Royal Army Medical Corps

Royal Army Medical Corps
Cap badge of the Royal Army Medical Corps
Active	1898–present
Branch	British Army
Role	Medical support
Part of	Army Medical Services
Nickname(s)	The Linseed Lancers
Motto(s)	In arduis fidelis (Faithful in adversity)
March	Quick: Here's a Health unto His Majesty (arr. A.J. Thornburrow) Slow: Her Bright Smile haunts me still (J Campbell arr. Brown)
Anniversaries	Corps Day (23 June)
Commanders
Colonel-in-Chief	HRH The Duke of Gloucester KG, GCVO
Insignia
Tactical recognition flash

The Royal Army Medical Corps (RAMC) is a specialist corps in the British Army which provides medical services to all Army personnel and their families, in war and in peace. Together with the Royal Army Veterinary Corps, the Royal Army Dental Corps and Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps, the RAMC forms the Army Medical Services.

The RAMC does not carry a Regimental Colour or Queen's Colour, although it has a Regimental Flag; nor does it have battle honours, as elements of the Corps have been present in almost every war the army has fought. Because it is not a fighting arm (i.e. it is non-combatant), under the Geneva Conventions, members of the RAMC may only use their weapons for self-defence. For this reason, there are two traditions that the RAMC perform when on parade:

• Officers do not draw their swords – instead they hold their scabbard with their left hand while saluting with their right.
• Other ranks do not fix bayonets.

Unlike medical officers in some other countries, medical officers in the RAMC (and the Navy and Air Force) do not use the "Dr" prefix, in parentheses or otherwise, but only their rank, although they may be addressed informally as "Doctor". Neither do they prefix "Surgeon" in front of their rank as medical officers of the Royal Navy do (although they did until the end of the 19th century).

Insignia

The RAMC, like every other British regiment, has its own distinctive unit insignia.

• Dark blue beret, the default Army colour worn by units without distinctive coloured berets. The exceptions are members of 16 Medical Regiment, who wear the maroon beret, 225 Scottish General Support Medical Regiment (previously Field Ambulance) and members of 205 (Scottish) Field Hospital, who wear the traditional Scottish Tam o' Shanter headdress with Corps badge on tartan backing, and medical personnel attached to field units with distinctive coloured berets, who usually wear the beret of that unit (e.g. maroon for The Parachute Regiment and sky blue for the Army Air Corps). There is also a small attachment to Special Forces, the Medical Support Unit (MSU) who wear the sandy beret of the SAS.
• Cap badge depicting the Rod of Asclepius, surmounted by a crown, enclosed within a laurel wreath, with the regimental motto In Arduis Fidelis, translated as "Faithful in Adversity" in a scroll beneath. The cap badge is worn 1 inch above the left eye on the beret. The cap badge of the other ranks must also be backed by an oval patch of dull cherry-red coloured cloth measuring 3.81 cm (1.5 inches) wide and 6.35 cm (2.5 inches) high sewn directly to the beret. Officers do not use the backing, but have a sewn-on cloth cap badge instead.
• Silver regimental collar badges (collar 'dogs'), a miniature of the cap badge, worn with the serpent's head facing inwards.
• Stable belt comprising equal horizontal bands of (from top to bottom) dull cherry, royal blue, and old gold, reflecting the old uniform worn in the 1900s (dull cherry and royal blue), the gold depicting the royal in the title.

Some units wear a brigade stable belt, for example members of 16 Medical Regiment wear a maroon stable belt with two horizontal sky blue lines; the buckle has the brigade Pegasus on it as opposed to the RAMC badge. This unit was formed in 1999 by the amalgamation of 23 Parachute Field Ambulance, whose stable belt they continue to wear, and 19th (Airmobile) Field Ambulance, who previously wore an all-black brigade stable belt.

• Silver belt buckle with engraved regimental badge.

History

Army surgeons carry out an operation during the Second World War

Medical services in the British armed services go as far back as the formation of the Standing Regular Army after the Restoration of Charles II in 1660. This was the first time a career was provided for a Medical Officer (MO), known as the Regimental Surgeon, both in peacetime and in war. The Army was formed entirely on a regimental basis, and an MO with a Warrant Officer as his Assistant Surgeon was appointed to each regiment, which also provided a hospital. The MO was also for the first time concerned in the continuing health of his troops, and not limited to just battlefield medicine.

