Richard A. Falk

Richard A. Falk
United Nations Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967
In office
26 March 2008 – 2014
Preceded by John Dugard
Succeeded by Makarim Wibisono
Personal details
Born Richard Anderson Falk
(1930-11-13) November 13, 1930
Nationality United States
Spouse(s) Hilal Elver
Profession Professor Emeritus of International Law at Princeton University

Richard Anderson Falk (born November 13, 1930[1]) is an American professor emeritus of international law at Princeton University.[2] He is the author or co-author of 20 books and the editor or co-editor of another 20 volumes,[3] In 2008, the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) appointed Falk to a six-year term as a United Nations Special Rapporteur on "the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967."[4]

Early life and education

Falk was born into an assimilationist New York Jewish family which all but repudiated the ethnic side of Jewishness.[2] Defining himself as "an American Jew", he says that having an outsider status, with a sense of not belonging, may have influenced his later role as a critic of American foreign policy.[2][5][6] His being Jewish signifies above all for Falk, "to be preoccupied with overcoming injustice and thirsting for justice in the world, and that means being respectful toward other peoples regardless of their nationality or religion, and empathetic in the face of human suffering whoever and wherever victimization is encountered."[6]

Falk obtained a Bachelor of Science in Economics from the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania in 1952 before completing a Bachelor of Laws degree at Yale University.[2][2][7] He obtained his Doctorate in Law (SJD) from Harvard University in 1962. His early thinking was influenced by readings of Karl Marx, Herbert Marcuse, and C. Wright Mills, and he developed an overriding concern with projects to abolish war and aggression as social institutions.[2]

Professional career

Falk began his teaching career at Ohio State University and Harvard expressing his communistic beliefs in the late 1950s.[2] He moved to Princeton University in 1961, which became his academic home for over thirty years. He was appointed Albert G. Milbank Professor of International Law and Practice in 1965, a position he currently retains as Emeritus professor.[8] In 1985 he was made a Guggenheim Fellow.[2] He retired from teaching in 2001.[8] Since 2002 he has been a research professor at the Orfalea Center for Global & International Studies at University of California, Santa Barbara. He currently directs "Global Climate Change, Human Security, and Democracy" project.[9]

Falk is a critic of the Westphalian system of nation states, which he argues must be transcended by a more international institution to control the resort to force by nations,[2] as the world moves towards a global ethos in which states renounce their boundary-obsessed territorialism in exchange for a regime of consensually negotiated aims, in which national leaders must be subject to accountability.[10] With regard to specific geopolitical situations, he has published a number of books and essays analyzing the ideological aspects of the American Human Rights Debate,[11] the legality of the Vietnam War and other military operations. With regard to the 2003 invasion of Iraq, he wrote that it is "inescapable that an objective observer would reach the conclusion that this Iraq War is a war of aggression, and as such, that it amounts to a Crime against Peace of the sort for which surviving German leaders were indicted, prosecuted and punished at the Nuremberg trials conducted shortly after the Second World War."[12]

Activism

Falk's engagement with politics began at Ohio State University, where in the 1960s as a member of the faculty of law he was a witness to racism targeted at black students. His move to Princeton University, where the teaching of law was linked to politics, international relations and other social sciences allowed Falk to integrate his professional expertise in international law with his ethical and political values. Falk aimed to combine his academic work with political activism in a role he described as a 'citizen-pilgrim'. .[2]

The essential inquiry of a citizen-pilgrim is to discover how to make desirable, yet unlikely, social movements succeed. The movements against slavery, colonialism, racial discrimination, and patriarchy are some instances. My overriding concern is to foster an abolitionist movement against war and aggression as social institutions, which implies the gradual construction of a new world order that assures basic human needs of all people, that safeguards the environment, that protects the fundamental human rights of all individuals and groups without encroaching upon the precarious resources of cultural diversity, and that works toward the non-violent resolution of intersocietal conflicts.[2]

