Roll of arms

Hyghalmen Roll, German, c. 1485. An example of a late mediaeval roll of arms. College of Arms, London.

A roll of arms (or armorial) is a collection of coats of arms, usually consisting of rows of painted pictures of shields, each shield accompanied by the name of the person bearing the arms.

The oldest extant armorials date to the mid 13th century, and armorial manuscripts continued to be produced throughout the Early Modern period. Siebmachers Wappenbuch of 1605 was an early instance of a printed armorial. Medieval armorials usually include a few hundred coats of arms, in the late medieval period sometimes up to some 2,000. In the early modern period, the larger armorials develop into encyclopedic projects, with the Armorial général de France (1696), commissioned by Louis XIV of France, listing more than 125,000 coats of arms. In the modern period, the tradition develops into projects of heraldic dictionaries edited in multiple volumes, such as the Dictionary of British Arms in four volumes (1926–2009), or J. Siebmacher's großes Wappenbuch in seven volumes (1854–1967).

Armorials can be "occasional", relating to a specific event such as a tournament; "institutional", associated with foundations, such as that of an order of chivalry, "regional", collecting the arms of the nobility of a given region, "illustrative", in the context of a specific narrative or chronicle, or "general", with the aim of an encyclopedic collection.^[1] A roll of arms arranged systematically by design, with coats featuring the same principal elements (geometrical ordinaries and charges) grouped together as a tool to aid identification, is known as an ordinary of arms (or simply as an ordinary).

Notable examples

Medieval

Dering Roll, c. 1270, Dover. Lists knights of Kent & Essex. British Library. Provenance: Sir Edward Dering (1598–1644), Lt. of Dover Castle

Segar's Roll, a 17th-century copy of a 13th-century roll.

