São Paulo–Guarulhos International Airport

São Paulo/Guarulhos–
Governador André Franco Montoro
International Airport
Aeroporto Internacional de São Paulo/Guarulhos–Governador André Franco Montoro
Summary
Airport type Public/Military
Operator GRU Airport Invepar-ACSA
Serves São Paulo
Location Guarulhos, Brazil
Opened 1985
Hub for
Focus city for
Elevation AMSL 750 m / 2,459 ft
Coordinates 23°26′8″S 46°28′23″W / 23.43556°S 46.47306°W / -23.43556; -46.47306Coordinates: 23°26′8″S 46°28′23″W / 23.43556°S 46.47306°W / -23.43556; -46.47306
Website www.gru.com.br
Map
GRU

Location in São Paulo State

Runways
Direction Length Surface
m ft
09R/27L 3,000 9,843 Asphalt
09L/27R 3,700 12,139 Asphalt
Statistics (2016)
Passengers 36,596,326 Decrease 6.1%[1]
Aircraft operations 267,746 Decrease 9.2%[1]
Metric tonnes of cargo (2014) 339,828[2]
Economic & social impact $3.4 billion & 154.1 thousand[3]
Airport GRU Map Area – 10.15 km²

São Paulo/Guarulhos–Governador André Franco Montoro International Airport (IATA: GRU, ICAO: SBGR) is the main international airport serving São Paulo, Brazil. It is popularly known locally as either Cumbica Airport, after the district where it is located and the Brazilian Air Force base that still exists at the airport complex, or Guarulhos Airport, after the city of Guarulhos, in the Greater São Paulo area, where it is located. Since November 28, 2001 the airport has been named after André Franco Montoro (1916–1999), former Governor of São Paulo state.[7] The airport was rebranded as GRU Airport in 2012.[8]

In Brazil the airport was ranked first in terms of transported passengers, aircraft operations, and cargo handled in 2012, placing it as the second busiest airport in Latin America by passenger traffic (38,985,000 in 2015) after Mexico City International Airport.[2] Guarulhos has slot restrictions, operating with a maximum of 45 operations/hour[9] and being one of the five airports with such restrictions in Brazil (the others are São Paulo-Congonhas, Brasília, Belo Horizonte-Pampulha and Rio de Janeiro-Santos Dumont).[10]

Since 2012, the airport has been operated by a consortium composed of Invepar S/A, Airports Company South Africa, and Infraero.[11] Some of its facilities are shared with the São Paulo Air Force Base of the Brazilian Air Force.

History

On June 6, 1967, in response to the growth of the air traffic in Brazil, the Brazilian military government initiated studies concerning the renovation of the airport infrastructure in Brazil. As part of the conclusions of these studies, because of their location, strategic importance, and security issues, new passenger facilities would be constructed in the areas of Galeão Air Force Base in Rio de Janeiro and São Paulo Air Force Base in São Paulo.

In relation to São Paulo, the initial planning of the airport involved three runways and four passenger terminals. However, the first phase of the construction comprising two runways and two terminals started only on August 11, 1980. The airport was officially inaugurated on January 20, 1985. Quickly Guarulhos became the city's primary airport, supplanting São Paulo–Congonhas Airport.

In 1989 the runways were extended and the terminals renovated, enlarged, and had their capacity increased from 7.5 million to 8.25 million passengers/year. The whole complex covered 13.86 square kilometres (3,425 acres), of which 5 square kilometres (1,200 acres) is urbanized area.

Construction of Terminal 3, capable of handling 12 million passengers per year, had been planned since 2001 but due to a myriad of political and economic problems, the actual construction didn't begin until 2011.

