Robert E. Bourdeau

Robert Eugene Bourdeau
Born (1922-02-01)February 1, 1922
Turners Falls, Massachusetts
Died March 10, 2010(2010-03-10) (aged 88)
Laurel, Maryland
Complications of a stroke
Resting place St. Anne's Cemetery, Turners Falls, Massachusetts
Residence Fulton, Maryland
Citizenship USA
Nationality American
Fields Ionospheric Physics, Plasma Physics, Radio Science
Institutions Naval Research Laboratory, National Aeronautics and Space Administration
Education Bachelor of Science in Physics
Alma mater University of Massachusetts
Notable awards
Spouses Claire Estelle Baldwin, Lucille Lioy Loche
Children Michele Ann, Robert Roland

Robert Eugene Bourdeau was an American physicist known for major contributions to the study of the ionosphere and plasma physics using space vehicles including satellites and rockets. Among his many achievements was the launch on November 3, 1960 of Explorer 8 from Cape Canaveral, Florida. This occurred during his 16 year career at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). He was both Project Manager and Project Scientist for Explorer 8 which added significant knowledge to the understanding of these fields.

Prior to his career at NASA Bourdeau worked at the Naval Research Laboratory and participated in the historic post-war V-2 rocket program at the White Sands Proving Ground. There he began his research into the ionosphere using ion traps. After the V-2 program ended around 1946, Bourdeau concentrated mainly on Department of Defense classified research that included studies of atmospheric electricity.

Biography

Early years

Bourdeau was born on February 2, 1922 in Turners Falls, Massachusetts, the fifth of eight children of Rosanna (Dubois) and Stanislaus Bourdeau. Stanislaus was born in Montreal, Canada and Rosanna was also of French Canadian descent. Their eight children included the oldest, daughter Doris and seven sons. All the children attended St. Anne's elementary school, which was a French/English bilingual school. Robert Bourdeau graduated from Turners Falls High School in 1939 and went on to study Physics at the University of Massachusetts in Amherst. In addition to his physics studies, he played right wing on the soccer team. He graduated with a Bachelor of Science degree in Physics in 1943.

It is notable that Bourdeau's three older brothers (Roland, Joseph and Edward) and two of his younger brothers (Francis and Bernard) served in the Army during World War II. His youngest brother Paul served in the Air Force in England in the 1950's.

While in college, Bourdeau contacted the United States Navy with the intention of serving during World War II. He was encouraged to finish his education because the Navy needed physicists. Upon his graduation, he was commissioned an Ensign in the United States Navy and would eventually achieve the rank of Lieutenant. He immediately joined the Naval Research Laboratory (NRL) in Washington, D.C. During this phase of his career, Bourdeau worked on anti-submarine warfare including defense against the Henschel Hs 293, a German anti-ship guided missile. He resigned his commission when the war ended in 1945 and joined the Naval Research Laboratory as a civilian employee.

After the war, the Army began the V-2 rocket program using V-2s recovered from Germany as well as the German scientists associated with that program. In January 1946 the Naval Research Laboratory formed the Rocket Sonde Branch (RSB) to participate in this program doing sub-orbital research at White Sands Proving Ground, New Mexico. Bourdeau was part of this effort which involved designing experiments and installing them in the empty V-2 warheads.

Between 1946 and 1952 the NRL RSB was involved in 17 V-2 launches. Fourteen of these were successful and carried experiments involving cosmic radiation, solar radiation, pressure, and temperature. Four of the fourteen also had on board ionosphere experiments (ion traps) designed and built by Bourdeau. He was also involved in experiments measuring the attenuation of the X-band as it passed through the rocket exhaust and the measurement of the electrical field surrounding the mid-section of the V-2 during flight.

After the V-2 rocket supply was used up, Bourdeau became involved in classified Department of Defense (DOD) programs. He logged 5,000 flight hours doing research that included blind landing approaches in hurricanes, analysis of airborne atomic debris and atmospheric electricity, especially in thunderstorms. He left the NRL in 1958 upon the formation of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).