Folio 259v. from Wernigerode Wappenbuch, Bavaria, c. 1486–1492

English

• Glover's Roll [British Library Additional manuscripts 29796] is an English roll of arms from the 1240s or 1250s, containing 55 coats of arms.^[2]
• The Matthew Paris Shields, not truly a roll but a set of marginal illustrations accompanying the chronicler's illuminated manuscript works, Chronica Majora and Historia Anglorum. These date from c.1244–59, during the reign of Henry III, and contain drawings of shields with Latin annotations.^[3]
• Walford's Roll [British Museum MS Harl 6589, f.12,12b] is an English roll dating from c. 1275, containing 185 coats with blazons.
• The Camden Roll [British Museum, Cotton Roll, 8] is an English roll dating from c.1280, containing 270 painted coats, 185 with blazons.
• The Dering Roll, dating from the late 13th century, contains 324 coats of arms, painted on parchment. It is 8 ¹⁄₄ inches (210 mm) wide by 8 feet 8 inches (2.64 m) long. It currently resides in the British Library.^[4]
• The Heralds' Roll [FitzWilliam Museum, Cambridge MS297 (15th century copy)] is an English roll dating from c. 1280, containing 697 painted coats.^[5]
• St George's Roll [College of Arms, London, MS Vincent 164 ff. 1–21b] is an English roll dating from c. 1285, containing 677 painted coats.
• Charles' Roll [Society of Antiquaries, London, MS517 (c.15th-century copy)] is an English roll dating from c.1285, containing 486 painted coats. Planché however names as "Charles's Roll" a copy of a mid-13th-century roll [British Museum, Harley MS 6589] containing nearly 700 coats drawn in pen and ink (i.e. tricked) by Nicholas Charles (d.1613), Lancaster Herald, in 1607. Charles stated that the original had been lent to him by the Norroy King of Arms.^[6]
• The Lord Marshal's Roll [Society of Antiquaries, London, MS 664, vol.1, ff. 19–25] is an English roll dating from 1295, containing 565 painted coats.
• Collins' Roll [Queen's College, Oxford, MS 158, pp. 366–402 (copy c.1640)] is a roll dating from 1296, containing 598 painted coats. It currently resides at the College of Arms in London.
• The Falkirk Roll is an English occasional roll dating from c. 1298, containing 115 coats with blazons, listing the knights with King Edward I at Battle of Falkirk in 1298. Various copies exist. The British Museum copy (MS Harl 6589, f.9–9b) was formerly in the Treasury Chamber in Paris in 1576.^[7]
• The Galloway Roll [College of Arms, London, MS M.14, ff. 168–75] (copy by Sir Thomas Wriothesley, Garter King of Arms, d. 1534) is an English roll dating from 1300, containing 259 coats with blazons.
• Roll of Caerlaverock or Poem of Caerlaverock [British Museum, Cotton Caligula A XVIII, ff. 23b–30b (near contemporary vellum copy)] is a roll dating from 1300, containing 110 poetical blazons without images. Two other copies exist, made by Glover from a now-lost different original source, one at the College of Arms in London, the other at the Office of the Ulster King of Arms in Dublin. The original was made in 1300 by English heralds during Edward I's siege of Caerlaverock Castle, Scotland. Commentary by Nicholas Harris Nicolas: The siege of Carlaverock in the XXVIII Edward I. A.D. MCCC; with the arms of the earls, barons, and knights, who were present on the occasion; with a translation, a history of the castle, and memoirs of the personages commemorated by the poet, London, 1828.^[8]
• Stirling Roll [College of Arms, London MS M.14, ff. 269–272 (Copy by Sir Thomas Wriothesley, Garter King of Arms, d.1534)] is an English roll from 1304, containing 102 coats.
• Stepney Roll [Published in Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica, vol. 4, p. 63] is an English occasional roll listing the knights present at Stepney Tournament in 1308.
• The Great, Parliamentary, or Banneret's Roll, c. 1312 (Greenstreet 22; Papworth N), is an English roll consisting of 19 vellum leaves (measuring 6" x 8.25"), which include the names and blazons of 1,110 Nobles, Bishops, knights and deceased lords of the day. It is now part of the British Museum manuscript collection - MS. Cotton, Caligula A, XVIII.^[9]
• Dunstable Roll [Published in Collectanea Topographica et Genealogica, vol. 4, p. 389] is an English occasional roll listing knights present at Dunstable Tournament in 1334.
• Calais Roll is an English roll dating from 1346-7, containing 116 shields in brown ink, tricked to denote tinctures. This roll was probably made in the late 16th century from transcripts of accounts kept by Walter Wetewang, Treasurer of the Household 1346–7, showing wages paid to participants at the Siege of Calais. Extant in the form of about twenty 16th-century manuscripts, this roll was classed as spurious by Wagner (1950), but as "one of the documentary pillars of fourteenth-century military studies" by Ayton (1994).^[10]
• Powell's Roll [MS. Ashmole 804, Bodleian Library, Oxford] is an English roll dating from c.1345–1351.^[11]
• Salisbury Roll is an English roll in two similar versions: the "Original Roll" dating from c. 1463,^[12] in the collection of the Duke of Buccleuch, a descendant of the Montagu family; and the later "Copy A", made c.1483–5,^[13] in the collection of the British Library, catalogued as "Additional Manuscript 45133". It contains coats of arms of the Montagu family, Earls of Salisbury. "Copy A" was formerly in the collection of Sir Thomas Wriothesley, Garter King of Arms 1505–34 and later was owned by William Smith, Rector of Melsonby (d.1735).^[14] Parts are now in the British Library in London.

French

• The Bigot Roll [Bibliothèque Nationale, Paris, fonds français no 18648 fo 32 – 39] is a French roll dating from 1254, containing 300 coats.
• The Armorial Wijnbergen is a French roll published in two parts (Part 1, c. 1265–1270; Part 2, c. 1270–1285), containing 1,312 painted coats. It resided for a while at the Royal Dutch Association of Genealogy & Heraldry, but has been returned; the present owners are not known.
• The Chifflet-Prinet Roll [Bibliothèque Municipale, Besançon, Collection Chifflet, MS 186, pp. 145–154] is a French roll dating from c. 1285–1298, containing 147 coats with blazons.
• Armorial du Hérault Vermandois [Bibliothèque nationale de France, MS.français 2249 (15th century copy)] is a French roll of arms dating from c. 1285–1300, containing 1,076 blazons.
• Armorial Le Breton, with 580 coats of arms (230 of which are not identified), c. 1292, with addition of 144 coats of arms in the 15th century, and another 15 added c. 1530.
• Armorial Bellenville by Claes Heinen (1386), 1,738 coats of arms (BNV Fr. 5230).
• Grand Armorial équestre de la Toison d'or, an armorial of the members of the Order of the Golden Fleece between 1429 and 1461, commissioned by a herald in the Duchy of Burgundy.