In 2010, the airport served more than 26.8 million passengers, an increase of 24% over 2009 and passenger volumes were 31% in excess of its capacity rated at 20.5 million per year at its present configuration.[4]

In order to relieve the acute overcrowding at Terminals 1 and 2, Infraero announced on May 17, 2011 that the former cargo terminals of defunct airlines VASP and Transbrasil, later used by Federal Agencies, would undergo renovations and adaptations for use as domestic passenger terminals with remote boarding. This new terminal was initially called Terminal 4 (T4).[12] The first phase of the renovations, comprising the former VASP terminal, opened on February 8, 2012,[13][14] and the second phase, comprising the former Transbrasil terminal,was opened in June 2013. Contrary to what had been announced before, the new terminal will be permanent. Webjet was the first airline to use the new facility.[15] The new terminal, in its first phase, increased the capacity of the airport in 5.5 million passengers/year and, in the second phase to 8 million passengers/year. In total, Guarulhos would then be able to handle 28.5 million passengers/year.[16]

Following a decision made on April 26, 2011 by the Federal Government for private companies being granted concessions to explore some Infraero airports,[17] on February 6, 2012, the administration of the airport was conceded, for 20 years, to the Consortium Invepar-ACSA composed by the Brazilian Invepar, an Investments and Funds Society (90%) and the South African ACSA – Airports Company South Africa (10%).[18] Infraero, the state-run organization, will remain with 49% of the shares of the company incorporated for the administration.[19][20]

On December 2, 2015, the airport's terminals were renumbered. Former Terminal 4 was renumbered Terminal 1; former terminals 1 and 2, which were wings of a single building, became the new Terminal 2. Terminal 3 kept its numbering. The new numbering reflects the order by which terminals are reached when one arrives at the airport by the access road, and is expected to be less confusing in the long term. Check-in counters and gates were also renumbered, with the first digit being now the new terminal number.[21]

On October 28, 2015, the National Civil Aviation Agency of Brazil (Anac) authorized Airbus A380 operations at Guarulhos Airport, effective four days later. The authorization was granted after extensive works were conducted on the runways and taxiways (including widening runway 09L/27R to 60 metres)[22] and special taxiing procedures were established.[23] On November 14, 2015, Emirates operated a one-time special flight with the A380 on its Dubai-São Paulo route to commemorate its eight years of operations in Brazil.[24] On March 26, 2017, Emirates started daily A380 service from Dubai to São Paulo, replacing the Boeing 777-300ER previously used on that route – coincidentally, on the same day that the other UAE airline, Etihad, ended its services to São Paulo.[25]

Facilities

Airport Diagram
Control tower

Runways and taxiways

GRU has two parallel runways. Runway 09R/27L is 3,000 metres (9,843 ft) long and 45 metres (148 ft) wide, while runway 09L/27R is 3,700 metres (12,140 ft) long and 60 metres (200 ft) wide, after being widened in 2015 to better receive the Airbus A380.[26][22] The field elevation at the airport is 750 metres (2,459 ft) above mean sea level.[27] Runway 09R/27L is used preferentially for landings and runway 09L/27R preferentially for takeoffs, but the Airbus A380 uses the longer and wider latter runway for both landing and taking off.[22] There are high-speed exit taxiways on both runways that allow for traffic to depart the runway at higher speed to allow better efficiency for landing and takeoff traffic. As of 2014, there was an average of 650 takeoff and landing operations per day at the airport.[5]

Terminals

The airport has three passenger terminals, numbered 1, 2, and 3, according to their order along the airport access road when arriving from the city.

Terminals 2 and 3 are directly linked by a walkway.[21]

The airport also has a large air cargo terminal with a built area of 97,000 square metres (1,040,000 sq ft) and capable of handling any type of cargo, including refrigerated and hazardous shipments.[28]

There are two navigational aids that GRU traffic uses. The Bonsucesso very high frequency omnidirectional range with distance measuring equipment (VOR-DME) is located 9.1 kilometres; 5.6 miles (4.9 nmi) to the east of GRU.[26]

Developments

Past

Interior of Terminal 3

Infraero unveiled a R$ 1,489.5 million (US$784.7 USD million; €549.8 EUR million) investment plan to upgrade Guarulhos International Airport, focusing on preparations for the 2014 FIFA World Cup and the Summer Olympics in 2016. The investment was supposed to be used as follows:[29]

Central to this investment plan was Terminal 3, which is projected to add 12 million passenger capacity to the 17 million of the existing two terminals. Plans for a third runway were decided to be "technically impracticable" and were cancelled in January 2008.

