Royal Botanic Garden, Sydney

Royal Botanic Garden Sydney

Entrance to the Royal Botanic Garden from Art Gallery Road
Location of Royal Botanic Garden in Sydney
Type Botanical garden
Location The Domain, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia (Map )
Coordinates 33°51′50″S 151°13′1″E / 33.86389°S 151.21694°E / -33.86389; 151.21694Coordinates: 33°51′50″S 151°13′1″E / 33.86389°S 151.21694°E / -33.86389; 151.21694
Area 30 hectares (74 acres)
Created 1816
Founder Governor Lachlan Macquarie
Operated by Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust
trading as the Botanic Gardens and Centennial Parklands
Visitors 3,544,344 (in 2016)[1]
Open
  • October: 7.00am–7:30pm
  • November to February: 7.00am–8.00pm
  • March: 7.00am–6.30pm
  • April and September: 7.00am–6.00pm
  • May and August: 7.00am–5.30pm
  • June and July: 7.00am–5.00pm
Status Open all year
Public transit access Sydney Trains: St James or Martin Place;
Sydney Buses: Route #441
Website www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au

The Royal Botanic Garden Sydney is a major botanical garden located in the heart of Sydney, New South Wales, Australia. Opened in 1816, the garden is the oldest scientific institution in Australia and one of the most important historic botanical institutions in the world. It is open every day of the year and access is free. Its stunning position on Sydney Harbour and immediately adjacent to the Sydney central business district, the Sydney Opera House and the large public parklands of The Domain ensure it is one of the most visited attractions in Sydney.

Location

Situated immediately southeast of the Sydney Opera House and curved around Farm Cove, the gardens occupy 30 hectares (74 acres) and are bordered by the Cahill Expressway to the south and west, Art Gallery Road to the east, and Sydney Harbour to the north.[2]

Establishment and development

The first farm by European settlers on the Australian continent, at Farm Cove, was established in 1788 by Governor Phillip. Although that farm failed, the land has been in constant cultivation since that time, as ways were found to make the relatively infertile soils more productive. The Botanic Gardens were founded on this site by Governor Macquarie in 1816 as part of the Governor's Domain. Australia's long history of collection and study of plants began with the appointment of the first Colonial Botanist, Charles Fraser, in 1817. The Botanic Gardens is thus the oldest scientific institution in Australia and, from the earliest days, has played a major role in the acclimatisation of plants from other regions. After a succession of colonial botanists and superintendents, including the brothers Richard and Allan Cunningham, both also early explorers, John Carne Bidwill was appointed as the first Director in 1847.

Charles Moore

Charles Moore

Bidwell was succeeded the following year by Charles Moore (1820-1905), a Scotsman who had trained in the Botanic Gardens of Trinity College, Dublin. Moore remained Director for 48 years (1848–96) and did much to develop the Botanic Gardens in their modern form. He boldly tackled the problems of poor soil, inadequate water and shortage of funds to develop much of the Gardens as we see them today. The Palm Grove at the heart of the Garden is a reminder of his skill and foresight, as is the reclaimed land behind the Farm Cove seawall which significantly expanded the area of the Garden.

Towards the end of his time as Director, Moore, together with Ernst Betche, published the Handbook of the Flora of New South Wales, further establishing the Botanic Gardens as a centre for the science of botany.[3]

Zoo

The Botanic Garden once housed a zoo.[4] The zoo was Sydney's first and operated in the Gardens from 1862 until 1883, when most of it was transferred to Moore Park. During these years much of the remnant natural vegetation of the surrounding Domain was removed and planted as parkland. The Moreton Bay Figs, one of the major elements of this planting, continue to dominate the landscape.

Garden Palace

The Garden Palace
After the fire - The Garden Palace

In 1879 a substantial area of the Domain, south of the Government House stables (now the Conservatorium of Music), was taken for the building of the Garden Exhibition Palace. This building, 'an outstanding example of Victorian architectural exuberance, with towers and turrets deployed around a giant dome 100 feet (30 m) in diameter surmounted by a lantern 200 feet (61 m) above the ground', dominated Sydney's skyline and covered over two hectares (4.9 acres). The International Exhibition held in the Palace attracted over one million visitors. However, the building was destroyed by fire in 1882 and the land, now known as the Palace Garden, was added to the Botanic Gardens.