Holy Roman Empire

• Turino armorial (1312), descriptions of 119 coats of arms of the attendants of the coronation of Henry VII.
• The coats of arms shown with the singer portraits in Codex Manesse (although not technically an armorial) are an important source for early 14th century heraldry.
• The Zürich armorial made in c. 1340 presumably in what is now eastern Switzerland (in or nearby of what is now the canton of St Gallen), now in the Swiss National Museum in Zürich.
• Gelre Armorial is a Dutch roll of arms dating from c. 1370–1414, containing about 1,700 coats of arms. It currently resides at the Royal Library of Belgium.
• Wappenbüchlein E.E. Zunft zu Pfisten in Luzern (1408), 5 foll. with 59 Lucerne guild coats of arms.
• Hyghalmen Roll is a German roll of arms made around 1447–1455 in Cologne. It currently resides at the College of Arms in London.
• Hans Ingeram's armorial (1459), 280 pages with c. 1,100 coats of arms.
• Wappenbuch der österreichischen Herzöge, c. 1445–1457, 50 foll. with some 170 coats of arms.
• Wernigerode Armorial is a Bavarian roll of arms from around 1486–1492, containing 524 pages, 477 of which are illustrated with anywhere from one to thirty coats of arms (most of these have four coats of arms each).
• Stemmario Trivulziano is a Milanese roll of the second half of the 15th century, containing approximately 2,000 coats.^[15] It currently resides at Biblioteca Trivulziana, Milan, Italy. Attributed to Gian Antonio da Tradate, it was in the possession of Gian Giacomo Trivulzio, who served as a Milanese condottiero between 1465 and 1483. It blazons the ducal arms and those of linked families such as Brandolini, Savelli, Colonna, Orsini, Scaligeri, Este and Gonzaga. Also included are the arms of the German merchant-bankers Fugger.
• Scheiblersches Wappenbuch, c. 1450–1480, 624 coats of arms.
• Armorial of Conrad Grünenberg, Constance (1483), some 2,000 coats of arms.
• St. Gallen armorial, 1466–1470, 338 pages with some 200 coats of arms
• Eichstätt armorial, 1474–1478, 351 pages with some 2,000 coats of arms
• Palatine armorial, c. 1460, 200 foll. with 1,080 coats of arms.
• Heroldsbuch des Jülicher Hubertus-Ordens (1480), 130 foll. with some 1,000 coats of arms
• Leipzig armorial, c. 1450s, 96 foll. with 602 coats of arms
• Miltenberg armorial, late 15th century, 85 foll. with c. 1,700 coats of arms.
• Berlin armorial, c. 1470, 254 pages with c. 900 coats of arms
• Innsbruck armorial, c. 1460s, 157 foll. with 408 coats of arms.
• Gerold Edlibach's armorial of Zürich, 1490s.

Iberian

• The Book of Knowledge of All Kingdoms (Libro del Conosçimiento de todos los rregnos) of c. 1385 goes beyond the scope of a mere armorial, being a fictional travelogue, giving an account of the geography of the known world, identifying all lands, kings, lords and their armorial devices. The book's main purpose is still that of an armorial, but fashioned in the genre of the travelogue popularized by Marco Polo and John Mandeville.
• Armorial de la Cofradia di Santiago (Book of the Knights of the Brotherhood of Santiago), continuously updated from the order's foundation in 1338 into the 17th century.