However, the former concessionary, Infraero, experienced many legal and bureaucratic difficulties, which prevented most (if any) of these improvements from being completed on schedule. As of April 2013, the new concessionary unveiled a new expansion project, which included the new Terminal 3 (with a different design than the one proposed by Infraero), the widening of the main runway in order to enable operations by the large Airbus A380, which Emirates operates, and Boeing 747-8, and several other improvements in the existing terminals and parking area.

The terminal 3 is open and all Star Alliance airlines are in, as well as many other overseas carriers. International flights by LATAM also use the facitity.

Current

American Airlines' planned hangar at GRU Airport

A train service development and construction has also been planned, however never concluded and cancelled. This included an Airport Express Line linking the airport to downtown São Paulo and a Rio–São Paulo high-speed rail connecting Guarulhos to Rio de Janeiro-Galeão and Campinas-Viracopos airports.[30] As of 2016, however, both projects were stalled, the suburban rail service to the city (to be operated by CPTM, the São Paulo state commuter railway company) is scheduled to start operations in 2019, with a BRL 101 million budget overrun.[31]

In March 2017 American Airlines announced that it would invest US$ 100 million on a 17,000-m2 (182,967-sq.ft.) maintenance hangar at Guarulhos Airport, to be built on the site of an abandoned, unfinished building that would have been a maintenance hangar for the defunct airline VASP.[32] The new hangar would be used exclusively by American Airlines, staffed by its employees, and capable of performing line maintenance on two wide-body aircraft at the same time most commonly used by the US company on routes between São Paulo and the United States. Serves also to third companies as storage of parts. American announced that the new hangar would not affect the operations of its largest maintenance center, located in Tulsa, Oklahoma, which would still perform all heavy maintenance, but the Tulsa chapter of the Transport Workers Union of America expressed its concern that the new hangar will eventually pave the way for more outsourcing and the loss of jobs in Oklahoma.[33]