Joseph Henry Maiden

Royal Botanic Garden c.1908, State Library of NSW collection

Moore was succeeded by Joseph Henry Maiden who, during his 28-year term, added much to Moore's maturing landscape. He organised the construction of a new herbarium building, opened in 1901 (today part of the Anderson Building), and made major improvements to the Domain. However, the Botanic Gardens suffered from loss of staff positions during the World War I, and in the Great Depression of the 1930s, the position of Director was lost. Both the Herbarium and the living collections languished.

Post 1945

From 1945 Robert Anderson worked to reunify the two. In 1959 the title 'Royal' was granted and the Herbarium and Royal Botanic Garden were administratively reunified under the title Royal Botanic Garden. Knowles Mair (1965–70) achieved reunification and the Royal Botanic Garden began its return to eminence.

Dr John Beard (1970–72) and Dr Lawrence Johnson (1972–85) further developed the organisation, and the Robert Brown Building was opened in 1982 to house the Herbarium. The breadth of activities increased over these decades with the formation of the Friends of the Royal Botanic Garden; educational and ecological programs; the Flora of New South Wales; the scientific journals Telopea and Cunninghamia and programs of computerised documentation of both the living and herbarium collections.

Other initiatives, the Mount Tomah Botanic Garden (1987), Mount Annan Botanic Garden (1988) and a major expansion of the Tropical Centre glasshouses (1990), were opened to the public after Professor Carrick Chambers became the ninth Director in 1986. The Royal Botanic Gardens celebrated its 175th anniversary in 1991. During Professor Chambers' ten years as Director, the Rose Garden (1988), the Fernery (1993), the Herb Garden (1994), and the Oriental Garden (1997) were opened and the Rare and Threatened Species Garden (1998) was commenced to further enrich the experience of visitors. The Royal Botanic Garden Foundation was established to seek a wider range of support for future needs.

Botanic Gardens & Centennial Parklands

In 2014 it was announced that the Royal Botanic Garden Sydney would come under the management of a newly created entity, the Botanic Gardens & Centennial Parklands.

Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust

The gardens come under the responsibility of the Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust, established in 1980 by act of the New South Wales parliament. The Domain Leasing Act 1961 was repealed and An Act to constitute the Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust was passed, defining its powers, authorities, duties and functions.[5] The trust is also responsible for the adjoining public open space of the Domain as well as the Australian Botanic Garden Mount Annan in western Sydney and the Blue Mountains Botanic Garden Mount Tomah in the Blue Mountains. While the Trustees provide oversight of the lands under legislative guidelines, the day-to-day operational management of the Garden is undertaken by staff of 'Botanic Gardens & Centennial Parklands'.

Layout and features

Covering a sizeable 30 hectares (74 acres), the Garden forms a large natural amphitheatre, wrapped around and sloping down towards the 'stage' of Farm Cove. It is divided into four major precincts called the Lower Gardens, the Middle Gardens, the Palace Gardens and the Bennelong precinct. Within the four major precincts are many smaller gardens and features as well as large amounts of lightly wooded lawn areas. Located approximately in the middle of the four precincts is the Palm Grove Centre which offers a restaurant, cafe, visitors centre and bookshop.

The single most distinct landscape feature in the Garden is the historic hand-hewn sandstone seawall that curves around Farm Cove from Mrs Macquarie's Point to the Opera House, delineating the garden from the harbour and providing a focal point for visitors, joggers and photographers.

Lower Gardens

The lower gardens feature the Band Lawn, the main Ponds, the HSBC Oriental Garden, the Yurong, Victoria Lodge, Henry Lawson Gates and the Maiden Pavilion.

Middle Gardens

The middle gardens feature the Palm House, the Wollemi Pine, the Succulent Garden, the Rare and Threatened Plant Garden, the Herbarium & Plant Sciences Building, the Lion Gate Lodge, the Begonia Garden and the Macquarie Wall and Spring Walk.

Palace Gardens

The Palace Gardens feature the Tropical Centre (closed since 2013, pending redevelopment), the Rainforest Walk, the Pioneer Garden, the Morshead Fountain Gate, the Palace Garden Gate, the Rose Garden & Pavilion, the Turf Plots, the Old Mill Garden, the Herb Garden and the Sydney Conservatorium of Music.