In media

Falk has written for various publications including The Nation,[13] The Huffington Post,[14] Al Jazeera,[15] CounterPunch[16] and the Palestine Chronicle.[17] He is a member of the Editorial Boards of The Nation[13] and The Progressive. He has spoken on college campuses[18] and for organizations.[19]

In human rights groups

Former activities

Falk is a former advisory board member of the World Federalist Institute and the American Movement for World Government,[25] as well as a former fellow at the Transnational Institute.[5] During 1999–2000, Falk worked on the Independent International Commission on Kosovo, an initiative of the Prime Minister of Sweden Göran Persson.[26] For several years Falk served on the board of Human Rights Watch Santa Barbara, California, until he was asked to resign.[27]

Appointments at the United Nations

United Nations Human Rights Inquiry Commission for the Palestinian territories

In 2001, Falk served on a United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights (OHCHR) Inquiry Commission for the Palestinian territories[28] with John Dugard, a South African based in Leiden University in the Netherlands, and Kamal Hussein, former foreign minister of Bangladesh. Falk stated the two main issues were: "One is evaluating whether the conditions of occupation are such as to give the Palestinians some kind of right of resistance. And if they have that right, then what are the limits to that right?" and "The other issue at stake in this current inquiry is to evaluate how Israel as the occupying power is carrying out its responsibility to protect the society that is subject to its control."[29] After its investigation the commission issued a report entitled "Question of the violation of human rights in the occupied Arab territories, including Palestine".[30]

United Nations Special Rapporteur on Palestinian human rights

On March 26, 2008, the United Nations Human Rights Council (UNHRC) appointed Falk to a six-year term as a United Nations Special Rapporteur on "the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967."[4] Falk replaced South African professor John Dugard who left his post in June 2008 after seven years.[31] Falk's appointment expired in May 2014.[32]

Response to appointment

The appointment of Falk was reached through a consensus decision by the 47 members of the UN's Human Rights Council. Despite attempts from Jewish groups to persuade the EU and Canada to publicly oppose the appointment, the EU remained silent, while Canada chose not to oppose the consensus, instead issuing a statement distancing itself from the choice.[33]

According to a UN press release, then Israeli Ambassador to the United Nations Itzhak Levanon[34] strongly criticized the appointment stating that Falk had written in an article that it was not "an irresponsible overstatement to associate the treatment of Palestinians with the criminalized Nazi record of collective atrocity," arguing that "someone who had publicly and repeatedly stated such views could not possibly be considered independent, impartial or objective".[35] According to The Jewish Daily Forward Falk actually said: "Is it an irresponsible overstatement to associate the treatment of Palestinians with this criminalized Nazi record of collective atrocity? I think not."[33] Levanon further stated, "He has taken part in a UN fact-finding mission which determined that suicide bombings were a valid method of 'struggle'. He has disturbingly charged Israel with 'genocidal tendencies,' and accused it of trying to achieve security through 'state terrorism'. Someone who has publicly and repeatedly stated such views cannot possibly be considered independent, impartial or objective."[36] The Israeli government announced it would deny Falk a visa to Israel, the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, at least until the September 2008 meeting of the Human Rights Council.[37]

The UN press release reported that the Palestinian representative, Mohammad Abu-Koash, said that it was "ironic that Israel which claimed to be representing Jews everywhere was campaigning against a Jewish professor who had been nominated to the post of Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Occupied Palestinian Territory.'" The Palestinian statement went on to refer to Falk as the "author of 54 books on international law," concluding that his appointment was "a victory for good sense and human rights, as he was a highly qualified rapporteur."[35]

Former United States Ambassador to the United Nations, John Bolton, criticized Falk's appointment to the United Nations Human Rights Council, stating that "This is exactly why we voted against the new human rights council," and that "He was picked for a reason, and the reason is not to have an objective assessment — the objective is to find more ammunition to go after Israel."[38]