NASA career

Bourdeau joined NASA at its formation in 1958 as Head of the Planetary Ionospheres Branch in the Space Sciences division at the Goddard Space Flight Center. He immediately submitted a proposal for satellite research based on his V-2 experiments ten years earlier. His proposal was accepted and he received the funding to design and build what would become Explorer 8. The only caveat was that he had to demonstrate feasibility. He did this by launching a sounding rocket with the proposed experiment from Fort Churchill in the Canadian Arctic in early 1960. The launch was a success and he was given the go-ahead to proceed with his project.

Head of Planetary Ionospheres Branch

Explorer 8

Bourdeau was named both Project Manager and Project Scientist for Explorer 8. Being Project Manager meant that he was responsible for managing the budget, the construction and the testing of the satellite, as well as the associated contractors and the press. Being Project Scientist meant that he was responsible for selecting other experiments and scientists to be included on Explorer 8. He found scientists and engineers to encode the signals from the experiments, design and build the radio-frequency transmitter, design the associated antenna and coat the satellite skin for thermal control. He worked with the Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama to do the testing of the satellite.

Explorer 8 was a resounding success and cemented Bourdeau's reputation in his chosen field. Although it is technically correct that "battery power failure" occurred on December 27, 1960, Bourdeau and his team intentionally chose a short life over the risk of solar panel technology which was in its infancy. This is corroborated in paragraph 3 of the Explorer 8 Wikipedia page. Bourdeau chose to retrieve a small amount of good quality data over a larger amount of data of unknown quality. The expected life of Explorer 8 was 60 days and it actually produced data at a rate of 500 bits of data per second during its life of 54 days. The data retrieved from the short life of this satellite was invaluable.

Explorer 8 was also instrumental in investigating the plasma sheath (interaction between the ionosphere and the satellite). These results led to interactions between Bourdeau and the manned flight program in Houston which had obvious interest in these results.

Ariel 1

Bourdeau was chosen as one of three U.S. Project Scientist for Ariel 1, a joint project between the U.S. and Great Britain. Ariel 1 was launched in 1962 and furthered his international reputation as a primary researcher in the field of ionospheric physics.

In 1962, he was awarded the NASA Exceptional Scientific Achievement Medal "for major scientific advance in the study of the ionosphere and for significant technological progress in the understanding of the plasma sheath about satellites, in his assignment as Project Manager and Scientist on Explorer VIII, NASA's first satellite to investigate the ionosphere, and as Project Scientist of Ariel."

Beacon Explorers

Bourdeau was the Project Scientist for the so-called "Beacon Explorers (BE)". These were smaller satellites intended to further the study of the ionosphere. BE-A[1] was launched on March 19, 1964 but it never achieved orbit and was declared a mission failure. BE-B[2] (also known as Explorer 22) was launched on October 10, 1964 from Vandenburg AFB. This satellite contributed significant data collection as well as world map production. It failed in February 1970 and was replaced by BE-C[3] . BE-C (also known as Explorer 27) was launched on April 29, 1965 from Wallops Island, Virginia. This satellite produced data until July 20, 1973 when it was turned off due to inference with higher priority spacecraft.

Sounding Rockets

Bourdeau is listed as the experimenter on a total of 27 sounding rockets[4] between March 16, 1960 and August 24, 1965. Of these, four are listed as rocket failures and one as partially successful. The remaining 22 carried successful experiments in the ionosphere and plasma physics. Six were launched during the total solar eclipse on July 20, 1963. The sounding rockets were launched either from the Churchill Rocket Research Range in Fort Churchill, Canada or NASA's Wallops Flight Facility on Wallops Island, Virginia. Results from these experiments continued his record of publications in scientific journals and appearances in symposia.

Director of Projects

In 1965, Bourdeau was offered the position of Director of Projects. He hesitated over this decision because he feared losing touch with his beloved science but, in the end, he decided it was a challenge he should accept. As a result he was put in charge of the following programs; Applications Technology Satellites, Orbiting Astronomical Observatory (OAO), Orbiting Geophysical Observatory (OGO), TIROS, Nimbus, and Delta (rocket family)

It is notable that during this time, in spite of managing all these people and programs, Bourdeau continued his scientific endeavors by participation in a Positive ION Study on OGO 4.