Calyx glass house and function centre in the Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney

Bennelong Precinct

The Bennelong Precinct contains Government House, the Parade Ground, the Australian Native Rockery, Bennelong Lawn and the Queen Elizabeth II Gate.

Palm Grove Centre

The Palm Grove Centre features the Palm Grove itself, a Cafe, Garden Shop and the Botanic Gardens Restaurant.

Daniel Solander Library

The library at the Royal Botanic Gardens was established in 1852.[6] It is named after Daniel Solander (1733 - 1782) who was a student of Linnaeus[7] and held positions at the British Museum, including working in the library.[8][9] He was employed in 1768 by Joseph Banks to accompany him on James Cook's first voyage to the Pacific.[10][11] On their return to England in 1771 he became Banks' botanist and librarian.

The library is the oldest botanical research library in Australia. The library has a collection of horticultural, botanic and taxonomic literature and is located within the National Herbarium of New South Wales which has samples collected by Banks and Solander on the voyage with James Cook amongst more than 1.2 million plant specimens.[12]

Flying foxes

Flying Foxes at the Botanic Gardens

The Royal Botanic Gardens was for decades home to a large colony of native Grey-headed Flying Foxes, a large species of fruit bat. The colony (estimated to be over 20,000 strong at times) caused significant damage to the trees used for roosting, especially around the Palm Grove Centre where dozens of historic trees were killed or severely damaged.

In May 2010 the trust announced a plan to evict the colony from the gardens by driving them away with repeated playing of extremely loud recorded noise.[13] This plan was subsequently held up for several years by court action instigated by an animal welfare group but approval was finally given to the trust to proceed in June 2012.[14] By June 2013 the bats had entirely left the Garden and the damaged trees had started to recover.[15]

In an ironic coda, many of the bats displaced from the garden were found to have moved to a native bushland site on the north coast of New South Wales which was scheduled to be destroyed for an upgrade of the Pacific Highway, the main road linking Sydney with Brisbane. The destruction of the forest and displacement of that colony became a publicly contentious environment-versus-development issue in early 2014 and the building of the road was delayed pending a court-ordered federal government environmental assessment.[16]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Visitation". About us. Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust. Retrieved 18 February 2017.
  2. ↑ "Sydney's Royal Botanic Gardens". www.discoversydney.com.au. 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  3. ↑ Moore, C. & Betche, E. Handbook of the flora of New South Wales. Sydney: Government Printer.
  4. ↑ Gilbert, Lionel Arthur (1986). The Royal Botanic Gardens, Sydney: A History, 1816–1985. Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press. p. 131. ISBN 9780195547191. OCLC 14694184.
  5. ↑ NSW Government legislation: Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Act 1980 No 19
  6. ↑ "Library". The Royal Botanic Gardens Sydney. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  7. ↑ "IK iFacts - Daniel Solander - Linnaeus Apostle". www.ikfoundation.org. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  8. ↑ "Daniel Charles Solander.". The World's News (660). New South Wales, Australia. 8 August 1914. p. 10. Retrieved 6 February 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  9. ↑ "SOLANDER THE NATURALIST.". The Age (25210). Victoria, Australia. 1 February 1936. p. 6. Retrieved 6 February 2017 – via National Library of Australia.
  10. ↑ Duyker, Edward (1998), Nature's argonaut : Daniel Solander 1733-1782 : naturalist and voyager with Cook and Banks, Miegunyah Press, ISBN 978-0-522-84720-8
  11. ↑ Rauschenberg, Roy Anthony; American Philosophical Society (1968), Daniel Carl Solander, naturalist on the 'Endeavour', American Philosophical Society, retrieved 6 February 2017
  12. ↑ "Royal Botanic Gardens and Domain Trust Annual Report 2014-15" (PDF). Royal Botanic Gardens. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  13. ↑ "Flying-fox relocation". www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au. 3 December 2012. Retrieved 6 December 2012.
  14. ↑ "Botanic Gardens bats given their marching orders". The Sydney Morning Herald. 4 June 2012.
  15. ↑ "Heavy metal wins in botanic battle of the bats". The Sydney Morning Herald. 29 June 2013.
  16. ↑ "Bats evicted from Royal Botanic Gardens now haunting government at Macksville". The Sydney Morning Herald. 8 February 2014.
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