UN Investigations and reports

2008

In May 2008 Israel refused to admit Falk to gather information for a report. The National Lawyers Guild urged Israel to permit Falk entry, stating "Falk made no claims any different from those made by John Dugard, the man he was to replace, in several reports on conditions in the Occupied Territories."[39] Human Rights Watch issued a statement asking Israel to reverse its expulsion of Falk from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip.[40] In a July 2008 interview Falk stated the constraints would "limit my exposure to the direct realities. But I think it's quite possible to perform this role without that exposure. Barring my entry complicates my task but doesn't make it undoable."[41]

In June 2008, Falk proposed to the Human Rights Council that his mandate to investigate violations of international humanitarian law in the Palestinian territories be extended to include possible Palestinian infringements. He stated his goal was to "insulate" the Council, which is dominated by Islamic and African states, usually supported by China, Cuba and Russia, "from those who contend that its work is tainted by partisan politics".[42]

On December 9, 2008, the United Nations released a statement by Falk in his official capacity as "Special Rapporteur" noting that United Nations Secretary-General Ban Ki-moon, General Assembly President Miguel D’Escoto and UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay, among other top officials, have expressed concern for the "desperate plight" of civilians in Gaza. Falk said: "And still Israel maintains its Gaza siege in its full fury, allowing only barely enough food and fuel to enter to stave off mass famine and disease." He outlined steps that must be taken to avoid a "humanitarian catastrophe".[43] These included implementing the "responsibility to protect" a civilian population from collective punishment and a determination of "whether the Israeli civilian leaders and military commanders responsible for the Gaza siege should be indicted and prosecuted for violations of international criminal law", which The Jerusalem Post wrote would go before the International Court of Justice at The Hague.[44][45]

On December 14, Falk arrived at Ben Gurion Airport with staff members from the UN Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights on an official visit, planning to travel to the West Bank and Gaza to prepare a report on Israel's compliance with human rights standards and international humanitarian law.[46][47][48][49] In an interview Falk stated the Israeli government distorts his real views and that he saw the expulsion as an "insidious pattern of trying to shift the attention from their objections to the person."[50] Pillay called Israel's detention and expulsion of Falk as "unprecedented and deeply regrettable".[51] As of March 2011, Falk was still denied entry into and effectively banned from Israel.[52]

On December 27, 2008, Falk issued a statement condemning the December 2008 Israel strikes on Gaza as "war crimes" because he claims they included collective punishment, targeting of civilians and a disproportionate military response to Hamas rocket attacks on Israel, which also targeted civilians. He stated that Israel had ignored Hamas' diplomatic initiatives to re-establish the ceasefire which expired December 26 and condemned nations which provided Israel military support and participated in the siege of Gaza.[53] In an article for the Houston Chronicle, Falk reaffirmed that he had "called on the International Criminal Court" to investigate Israeli leaders responsible for possible violations of international criminal law.[54]

2009

In March 2009, Falk stated that Israel's offensive in Gaza constituted a war crime of the "greatest magnitude". He called for an independent group to be set up to investigate the war crimes committed on both sides.[55] The British government responded to Falk's report by stating that "the report of the UN Human Rights Council's Special Rapporteur is unbalanced and contributes little."[56] In October 2009 Falk endorsed the United Nations Fact Finding Mission on the Gaza Conflict (also known as the "Goldstone Report") as "an historic contribution to the Palestinian struggle for justice, an impeccable documentation of a crucial chapter in their victimization under occupation".[57]

2010

In his August 10, 2010 UN Special Rapporteur report Falk detailed the accusation that Israel was practicing a policy of apartheid in the Palestinian territories:

"Among the salient apartheid features of the Israeli occupation are the following: preferential citizenship, visitation and residence laws and practices that prevent Palestinians who reside in the West Bank or Gaza from reclaiming their property or from acquiring Israeli citizenship, as contrasted to a Jewish right of return that entitles Jews anywhere in the world with no prior tie to Israel to visit, reside and become Israeli citizens; differential laws in the West Bank and East Jerusalem favouring Jewish settlers who are subject to Israeli civilian law and constitutional protection, as opposed to Palestinian residents, who are governed by military administration; dual and discriminatory arrangements for movement in the West Bank and to and from Jerusalem; discriminatory policies on land ownership, tenure and use; extensive burdening of Palestinian movement, including checkpoints applying differential limitations on Palestinians and on Israeli settlers, and onerous permit and identification requirements imposed only on Palestinians; punitive house demolitions, expulsions and restrictions on entry and exit from all three parts of the Occupied Palestinian Territories."[58][59]

2011

In 2011, Falk spoke to the UN Human Rights Council and stated that Israeli policies in Jerusalem amounted to "ethnic cleansing" against the Palestinian population. He urged the Council to ask the International Court of Justice to investigate Israel for acts of "colonialism, apartheid, and ethnic cleansing inconsistent with international humanitarian law" committed during its occupation of the Palestinian territories.[60]

2012

Falk's report to the UN Human Rights Council focused on Israel’s treatment of Palestinian prisoners and recommended that The International Court of Justice at the Hague should be asked to issue an advisory opinion on Israel’s treatment of prisoners, an opinion which might also cover Israel’s "prolonged occupation" of Palestinian territory. His report also asked the Human Rights Council to censure Israel because of its use of administrative detention, take "emergency notice" of Israeli legislative attempts to legalize West Bank settlements, and to increase attention on Israel’s refusal to cooperate with his work. He stated that Israeli military retaliation for rocket fire from Gaza was not justified. The US Ambassador to the UN Human Rights Council said the US "continues to be deeply troubled by this council’s biased and disproportionate focus on Israel."[61]

In Falk's report to the U.N. General Assembly he recommended that "businesses highlighted in the report – as well as the many other businesses that are profiting from the Israeli settlement enterprise – should be boycotted until they bring their operations into line with international human rights and humanitarian law and standards." He specifically named the United States' Caterpillar Inc., Hewlett-Packard and Motorola; Israel's Ahava, Elbit Systems and Mehadrin; Sweden's Volvo Group and Assa Abloy ; France's Veolia Environment; United Kingdom's G4S, Belgium's Dexia Group, Netherlands' Riwal Holding Group and Mexico's Cemex.[62] At a news conference Falk said: "The focus on business activities is partly an expression of frustration about the inability to obtain compliance with these fundamental legal obligations of Israel and the ineffectiveness of the U.N. efforts to condemn settlement expansion." He also stated "The whole issue of Palestinian self-determination is at risk here."[63]

The report drew criticism from the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, Susan Rice, who called it "irresponsible and unacceptable",[64][65] and the Canadian foreign ministry which called it "biased and disgraceful" and called on Falk to withdraw his "offensive" report or resign from his UN post.[66] The Israeli Mission to the UN stated that "while he [Falk] spends pages and pages attacking Israel, Falk fails to mention even once the horrific human rights violations and ongoing terrorist attacks by Hamas."[67] Caterpillar Inc. called the report inaccurate and misleading, reflecting his "personal and negative opinions toward Israel". Hewlett Packard said that Falk was "far from an independent and unbiased expert in this matter."[64] Several countries, including Egypt and Iran, called the report fair and balanced.[66]

In December, Falk visited the region and the Gaza Strip with the "initial purpose assessing the overall impact of Israel’s prolonged occupation and blockade" against Gaza. However, after Israel's November seven-day "Operation Pillar of Defense" military actions against Hamas, Falk claimed "there arose an urgent need to investigate Israel’s seemingly deliberate attacks against civilian targets." After visiting Palestinian survivors of military attacks, Falk stated that "some attacks killed and harmed civilians in a grossly disproportionate manner and thus appear to violate international law." He called today on Israel "to abide by and fully implement the cease fire agreement" and called on the international agreement to make sure it did so.[68]