Airlines and destinations

Passenger

AirlinesDestinations
Aerolíneas Argentinas Buenos Aires–Aeroparque, Buenos Aires–Ezeiza
Aerolíneas Argentinas
operated by Austral Líneas Aéreas 		Buenos Aires–Aeroparque
Aeroméxico Mexico City
Air Canada Toronto–Pearson
Air China Beijing-Capital, Madrid
Air Europa Madrid
Air France Paris–Charles de Gaulle
Alitalia Rome–Fiumicino
American Airlines Dallas/Fort Worth, Los Angeles, Miami, New York–JFK
Avianca Bogotá
Avianca Brazil Aracaju, Belo Horizonte–Confins (resumes August 21, 2017), Brasília, Chapecó, Campo Grande, Cuiabá, Curitiba, Florianópolis, Fortaleza, Foz do Iguaçu, Goiânia, Juazeiro do Norte, Miami, Natal, Navegantes,New York (start December 2017), Petrolina, Porto Alegre, Recife, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão, Salvador da Bahia, Santiago de Chile
Avianca Perú Lima
Azul Brazilian Airlines Belém, Belo Horizonte–Confins, Belo Horizonte–Pampulha, Brasília, Cascavel, Cuiabá, Curitiba, Ilhéus, Fortaleza, Londrina, Manaus, Maringá, Porto Alegre, Porto Velho, Recife, Rio de Janeiro–Santos Dumont, Salvador da Bahia, Uberlândia, Vitória
Boliviana de Aviación Cochabamba, Santa Cruz de la Sierra–Viru Viru
British Airways London–Heathrow
Copa Airlines Panama City–Tocumen
Delta Air Lines Atlanta, Detroit, New York–JFK, Orlando
Emirates Dubai–International
Ethiopian Airlines Addis Ababa, Lomé
Gol Transportes Aéreos Aracaju, Asunción, Belém, Belo Horizonte–Confins, Brasília, Buenos Aires–Aeroparque, Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Campo Grande, Caxias do Sul, Chapecó, Cordoba, Cuiabá, Curitiba, Florianópolis, Fortaleza, Foz do Iguaçu, Goiânia, Ilhéus, João Pessoa, Juazeiro do Norte, Londrina, Macapá, Maceió, Manaus, Maringá, Mendoza, Montes Claros, Montevideo, Natal, Navegantes, Petrolina, Porto Alegre, Porto Seguro, Porto Velho, Punta Cana, Recife, Rio Branco, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão, Rio de Janeiro–Santos Dumont, Salvador da Bahia, Santiago de Chile, Santa Cruz de la Sierra–Viru Viru, São Luís, Teresina, Vitória
Seasonal: Punta del Este
Seasonal charter: Fort-de-France
Iberia Madrid
KLM Amsterdam
LATAM Argentina Buenos Aires–Aeroparque, Buenos Aires–Ezeiza
LATAM Brasil Aracaju, Barcelona, Belém, Belo Horizonte–Confins, Brasília, Buenos Aires–Aeroparque, Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Bogotá, Campo Grande, Córdoba, Cuiabá, Curitiba, Florianópolis, Fortaleza, Foz do Iguaçu, Frankfurt, Goiânia, Ilhéus, João Pessoa, Johannesburg–O. R. Tambo, Joinville, Lima, London–Heathrow, Londrina, Maceió, Madrid, Manaus, Mexico City, Miami, Milan-Malpensa, Montevideo, Natal, Navegantes, New York–JFK, Orlando, Paris–Charles de Gaulle, Porto Alegre, Porto Seguro, Punta del Este, Recife, Rio Branco, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão, Rosario, Salvador da Bahia, Santa Cruz de la Sierra,[34] Santiago de Chile, São Luís, Vitória
Seasonal: San Carlos de Bariloche
LATAM Chile Santiago de Chile
LATAM Paraguay Asunción
LATAM Perú Lima
Lufthansa Frankfurt
Passaredo Linhas Aéreas Cascavel, Ribeirão Preto, Vitória da Conquista
Qatar Airways Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Doha
Royal Air Maroc Casablanca
South African Airways Johannesburg–O. R. Tambo
Swiss International Air Lines Zürich
TAAG Angola Airlines Luanda
TAP Portugal Lisbon, Porto
Turkish Airlines Buenos Aires–Ezeiza, Istanbul–Atatürk
United Airlines Chicago–O'Hare, Houston–Intercontinental, Newark, Washington–Dulles

Cargo

AirlinesDestinations
Avianca Brasil Cargo Manaus
LATAM Cargo Brasil Belém–Val de Cans, Brasília, Fortaleza, Manaus, Recife
Rio Linhas Aéreas Brasília, Cuiabá, Manaus, Recife, Rio de Janeiro–Galeão, Salvador da Bahia
Total Linhas Aéreas Belo Horizonte–Confins, Curitiba–Afonso Pena, Florianópolis, Fortaleza, Porto Alegre, Salvador da Bahia

Turkish Airlines / [[Intanbul airport

Statistics

Passenger figures

Year 2016 2015 2014 2013 2012 2011 2010 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2004
Passengers 36,596,326 38,985,000 39,573,000 36,460,923 32,177,594 29,964,108 26,849,185 21,727,649 20,997,813 19,560,963 16,580,842 16,855,026 12,940,193
Cargo (t) 339,828 343,784 448,274 465,255 384,587 351,788 425,884 424,157 419,848 470,944 435,594

