLC25A1 SLC25A2 SLC25A3 SLC25A4 SLC25A5 SLC25A6 SLC25A7 SLC25A8 SLC25A9 SLC25A10 SLC25A11 SLC25A12 SLC25A13 SLC25A14 SLC25A15 SLC25A16 SLC25A17 SLC25A18 SLC25A19 SLC25A20 SLC25A21 SLC25A22 SLC25A23 SLC25A24 SLC25A25 SLC25A26 SLC25A27 SLC25A28 SLC25A29 SLC25A30 SLC25A31 SLC25A32 SLC25A33 SLC25A34 SLC25A35 SLC25A36 SLC25A37 SLC25A38 SLC25A39 SLC25A40 SLC25A41 SLC25A42 SLC25A43 SLC25A44 SLC25A45 SLC25A46
(26):	multifunctional anion exchanger SLC26A1 SLC26A2 SLC26A3 SLC26A4 SLC26A5 SLC26A6 SLC26A7 SLC26A8 SLC26A9 SLC26A10 SLC26A11
(27):	fatty acid transport proteins SLC27A1 SLC27A2 SLC27A3 SLC27A4 SLC27A5 SLC27A6
(28):	Na⁺-coupled nucleoside transport (SLC28A1 SLC28A2 SLC28A3
(29):	facilitative nucleoside transporter SLC29A1 SLC29A2 SLC29A3 SLC29A4
(30):	zinc efflux SLC30A1 SLC30A2 SLC30A3 SLC30A4 SLC30A5 SLC30A6 SLC30A7 SLC30A8 SLC30A9 SLC30A10

SLC31–40

(31):	copper transporter SLC31A1
(32):	Vesicular glutamate transporter 1 SLC32A1
(33):	Acetyl-CoA transporter SLC33A1
(34):	type II Na⁺-phosphate cotransporter SLC34A1 SLC34A2 SLC34A3
(35):	nucleoside-sugar transporter SLC35A1 SLC35A2 SLC35A3 SLC35A4 SLC35A5 SLC35B1 SLC35B2 SLC35B3 SLC35B4 SLC35C1 SLC35C2 SLC35D1 SLC35D2 SLC35D3 SLC35E1 SLC35E2 SLC35E3 SLC35E4
(36):	proton-coupled amino-acid transporter SLC36A1 SLC36A2 SLC36A3 SLC36A436A2
(37):	sugar-phosphate/phosphate exchanger SLC37A1 SLC37A2 SLC37A3 SLC37A4
(38):	System A & N, sodium-coupled neutral amino-acid transporter SLC38A1 SLC38A2 SLC38A3 SLC38A4 SLC38A5 SLC38A6 SLC38A10
(39):	metal ion transporter SLC39A1 SLC39A2 SLC39A3 SLC39A4 SLC39A5 SLC39A6 SLC39A7 SLC39A8 SLC39A9 SLC39A10 SLC39A11 SLC39A12 SLC39A13 SLC39A14
(40):	basolateral iron transporter SLC40A1

SLC41–48

(41):	Magnesium transporter E SLC41A1 SLC41A2 SLC41A3
(42):	Ammonia transporter RhAG RhBG RhCG
(43):	Na⁺-independent, system-L like amino-acid transporter SLC43A1 SLC43A2 SLC43A3
(44):	Choline-like transporter SLC44A1 SLC44A2 SLC44A3 SLC44A4 SLC44A5
(45):	Putative sugar transporter SLC45A1 SLC45A2 SLC54A3 SLC45A4
(46):	Folate transporter SLC46A1 SLC46A2
(47):	multidrug and toxin extrusion SLC47A1 SLC47A2
(48):	Heme transporter

SLCO1–4
O1A2 O1B1 O1B3 O2B1 O431 O4A1

Ion pumps

Symporter, Cotransporter	Na⁺/K⁺,Cl⁻ Na⁺/P_i3 Na⁺/Cl⁻ Na⁺/glucose Na⁺/I⁻ Cl⁻/K⁺ 4 5
Antiporter (exchanger)	Na⁺/H⁺ Na⁺/Ca²⁺ Na⁺/(Ca²⁺-K⁺) - Cl⁻/HCO− 3 (Band 3) Cl⁻-formate Cl⁻-oxalate

see also solute carrier disorders

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