2013

Richard Falk's annual report, delivered to the UN Human Rights council on June 9, 2013, called for an international investigation into Israeli treatment of Palestinian prisoners. The report criticised the use of arbitrary detention, torture and coerced confessions stating that, "The treatment of thousands of Palestinians detained or imprisoned by Israel continues to be extremely worrisome". Falk said that Israel currently holds 5,000 Palestinians in custody and has imprisoned 750,000 since the start of the occupation. Falk also criticized and called for an end to Israel's blockade of Gaza, saying that it amounted to the "collective punishment of 1.75 million Palestinians." He argued that viability of Gaza was at stake, "With 70 percent of the population dependent on international aid for survival and 90 percent of the water unfit for human consumption, drastic and urgent changes are urgently required if Palestinians in Gaza are to have their most basic rights protected."[69][70]

Falk also called for the Red Cross or a commission of international law experts to establish a convention to address the specific issues related to situations of prolonged occupation. He said that "Forty-six years ago today Israel's occupation of Palestine began. Six days of war has turned into 46 years of occupation", concluding, "Forty-six years of denying Palestinians their most basic rights has not achieved peace, Israel’s continuous annexation of Palestinian resources and territory."[69][70] Additionally, Falk wrote that the commission to investigation UN Watch which he accused of conducting "a smear campaign" by issuing "a series of defamatory attacks demeaning his character, repeatedly distorting his views on potentially inflammatory issues."[71][72]

Many countries speaking at the session thanked Falk for his work and challenged Israel for refusing to cooperate with his human rights mission in the Palestinian territories.[72] The Palestinian delegation praised the report and called for its speedy implementation. The European Union agreed that Israel's settlements and separation barrier were "illegal under international law and constitute an obstacle to peace," but also criticised parts of the report.[69] The European representative said "The EU continues to regret the unbalanced mandate of the Special Rapporteur and is also concerned that parts of the report include political considerations. In the past, the EU emphasized that future reports should be based on a more factual and legal analysis, and we regret to see no genuine progress in that direction. The council needs to be provided with accurate, factual information and solid allegations to fulfill its role and address the human rights situation in occupied Palestinian territory." The United States Ambassador to the UNHRC, Eileen Donahoe, called for Falk's resignation, saying "Falk's attack on UN Watch threatens the independent voice of civil society at the UN. NGO work is particularly important in the field of human rights. Mr. Falk's most recent statement – which he dramatically and recklessly included in an official UN document – is characteristic of previous reprehensible comments and actions he has made during his tenure as a special rapporteur. His views and behavior, both official and unofficial, are offensive and provocative and do nothing to advance peace in the Middle East or to further the protection and promotion of human rights. We again call for his resignation."[72]

Notable opinions

Nuremberg Defense of violent protesters

In October, 1973, Falk defended Karleton Armstrong, who pleaded guilty to bombing the University of Wisconsin Army Mathematics Research Center, which killed a researcher working there and injured another four people. The New York Times reported that Falk "appealed for full amnesty for all resistors, including those who use violent tactics to oppose the war in Vietnam." The Times further reported that Falk, "cited the Nuremberg Trials as precedent for defense assertions that private American citizens had 'a right, and perhaps a duty' to actively oppose the war by any means".[73] According to Ronald Christenson, political science professor at Gustavus Adolphus College, Falk "invoked the Nuremberg precedent to argue that there is a right of individuals to stop crime 'even by creating a lesser crime'".[74][75]