Post-NASA career

Bourdeau retired from NASA in 1973 after being offered an attractive "early out" financial package. He went back into various corporate research labs in the D.C. area doing his beloved research. This portion of his career was cut short after he was hit by a drunk driver while in a crosswalk in Silver Spring, Maryland. Multiple bones in his legs were broken. He continued to work for a while from his hospital bed at home but eventually retired permanently. He did continue to go to GSFC to attend presentations and events. In 2004 he wrote recollections of his career that he shared with family.

Personal life

Bourdeau was married twice. His first marriage, to Claire Estelle Baldwin, was on August 15, 1944. He met Claire (a Navy WAVE) while rescuing her from being hit by a bus. They had two children: Michele Ann Bourdeau (Timothy McQueen) born June 12, 1945 and Robert Roland (Audrey) born January 1, 1948. Bob and Claire were divorced in July 1974. He married Lucille (Lioy) Loche on November 2, 1974.

Death

Bourdeau died on March 10, 2010 in Laurel, Maryland from complications of a stroke. His final resting place is St. Anne's cemetery in Turners Falls, Massachusetts.

Awards

References

  1. ↑ "Beacon Explorer A". NASA. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
  2. ↑ "Beacon Explorer B". NASA. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
  3. ↑ "Beacon Explorer C". NASA. Retrieved June 4, 2017.
  4. ↑ "NASA Sounding Rockets 1958 - 1968 A Historical Summary" (PDF). NASA. Retrieved May 22, 2017.

[1] [2] [3] [4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9] [10] [11] [12] [13] [14] [15] [16] [17] [18] [19] [20] [21] [22] [23] [24] [25]