Busiest routes

Busiest international routes by seat capacity (2015)[35]
Ranking City Seats Companies serving the route[Note 1]
1 Argentina Buenos Aires 2,231,798 Aerolíneas Argentinas, Austral Líneas Aéreas, Gol Transportes Aéreos, LATAM Argentina, LATAM Brasil, LATAM Paraguay, Qatar Airways, Turkish Airlines
2 Chile Santiago 1,477,731 Gol Transportes Aéreos, LATAM Brasil, LATAM Chile
3 United States Miami 1,417,240 American Airlines, LATAM Brasil, Avianca Brazil
4 United States New York/Newark 968,028 American Airlines, Delta Air Lines, LATAM Brasil, United Airlines
5 Spain Madrid 820,428 Air China, Air Europa, Iberia, LATAM Brasil
6 France Paris 677,685 Air France, LATAM Brasil
7 Uruguay Montevideo 604,713 Gol Transportes Aéreos, LATAM Brasil
8 Peru Lima 588,230 Avianca Perú, LATAM Brasil, LATAM Perú
9 United Kingdom London 547,937 British Airways, LATAM Brasil
10 Germany Frankfurt 535,806 LATAM Brasil, Lufthansa
11 Panama Panama City 514,206 Copa Airlines
12 Colombia Bogotá 473,020 Avianca, LATAM Brasil
13 Portugal Lisbon 372,788 TAP Portugal
14 Mexico Mexico City 361,823 Aeroméxico, LATAM Brasil
15 Paraguay Asunción 351,131 Gol Transportes Aéreos, LATAM Brasil, LATAM Paraguay
16 United States Orlando[Note 2] 311,272 Delta Air Lines, LATAM Brasil

Note:

  1. ↑ Airlines are listed with their current names, not necessarily the names they operated with at the time of the table data. This is significant for Avianca Perú (formerly TACA) and the LATAM Airlines Group (formerly TAM, LAN Airlines, and various subsidiaries).
  2. ↑ The source data for Orlando include Azul's seat offer on flights departing from Viracopos-Campinas International Airport. The table data shown here subtracts those seats, according to the same source.
Busiest intercontinental routes at São Paulo Guarulhos International Airport (2014) – ANAC[36]
Rank City Passengers
1 Spain Madrid 620,285
2 France Paris 569,928
3 Germany Frankfurt 449,666
4 United Kingdom London 435,757
5 United Arab Emirates Dubai 398,425
6 Netherlands Amsterdam 247,327
7 Portugal Lisbon 204,209
8 Italy Rome 203,784
9 United Arab Emirates Abu Dhabi 202,503
10 Germany Munich 170,608
11 Switzerland Zurich 159,368
12 Qatar Doha 145,433
13 South Africa Johannesburg 132,822
14 Italy Milan 139,396
15 Turkey Istanbul 114,095
16 Angola Luanda 69,088
17 Spain Barcelona 55,999
18 Portugal Porto 48,207
19 Ethiopia Addis Ababa 28,901
20 South Korea Seoul 23,626
21 Morocco Casablanca 21,342
22 China Beijing 17,408
23 Singapore Singapore 11,992
24 Togo Lomé 6,409

Accidents and incidents

Access

The airport is located 25 km (16 mi) from downtown São Paulo.

Car

The airport has its own highway system: Rodovia Hélio Smidt Highway which connects the airport to Presidente Dutra Highway or Ayrton Senna Highway. Residents of Guarulhos can access the road via Monteiro Lobato Avenue. Taxi stands are located outside each of the two terminals on the Arrivals level; inside there are car rental agency representatives.

Bus

Bus transportation is available through the Airport Bus Service, an executive bus line, administered by EMTU and operated by Consórcio Internorte – Área 3. This service provides transportation connecting Guarulhos to Congonhas airport; to Tietê Bus Terminal; to Palmeiras-Barra Funda Intermodal Terminal, to Faria Lima Ave; To Republica Square (Praça da República); To Berrini Ave., Itaim Bibi district; and to the circuit of hotels along Paulista Avenue and Rua Augusta. The ride takes about one hour, depending on traffic.[40] At the airport, tickets can be purchased at the counter located outside the lounge of the Terminal 1, Wing B's arrivals level.

Pássaro Marron/EMTU, a syndicate of the Internorte Consortium, offers two regular bus lines, 257 and 299, connecting Tatuapé subway station (Line 3-Red) with Guarulhos Airport every 30 minutes. At Tatuapé, both buses can be picked up on a platform of that multimodal station's North side bus terminal. At the airport, the stop for both buses is at the Arrivals level road connecting the wings of Terminal 2.