This regimental basis of appointment for MOs continued until 1873, when a co-ordinated army medical service was set up. To join, a doctor needed to be qualified and single and aged at least 21, and then undergo a further examination in physiology, surgery, medicine, zoology, botany and physical geography including meteorology, and also to satisfy various other requirements (including having dissected the whole body at least once and having attended 12 midwifery cases); the results were published in three classes by an Army Medical School, which was set up in 1860 at Fort Pitt in Chatham,^[1] and moved in 1863 to Netley outside Southampton.^[2]

There was much unhappiness in the Army Medical Service in the following years. For medical officers did not actually have military rank but "advantages corresponding to relative military rank" (such as choice of quarters, rates of lodging money, servants, fuel and light, allowances on account of injuries received in action, and pensions and allowances to widows and families). They had inferior pay in India, excessive amounts of Indian and colonial service (being required to serve in India six years at a stretch), and less recognition in honours and awards. They did not have their own identity as did the Army Service Corps, whose officers did have military rank. A number of complaints were published, and the British Medical Journal campaigned loudly. For over two years after 27 July 1887 there were no recruits to the Army Medical Department. A parliamentary committee reported in 1890 highlighting the doctors' injustices. Yet all this was ignored by the Secretary of State for War. The British Medical Association, the Royal College of Physicians and others redoubled their protests.^[3] Eventually, in 1898, officers and soldiers providing medical services were incorporated into a new body known by its present name, the Royal Army Medical Corps; its first Colonel-in-Chief was H.R.H. the Duke of Connaught.

The RAMC Memorial for the Boer War at Aldershot in Hampshire

The RAMC began to develop during the Boer War of 1899–1902. The Corps itself lost 743 officers and 6130 soldiers in the war. However, far more of them, and thousands more of the sick and wounded they treated, would have died if it had not been for the civilian doctors working in South Africa as volunteers—such as Sir Frederick Treves, Sir George Makins, Sir Howard Henry Tooth and Professor Alexander Ogston—who, having seen how unprepared to deal with epidemics the RAMC and the Army itself were, decided that a radical reform was needed. Chief among them was Alfred Fripp, who had been chosen by the Imperial Yeomanry Hospital Committee to order all the necessary materials and medical personnel, and oversee the setting-up of a private hospital at Deelfontein to cater, initially, for 520 'sick and wounded.' The contrast between the smooth working of the IYH at Deelfontein with the chaos of the RAMC hospitals, where an enteric epidemic had overwhelmed the staff, led to questions in Parliament, mainly by William Burdett-Coutts. In July 1901 the first meeting of the Committee of Reform took place, with all the aforementioned civilian experts, plus Sir Edwin Cooper Perry, making up half the number; the rest were Army men, and included Alfred Keogh, whom the new Secretary of State for War, Lord Midleton, appointed Chairman of this Committee and the subsequent Advisory Committee. Neither would have met so soon—if at all—but for Fripp's concern to limit unnecessary suffering, and for his ten years' friendship with the new King, Edward VII. Fripp showed him his plans for reform and the King made sure that they were not shelved by his Government. Part of his plan was to move the Netley Hospital and Medical School to a Thames-side site at Millbank, London. Cooper Perry, Fripp's colleague from Guy's Hospital, was instrumental in making this happen, as well as using his formidable talents as an organizer in other services for the Reform Committee. Fripp and Cooper Perry were knighted for their services to the RAMC Committee of Reform in 1903. Fripp was thirty-seven.

RAMC World War I memorial in St Giles Cathedral, Edinburgh

During the First World War, the corps reached its apogee both in size and experience. The two people in charge of the RAMC in the Great War were Arthur Sloggett, the senior RAMC officer seconded to the IYH in Deelfontein who acquiesced in all Fripp's surprising innovations, and Alfred Keogh, whom Fripp recommended to Brodrick as an RAMC man well-regarded when Registrar of No.3 General Hospital in Cape Town. Fripp, Ogston and Perry wrote a joint critical statement about the RAMC's operational shortcomings in 1916 but, given the scale of medical requirements in this War, it was felt that the RAMC had done a fine job in the end.