  1. ↑ Becker, M; R.E. Bourdeau; T.R. Burnight (December 1946). Upper Atmosphere Research Report Number 2. Part 2. Ionization Experiments in the V-2 (Technical report). Naval Research Lab. ADB955507.
  2. ↑ Bourdeau, R. E.; Whipple, E. C.; Clark, J. F. (1959). "Analytic and experimental electrical conductivity between the stratosphere and the ionosphere". Journal of Geophysical Research. 64 (10): 1363–1370. ISSN 0148-0227. doi:10.1029/JZ064i010p01363.
  3. ↑ Jackson, J.E.; R.E. Bourdeau (July 1962). NASA ionosphere satellite program, NASA-GSFC (Technical report). NASA. X-615-62-108.
  4. ↑ R. E. Bourdeau; Goddard Space Flight Center (1960). Ionospheric measurements using environmental sampling techniques (PDF). National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
  5. ↑ Bourdeau, R. E. (1961). Ionospheric Results with Sounding Rockets and the Explorer VIII Satellite (PDF) (Technical report). NASA.
  6. ↑ R. E. Bourdeau; United States. National Aeronautics and Space Administration. Measurements of sheath currents and equilibrium potential on the Explorer VIII satellite (PDF).
  7. ↑ Serbu, G. P.; Bourdeau, R. E.; Donley, J. L. (1961). "Electron temperature measurements on the Explorer VIII satellite". Journal of Geophysical Research. 66 (12): 4313–4315. ISSN 0148-0227. doi:10.1029/JZ066i012p04313.
  8. ↑ Bourdeau, R.E. Ionospheric results with sounding rockets and the Explorer 8 satellite (PDF).
  9. ↑ R. E. Bourdeau (1962). INSTRUMENTATION OF THE IONOSPHERE DIRECT MEASUREMENTS SATELLITE EXPLORER VIII.
  10. ↑ Bourdeau, R. E.; Whipple, E. C.; Donley, J. L.; Bauer, S. J. (1962). "Experimental evidence for the presence of helium ions based on Explorer VIII satellite data". Journal of Geophysical Research. 67 (2): 467–475. ISSN 0148-0227. doi:10.1029/JZ067i002p00467.
  11. ↑ Bauer, S. J.; Bourdeau, R. E. (1962). "Upper Atmosphere Temperature Derived from Charged Particle Observations". Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences. 19 (3): 218–225. ISSN 0022-4928. doi:10.1175/1520-0469(1962)019<0218:UATDFC>2.0.CO;2.
  12. ↑ Jackson, J.E.; R.E. Bourdeau (July 1962). NASA ionosphere satellite program, NASA-GSFC (Technical report). NASA. X-615-62-108.
  13. ↑ Bourdeau, R.E.; Bauer, S.J. "Structure of the upper atmosphere deduced from charged particle measurements on rockets and the Explorer 8 satellite". Space Research III: Proceedings of the 3rd International Space Science Symposium (Washington, D.C.), April 30-May 9,1963, North Holland Publishing Company.
  14. ↑ Bourdeau, R.E. (1963). "Ionospheric research from space vehicles". Space Science Reviews. 1 (4): 683–728. ISSN 0038-6308. doi:10.1007/BF00212448.
  15. ↑ "On the interaction between a spacecraft and an ionized medium". Space Science Reviews. 1 (4): 719–728. 1963. ISSN 0038-6308. doi:10.1007/BF00212449.
  16. ↑ Bourdeau, R.E.; J.L. Donley (June 1964). Explorer 8 satellite measurements in the upper ionosphere (Technical report). NASA. TN D-2150.
  17. ↑ Bourdeau, R.E. "Ionospheric research by means of rockets and satellites". Space Radio Science. Progress in Radio Science Series. vol. 8. Fourteenth General Assembly of URSI (Tokyo, Japan), September 1963. Ken-Ichi Maeda and Samuel Silver, Eds. Elsevier, New York, 1965. p. 5-70.
  18. ↑ Bourdeau, R.E. (1965). "Ionospheric research by means of rockets and satellites". Kosmicheskie Issledovanya (conference presentation above was also published in this journal in Russian). 3: 42–81.
  19. ↑ Bourdeau, R. E.; Donley, J. L. (1964). "Explorer VIII Satellite Measurements in the Upper Ionosphere". Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences. 281 (1387): 487–504. ISSN 1364-5021. doi:10.1098/rspa.1964.0199.
  20. ↑ Bourdeau, R. E.; Chandra, S.; Neupert, W. M. (1964). "Time correlation of extreme ultraviolet radiation and thermospheric temperature". Journal of Geophysical Research. 69 (21): 4531–4535. ISSN 0148-0227. doi:10.1029/JZ069i021p04531.
  21. ↑ Bourdeau, R.E. (January 1964). Research within the atmosphere (PDF) (Technical report). NASA. TM-X-54818.
  22. ↑ Bourdeau, R. E. (1965). "Research within the Ionosphere: We have revised our understanding of this atmospheric region by using remotely controlled laboratories". Science. 148 (3670): 585–594. ISSN 0036-8075. doi:10.1126/science.148.3670.585.
  23. ↑ Bourdeau, R. E.; Aikin, A. C.; Donley, J. L. (1966). "Lower ionosphere at solar minimum". Journal of Geophysical Research. 71 (3): 727–740. ISSN 0148-0227. doi:10.1029/JZ071i003p00727.
  24. ↑ Bourdeau, R. E.; Aikin, A. C.; Donley, J. L. (1967). "Reply [to “Discussion of paper by R. E. Bourdeau, A. C. Aikin, and J. L. Donley, ‘Lower ionosphere at solar minimum’”]". Journal of Geophysical Research. 72 (1): 441. ISSN 0148-0227. doi:10.1029/JZ072i001p00441.
  25. ↑ Chandra, S.; Troy, B. E.; Donley, J. L.; Bourdeau, R. E. (1970). "OGO 4 observations of ion composition and temperatures in the topside ionosphere". Journal of Geophysical Research. 75 (19): 3867–3878. ISSN 0148-0227. doi:10.1029/JA075i019p03867.
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