Ayatollah Khomeini in 1979

In early 1979, when Falk was a professor of International Law at Princeton, he visited Iranian Revolution leader Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini at his home in exile in France.[76] In a February 1979 New York Times op-ed, after Khomeini had returned to Iran, Falk wrote, "The depiction of him as fanatical, reactionary and the bearer of crude prejudices seems certainly and happily false."[38] Falk wrote that Khomeini's "entourage was uniformly composed of moderate, progressive individuals,"[77] and that "having created a new model of popular revolution based, for the most part, on nonviolent tactics, Iran may yet provide us with a desperately-needed model of humane governance for a third-world country."[78] By the end of 1979 Khomeini had become Supreme Leader of Iran and began removing moderates from his circles, arresting and even killing political opponents, and supporting students who took over the U.S. embassy in Tehran, holding American hostages for 444 days. Falk was criticized for having supported Khomeini.[77][79] Falk later changed his opinion of Khomeini's regime, calling it "the most terroristic since Hitler."[77]

9/11 and the Bush administration

In 2004, Falk wrote the preface to David Ray Griffin's book The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11 which maintains that the George W. Bush administration was complicit in the September 11 attacks.[80] In that preface he argued: "There have been questions raised here and there and allegations of official complicity made almost from the day of the attacks, especially in Europe, but no one until Griffin has had the patience, the fortitude, the courage, and the intelligence to put the pieces together in a single coherent account."[38] Falk also wrote a chapter for Griffin's 2006 book, 9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out.[81]

In November 2008, Falk wrote in The Journal, a student publication in Edinburgh, Scotland: "It is not paranoid under such circumstances to assume that the established elites of the American governmental structure have something to hide and much to explain... The persisting inability to resolve this fundamental controversy about 9/11 subtly taints the legitimacy of the American government. It can only be removed by a willingness, however belated, to reconstruct the truth of that day, and to reveal the story behind its prolonged suppression."[82][83]

In 2004, Falk signed a statement released by the organization 9/11 Truth that calls for a new investigation into the September 11 attacks. Falk confirmed his support for the statement in 2009.[84] In 2008, Falk called for an official commission to further study these issues, including the role neoconservatives may have played in the attacks, saying "It is possibly true that especially the neoconservatives thought there was a situation in the country and in the world where something had to happen to wake up the American people. Whether they are innocent about the contention that they made that something happen or not, I don't think we can answer definitively at this point."[38]

In January 2011, Susan Rice, the United States Ambassador to the United Nations, suggested that Falk should be removed from his U.N. posts after he wrote on his blog about the "eerie silence of the mainstream media, unwilling to acknowledge the well-evidenced doubts about the official version of the events: an al Qaeda operation with no foreknowledge by government officials."[85][86] United Nations secretary-general Ban Ki-moon likewise condemned Falk's blog posting,[87][88] calling it "inflammatory rhetoric" which was "preposterous" and "an affront to the memory of the more than 3,000 people who died in that tragic terrorist attack." Ban stated that only the U.N. Human Rights Council could remove its appointees from office.[89]

Israeli-Palestinian conflict

In a 2002 op-ed in The Nation, Falk was highly critical of Operation Defensive Shield, describing it as "state-sponsored terrorism". He wrote that the view of an "overwhelming majority" of the UN Security Council, and a UN Human Rights Commission inquiry he was a part of, was that suicide bombings took place only after the Palestinians "ran out of military options", and suicide attacks appeared as the only way to inflict sufficient harm on Israel so that "the struggle could go on". The UN inquiries found that Israel was responsible for the escalation of violence, and that their military response against the Palestinians constituted a violation of international law. Falk referred to the Passover massacre as "horrifying", stating that Israel's response was "equally horrifying".[90]

In 2002 Falk wrote on Princeton Divestment's website that "to divest from companies profiting from business with Israel at this time is to express solidarity with victims of massive crimes against humanity and to call upon Israel to respect U.N. authority and the elemental rules of international law by withdrawing from occupied Palestinian territory."[91]