Early Modern

• Livro do Armeiro-Mor is a Portuguese official roll from 1509, compiled by João do Cró, Portugal King of Arms. It includes almost 400 real and imaginary coats of arms, including those of the Nine Worthies, of the states of Europe, Africa and Asia, of the electors of the Holy Roman Emperor, of the pairs of France, of members of the Portuguese Royal Family and of the other noble families of Portugal.
• Livro da Nobreza a Perfeiçam das Armas is a Portuguese official roll from c. 1521-1541, compiled by António Godinho, secretary of the King John III of Portugal. It follows the model of the Livro do Armeiro-Mor, being its update, but omitting the chapters on the Nine Worthies, the electors of the Emperor and the pairs of France.
• Virgil Solis' Wappenbüchlein (1555), coats of arms of the nobility of the Holy Roman Empire.
• Fojnica Armorial is an early modern (16th or 17th century) Balkan roll of arms, containing 139 coats of arms.
• Korenić-Neorić Armorial (1595 copy of the slightly older, c. 1590, Ohmućević Armorial), an "Illyrianist" armorial of the Balkans; the Belgrade Armorial II is an early 17th-century copy.
• Siebmachers Wappenbuch is a general roll of arms of the Holy Roman Empire, compiled by Johann Siebmacher around 1605.
• Thesouro da Nobreza is a general Portuguese roll, compiled by Francisco Coelho, India King of Arms, in 1675. It includes the real and imaginary arms of the 12 tribes of Israel, of the Nine Worthies, of the Romans, of the pairs of France, of the electors of the Empire, of the cavalry and regular orders of Portugal, of some cities of the overseas dominions of Portugal, of the cities and principal towns of Portugal, of the Kings and Queens of Portugal, of the dukes and marquises of Portugal, of the counts of Portugal and of the families.
• Armorial général de France, commissioned by Louis XIV of France, by Charles René d'Hozier (1696), with 125,807 coats of arms.

Modern

• Burke's General Armory: "The General Armory of England, Scotland, Ireland and Wales; Comprising a Registry of Armorial Bearings from the Earliest to the Present Time," by Sir Bernard Burke, Ulster King of Arms was published in London in 1884. This roll comprises a listing of all known armory ever used in the British Isles.
• J. Siebmacher's großes Wappenbuch (continuation of the early modern Siebmachers Wappenbuch), edd. Otto Titan v. Hefner, Heyer v. Rosenfeld, A. M. Hildebrandt, G. A. Seyler, M. Gritzner et al., 7 volumes (1854–1967); vol. 1: National coats of arms and national flags, episcopal arms, occupational coats of arms, university arms; vols. 2–3: nobility of Germany and Prussia; vol. 4: nobility of Austria-Hungary; vol. 5: bourgeois familial coats of arms (Germany and Switzerland); vol. 6: extinct nobility of the Holy Roman Empire; vol. 7: supplemental volume.
• Armorial Général by Jean-Baptiste Rietstap, two volumes (1884, 1887), more than 100,000 coats of arms with pan-European scope.
• Armorial of Little Russia (Малороссїйскїй гербовникъ, 1914): Ukrainian (Little Russian) family coats of arms within the Russian Empire.

References

• Wagner, Anthony Richard (1950). A Catalogue of English Medieval Rolls of Arms. Aspilogia. 1. Oxford: Society of Antiquaries. 
• Wagner, Anthony Richard (1957). Rolls of Arms: Henry III. Aspilogia. 2. Oxford: Society of Antiquaries. 
• Ayton, Andrew. “The English Army and the Normandy Campaign of 1346,” England and Normandy in the Middle Ages, eds. David Bates and Anne Curry, London, Hambledon Press, 1994, pp. 253–268.
• Johann Siebmacher (Begr.), Horst Appuhn (Hrsg.) Johann Siebmachers Wappenbuch von 1605, München : Orbis-Ed., 1999, ISBN 3-572-10050-X
• Weston Styleman Walford, Charles Spencer Perceval, Three rolls of arms of the latter part of the thirteenth century, together with an index of names and an alphabetical ordinary of the coats (1864)

External links

• Heraldry database (briantimms.fr)
• An Annotated List of Period Armorials Available Online (http://coblaith.net/)
• Belarusian Gentry's Roll of Arms