During Britain's colonial days, the RAMC set up clinics and hospitals in countries wherever British troops could be found. Major-General Sir William Macpherson of the RAMC wrote the official Medical History of the War (HMSO 1922). Its main base was for long the Queen Alexandra Hospital at Millbank, London (now closed).

Before the Second World War, RAMC recruits were required to be at least 5 feet 2 inches tall and could enlist up to 30 years of age. They initially enlisted for seven years with the colours and a further five years with the reserve, or three years and nine years. They trained for six months at the RAMC Depot, Crookham Camp, Aldershot, before proceeding to specialist trade training.^[4]

Current facilities

The military medical services are now a tri-service body, with the hospital facilities of Army, Royal Air Force and Royal Navy combined. The main hospital facility is now the Royal Centre for Defence Medicine at Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham, a joint military-National Health Service centre. The former Royal Naval Hospital Haslar in Gosport became the tri-service Royal Hospital Haslar until it was decommissioned in March 2007. The majority of injured service personnel were treated in Selly Oak Hospital, Birmingham prior to the new Queen Elizabeth Hospital's opening. Negative press coverage during the surge of UK military commitments in the years following the second invasion of Iraq^[5] has largely given way to an appreciation that the care provided to injured troops has significantly improved.^[6][7]

Queen Alexandra Hospital in Portsmouth, Derriford Hospital in Plymouth, Friarage Hospital in Northallerton (near Catterick Garrison) and Frimley Park Hospital (near Aldershot Garrison) also have military hospital units attached to them but they do not treat operational casualties.

Units

Regiments

• 1st Armoured Medical Regiment – Reactive Force
• 2nd Medical Regiment – Adaptable Force. A written statement in December 2016 stated that this unit will be rationalised, with all manpower redeployed to other areas of the Army.^[8]
• 3 Medical Regiment – Adaptable Force – to support first new Strike Brigade^[9]
• 4 Armoured Medical Regiment – Reactive Force
• 5 Armoured Medical Regiment – Reactive Force
• 16 Medical Regiment – 16 Air Assault Brigade^[10]
• 225 Medical Regiment
• 253 Medical Regiment
• 254 Medical Regiment

Brigades

• 2 Medical Brigade
  • 22 Field Hospital
  • 33 Field Hospital – a written statement in December 2016 stated that this unit will be rationalised, with all manpower redeployed to other areas of the Army.^[8]
  • 34 Field Hospital
  • 201 (Northern) Field Hospital
  • 202 (Midlands) Field Hospital
  • 203 (Welsh) Field Hospital
  • 204 (North Irish) Field Hospital
  • 205 (Scottish) Field Hospital
  • 207 (Manchester) Field Hospital
  • 208 (Liverpool) Field Hospital
  • 212 (Yorkshire) Field Hospital
  • 217 (London) General Hospital
  • 243 (Wessex) Field Hospital
  • 256 (City of London) Field Hospital
  • 306 Hospital Support Regiment
  • 335 Medical Evacuation Regiment
  • Medical Operational Support Group

Colonels-in-Chief

• FM HRH Arthur William Patrick Albert, 1st Duke of Connaught & Strathearn KG, KT, KP, GCB, GCSI, GCMG, GCIE, GCVO, GBE, VD, TD (1919–1942)
• HM Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother LG, LT, CI, GCVO, GBE, CC, ONZ, CD (1942–2002)
• HRH The Duke of Gloucester KG, GCVO (2003–present)

Order of precedence

Successive changes in title

• Medical Staff Corps (1855–1857) (other ranks only)
• Army Hospital Corps (1857–1884) (other ranks only)
• Army Medical Department (1873–1898) (officers only)
• Medical Staff Corps (1884–1898) (other ranks only)
• Royal Army Medical Corps (1898–present)

Officer ranks

Services in Hong Kong

The Medical Corps provided non-emergency ambulatory assistance to the Hong Kong Fire Services prior to 1953.

Gallantry awards

Since the Victoria Cross was instituted in 1856 there have been 27 Victoria Crosses and two bars awarded to army medical personnel.^[13] A bar, indicating a subsequent award of a second Victoria Cross, has only ever been awarded three times, two of them to medical officers. Twenty-three of these Victoria Crosses are on display in the Army Medical Services Museum. The corps also has one recipient of both the Victoria Cross and the Iron Cross.