In a June 2007 article, "Slouching toward a Palestinian Holocaust", Falk compared some Israeli policies with regard to the Palestinians to the Nazi record of collective punishment, warning that Israel may be planning a Holocaust in the same way Nazi Germany did. Identifying himself as a Jewish American, Falk stated that his use of the term 'Holocaust' "represents a rather desperate appeal to the governments of the world and to international public opinion to act urgently to prevent these current [Israeli] genocidal tendencies from culminating in a collective tragedy [for the Palestinians]". Falk also stated that "the comparison should not be viewed as literal, but... that a pattern of criminality associated with Israeli policies in Gaza has actually been supported by the leading democracies of the 21st century." Falk argued that Western and Arab states were associated in a "pattern of criminality" akin to states which let Hitler oppress German Jews in the 1930s. He also denied that Hamas was a terrorist organization and that it was always ready to work with other Palestinian groups towards "acceptance of Israel's existence", called Israel's disengagement from Gaza a "sham" in which 300 Gazans were killed since Israel's "supposed physical departure", and stated that Israel's blockade of the Gaza Strip had brought Gaza to "the brink of collective starvation, imposing a "sub-human existence on a people" through "collective punishment, and that Israeli policies were "indeed genocidal".[5] In late December 2009, Falk again criticized Israel's blockade, and called for Israel to be threatened with economic sanctions if the blockade was not lifted.[92]

In April 2008 Falk compared Israeli actions in Gaza to those of the Nazis and responded to criticism of his statements saying, "If this kind of situation had existed for instance in the manner in which China was dealing with Tibet or the Sudanese government was dealing with Darfur, I think there would be no reluctance to make that comparison." He attributed the reluctance to criticise Israel's policies to the sensitive history of the Jewish people, as well as the state's ability to "avoid having (its) policies held up to international law and morality".[93]

In December 2012, when asked explicitly about the "neutrality" of groups like Amnesty International and Human Rights Watch, Falk said in an interview "there is no doubt that the private-funding base of these leading human rights NGOs leads to some biasing of their agendas". However, he commented that "in reaction to criticism there has been more self-criticism directed at American patterns of abuse, and a greater willingness to report critically on Israel" by such NGOs.[94]

2011 intervention in Libya

During the 2011 Libyan civil war, Falk published an op-ed in Al Jazeera against the proposals for military intervention. Falk wrote that military intervention was illegal under international law, and that "the Gaddafi government, however distasteful on humanitarian grounds, remains the lawful diplomatic representative of a sovereign state". Falk also wrote that any intervention would be pro-insurgency rather than counter-insurgency, and criticized politicians who supported intervention, arguing that "it seems that many of the Republicans focused on the deficit although cutting public expenditures punishes the poor at a time of widespread unemployment and home foreclosures would not mind ponying up countless billions to finance acts of war in Libya".[95]

In a Falk blog entry published in Today's Zaman, Falk argued that unlike protests in other countries, the Libyan opposition was reliant on military force "almost from the start", and that violent political reaction from within to Gaddafi’s regime was fully justified as an "expression of Libyan self-determination". He also wrote that the intervention was not to protect civilians from attack, but to ensure a rebel victory and the defeat of Gaddafi.[96]

Boston Marathon bombings

In a posting on his personal blog called "A Commentary on the Marathon Murders", reprinted in Al-Jazeera, Falk wrote regarding the Boston Marathon bombings, which he called "horrific". He also wrote that "the American global domination project is bound to generate all kinds of resistance in the post-colonial world" and that "the United States has been fortunate not to experience worse blowbacks". He contrasted the critical response to the bombings from callers to a PBS program with that of US politicians and the mainstream media among whom he said self-scrutiny remained "taboo" and that American politicians did not "have the courage to connect some of these dots." He also criticized American policy towards Iran’s nuclear program and friendship with Israel, writing more attacks are likely "if there is no disposition to rethink US relations to others in the world, starting with the Middle East."[97][98]

Falk continued and mounted a critique of US foreign policy describing the Iraq War and Afghanistan War as "unlawful wars" which had "devastated two countries, seemingly beyond foreseeable recovery, while adding nothing to American security". He said that while the failure and expense of these wars meant that this kind of intervention was no longer the centerpiece of American policy, "[t]he war drums are beating at this moment in relation to both North Korea and Iran, and as long as Tel Aviv has the compliant ear of the American political establishment, those who wish for peace and justice in the world should not rest easy."