Gol Airlines and LATAM offer for their passengers free bus transfers between Guarulhos and Congonhas airports at regular times.[41][42]

Viação Cometa offers daily departures to and from the airport and the cities of Santos, Sorocaba, São Vicente, and Praia Grande.[43] Lirabus operates daily buses between the airport and Campinas. Pássaro Marron offers bus services to São José dos Campos with departures every two hours. Viação Transdutra connects the airport with the city of Arujá.

Rail

Currently, there is no rail access to Guarulhos. Line 13 of the São Paulo's suburban rail system, operated by CPTM, is under construction and was expected to begin operating in 2015,[44] but as of 2016 the start of operations has been postponed until 2019.[31]

Trivia

Abandoned aircraft

See also

References

  1. 1 2 https://www.gru.com.br/en/institutional/sobre-gru-airport/operational-information
  2. 1 2 3 http://www.gru.com.br/Content/Media/f8d266ad-5225-4698-bbef-1b4dae5abf6d.pdf
  3. ↑ "São Paulo–Guarulhos International airport – Economic and social impact". Ecquants. Retrieved September 7, 2013.
  4. 1 2 "Movimento operacional da rede Infraero de janeiro a dezembro de 2012" (PDF) (in Portuguese). Infraero. January 14, 2013. Retrieved January 16, 2013.
  5. 1 2 "Sao Paulo/Guarulhos International Airport". Infraero. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  6. ↑ "Lista de aeródromos públicos" (in Portuguese). ANAC.
  7. ↑ "Lei n˚10.314, de 28 de novembro de 2001" (in Portuguese). Lei Direto. November 28, 2001. Retrieved August 8, 2011.
  8. ↑ Dores, Kelly (November 27, 2012). "Aeroporto de Guarulhos adota nova identidade: GRU Airport". propmark (in Portuguese). Editora Referência. Retrieved April 29, 2014.
  9. ↑ Komatsu, Alberto (March 16, 2010). "ANAC vai por limite de pouso e decolagem em mais seis aeroportos" (in Portuguese). Valor Online. Retrieved March 19, 2010.
  10. ↑ "Anac restringe pousos e decolagens". Revista em Discussão (in Portuguese). Senado Federal (Brazilian Federal Senate). November 2010. Retrieved 2013-09-18.
  11. ↑ "Invepar Website.". Retrieved November 17, 2013.
  12. ↑ Salomon, Marta (May 18, 2011). "Galpão vira terminal em Guarulhos" (in Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo. Retrieved May 20, 2011.
  13. ↑ Borges, André (December 16, 2012). "Terminal de Guarulhos fica pronto só em 2012" (in Portuguese). Valor Econômico. Retrieved December 17, 2012.
  14. ↑ "Novo terminal de Cumbica fica só para janeiro" (in Portuguese). Veja. December 18, 2011. Retrieved December 23, 2011.
  15. ↑ "Webjet passa a utilizar o terminal 4 de Cumbica no dia 8" (in Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo. February 2, 2012. Retrieved February 4, 2012.
  16. ↑ Costa, Nataly (December 1, 2011). "Cumbica inaugura no dia 20 mais um terminal, a 2 quilômetros dos atuais" (in Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
  17. ↑ Bitencourt, Rafael (April 26, 2011). "Governo define concessão de obras em 3 aeroportos, diz Palocci" (in Portuguese). Valor Online. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
  18. ↑ Rittner, Daniel (February 7, 2012). "Cumbica, Viracopos e Brasília são privatizados" (in Portuguese). Valor Econômico. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
  19. ↑ Salomon, Marta; Monteiro, Tânia (June 1, 2011). "Governo pretende privatizar três aeroportos e abrir o capital da Infraero" (in Portuguese). O Estado de S. Paulo: Economia. Retrieved March 22, 2012.
  20. ↑ "Brazil moves swiftly (at last) to award airport concessions". Centre for Aviation. February 9, 2014. Archived from the original on March 15, 2014.