One officer was awarded the George Cross in the Second World War. A young member of the corps, Private Michelle Norris, became the first woman to be awarded the Military Cross following her actions in Iraq on 11 June 2006.^[14]

One VC is in existence that is not counted in any official records. In 1856, Queen Victoria laid a Victoria Cross beneath the foundation stone of the Royal Victoria Military Hospital, Netley.^[15] When the hospital was demolished in 1966, the VC, known as "The Netley VC", was retrieved and is now on display in the Army Medical Services Museum, Ash Vale, near Aldershot.^[15]

Although not serving with the RAMC, Irish born Surgeon John Crimmin VC, CB, CIE, VD is another military medic to win the country's highest award for gallantry. He won his medal in 1889 while serving with The Bombay Medical Service of The Indian Army in the Karen Ni Expedition. John Crimmin is buried in Wells, Somerset. Contrary to other sources the medal is not held by The Army Medical Services Museum.

Trades/careers in the 21st century

RAMC officer careers:

• Doctor (Medical Officer)
• Pharmacist
• Physiotherapist
• Environmental Health Officer
• Medical Support Officer
• Technical Officer – Biomedical Scientist/Radiographer/Clinical Physiologist/Operating Department Practitioner

RAMC soldier trades:

• Clinical Physiologist
• Combat Medical Technician
• Emergency Medical Technician
• Operating Department Practitioner
• Pharmacy Technician
• Environmental Health Technician
• Biomedical Scientist
• Radiographer

Military abbreviations applicable to the Medical Corps

Within the military, Medical officers could occupy a number of roles that were dependent on experience, rank and location. Within military documentation, numerous abbreviations were used to identify these roles, of which the following are some of the most common:^[16]

• ADMS = Assistant Director Medical Services
• DADMS = Deputy Assistant Director of Medical Services
• DCA = Defence Consultant Advisor (the lead clinician for each specialty)
• DDGMS = Deputy Director General Medical Services
• DDMS = Deputy Director Medical Services
• DG = Director General (Medical Services)
• DGAMS = Director General Army Medical Services (HQ AMD, Camberley / HQ Land Forces, Andover)
• DGMS = Director General Medical Services
• DMS = Director Medical Services
• EMO = Embarkation Medical Officer
• GDMO = General Duties Medical Officer (a junior army doctor attached to a field unit before commencing higher specialist training)
• MCD = Military Clinical Director (a senior army Consultant)
• MSO = Medical Support Officer (a non-clinical military officer who hold command and staff positions)
• MO = Medical Officer
• OMO = Orderly Medical Officer
• PMO = Principal Medical Officer
• RMO = Regimental Medical Officer (normally an army General Practitioner with additional training in Pre-Hospital Emergency Care and Occupational Medicine)
• SMO = Senior Medical Officer (normally a senior army General Practitioner)
• CMT = Combat Medical Technician (an army medic). Not necessarily a paramedic. There are some (mostly special forces) CMTs who are paramedic-trained, but the term 'paramedic' is protected in law and can only be used by those who are fully qualified and state-registered with the HCPC.

Journal

Since 1903, the corps has published an academic journal titled the Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps (JRAMC). Its stated aim is to "publish high quality research, reviews and case reports, as well as other invited articles, which pertain to the practice of military medicine in its broadest sense".^[17] Submissions are accepted from serving members of all ranks, as well as academics from outside the military. Initially a monthly publication, it is currently published quarterly by BMJ on behalf of the RAMC Association.^[17][18]

Notable personnel

• Category:Royal Army Medical Corps officers

• Category:Royal Army Medical Corps soldiers

See also

• Structure of the British Army: The services
• Combat medic

References

Further reading

Primary sources

• Oram, A.R. An Army Doctor's Story: Memoirs of Brigadier A.R. Oram 1891–1966, published in paperback and on Kindle 2013

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Royal Army Medical Corps.

• Official site – British Army official website
• Army Medical Services Museum
• RAMC Association
• Journal of the Royal Army Medical Corps
• "Army 2020 units and sub-units of the Royal Medical Corps (Reaction/Adaptable Force Divisions)" (PDF). Ministry of Defence. 18 May 2015. 

Other Links

• Major-General Joe Crowdy – Daily Telegraph obituary
• Battle Hospital: Medics at War – documentary about 202 Field Hospital during Operation Telic