  21. 1 2 Gallo, Ricardo (November 12, 2015). "Aeroporto de Guarulhos troca número de portões e terminais" [Guarulhos Airport changes gate and terminal numbers]. Folha de S. Paulo (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2016-04-06.
  22. 1 2 3 Casagrande, Vinícius (February 2, 2017). "Pistas de Guarulhos são alargadas para voos diários do maior avião do mundo" [Guarulhos runways are widened for daily flights of the world's largest plane]. Todos a Bordo (in Portuguese). UOL. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
  23. 1 2 "GRU Airport obtém autorização para operar o A380" [GRU Airport obtains authorization to operate the A380] (in Portuguese). GRU Airport. October 2015. Retrieved 2016-07-13.
  24. ↑ "Emirates to Operate One-off A380 Flight to Sao Paulo". Emirates Airline. October 27, 2015. Retrieved 2016-07-13.
  25. ↑ Carvalho, Rafael (March 17, 2017). "Maior avião de passageiros do mundo, A380 pousa em SP; veja fotos" [The world's largest passenger plane, the A380 lands in SP; see pictures]. Esse Mundo É Nosso (in Portuguese). São Paulo: R7.com. Retrieved 2017-03-28.
  26. 1 2 "World Aero Data: GUARULHOS GOV ANDRE FRANCO MONTOURO [sic] – SBGR". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  27. ↑ "GRU – São Paulo [Guarulhos Intl], SP, BR – Airport – Great Circle Mapper". Retrieved June 4, 2015.
  28. ↑ "GRU Airport Cargo". GRU Airport. Retrieved 2016-07-13.
  29. ↑ Rittner, Daniel; Braga, Paulo Victor (August 31, 2009). "Infraero vai gastar R$5 bi em reforma de aeroportos". Valor Econômico (in Portuguese). pp. A4. Retrieved November 2, 2016.
  30. ↑ "Trem de alta velocidade" [High-speed train] (in Portuguese). Brazilian Ministry of Transportation. Retrieved August 7, 2011.
  31. 1 2 "Trem que liga São Paulo ao Aeroporto de Cumbica será entregue em 2019" [Train linking São Paulo to Cumbica Airport will be ready in 2019]. Aeroportoguarulhos.net (in Portuguese). March 16, 2016. Retrieved 2016-04-06.
  32. ↑ Le Sénéchal, André (March 12, 2017). "American projeta um hangar de US$100 milhões no GRU Airport" [American plans a US$100 million hangar at GRU Airport]. Aero In (in Portuguese). Retrieved 2017-07-06.
  33. ↑ Kasper, Marty (March 13, 2017). "Brazil hangar project worries Tulsa American Airlines employees". News on 6. Tulsa. Retrieved 2017-07-06.
  34. ↑ http://www.routesonline.com/news/38/airlineroute/272982/latam-brasil-files-bolivia-schedule-from-april-2018/
  35. ↑ Latin American & Caribbean Air Transportation Association (ALTA) (January 2017). Latin America & Caribbean Capacity Analysis 2016 (PDF). Miami: ALTA. p. 72. Retrieved 2017-03-30.
  36. ↑ "Dados e estatísticas". Retrieved November 27, 2015.
  37. ↑ "Accident description PP-SME". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved August 6, 2011.
  38. ↑ "Accident description PT-TCS". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved July 14, 2011.
  39. ↑ "Accident description PT-MTS". Aviation Safety Network. Retrieved July 23, 2011.
  40. ↑ "Airport Bus Service" (in Portuguese). EMTU. Retrieved December 1, 2011.
  41. ↑ "Transporte para aeroportos" (in Portuguese). Gol Airlines. Retrieved August 30, 2011.
  42. ↑ "Traslados Nacionais". TAM Airlines. Retrieved March 27, 2011.
  43. ↑ Caprioli Turismo (in Portuguese)
  44. ↑ "SP: trem para Cumbica deve começar a operar em 2015, diz CPTM" [São Paulo: train to Cumbica shall start operations in 2015, CPTM says]. terra.com.br (in Portuguese). September 23, 2013. Retrieved December 5, 2013.
  45. ↑ "View of São Paulo-Guarulhos airport centered on the Tropic of Capricorn". Google Maps. Retrieved April 6, 2016.

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