Canadian Foreign Minister John Baird sharply criticized Falk, stating that “Once again, United Nations official Richard Falk has spewed more mean-spirited, anti-Semitic rhetoric, this time blaming the attacks in Boston on President Obama and the State of Israel. The United Nations should be ashamed to even be associated with such an individual.” The United Kingdom, in a statement by its UN mission, noted that this was "the third time we have had cause to express our concerns about Mr. Falk’s anti-Semitic remarks. It is important to the U.K. that special rapporteurs uphold the highest standards in their work and we have twice previously made clear that remarks by Mr. Falk were unacceptable." United Nations Secretary General Ban Ki-moon rejected Falk’s statements, saying that they undermined the credibility and work of the UN.[99] United States Ambassador to the United Nations Susan Rice wrote that she was "Outraged by Richard Falk's highly offensive Boston comments", that "Someone who spews such vitriol has no place at the UN", and that it was "Past time for him to go.".[100]

Falk's statements were also criticized by numerous publications and advocacy groups, including the New York Daily News, the Jewish Telegraphic Agency (JTA), The Jerusalem Post, Sohrab Ahmari of the Wall Street Journal, UN Watch, the Anti-Defamation League and the American Jewish Committee.[101][102][103][104][105][106][107] Scott McConnell responded to the criticism in The American Conservative: "Amazing for its viciousness and rank dishonesty is the campaign waged against UN special rapporteur for human rights in occupied Palestine Richard Falk for making some pretty straightforward “blowback” points in the aftermath of the Boston terrorist attack." He went on to describe how, in his view, "a well-funded neocon group called UN Watch and its various media allies had ginned up an intense public relations campaign, based on falsifying the meaning of his piece, using ellipses to distort its sentences, to claim that Falk had said that the Boston victims somehow deserved their fate."[108]

West Chester University historian Lawrence Davidson argued in defence of Falk's statement that:-

looked at from outside of the self-justifying perspective of the United States government, everything Richard Falk says is accurate. However, from the inside of the official government worldview, Falk is a heretic and his message dangerous verbal poison. Therefore, the reaction of those dedicated to customary policies and alliances has been shrill.[109]

Accusations of antisemitism

On June 29, 2011 Richard Falk posted on his blog an entry regarding the International Criminal Court’s indictment of Muammar Gaddafi for crimes against humanity which included a cartoon image of a dog with a Jewish head-covering and a sweater with the letters "USA"; it was urinating on Lady Justice while devouring bloody human bones.[110] UN Watch, which is a Geneva-based NGO[111][112] contacted UN High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay regarding the cartoon. Falk acknowledged on July 6 that the cartoon was antisemitic and apologized for posting it, explaining that he had thought the small markings on the dog's head represented a military helmet, not a yarmulka. He added that "we must also make peace with nature, and treat animals with as much respect as possible." [110][113][114]

Despite Falk's explanation of his error, Abraham H. Foxman of the Anti-Defamation League called on Falk to resign as U.N. Rapporteur for the Palestinian territories saying that "This cartoon is blatantly anti-Semitic and conveys the message that Jews and Americans care little about what is just and moral" and that "the message of hatred in this cartoon nonetheless directly contravenes the principles of the Human Rights Council and of the United Nations itself."[115] United States envoy to the UN Joseph M. Torsella said the posting of the cartoon was "shameful and outrageous" and "an embarrassment to the United Nations", and called on him to resign.[116][117] US Representative Ileana Ros-Lehtinen, chairwoman of the US House of Representatives Committee on Foreign Affairs also called on Falk to resign.[118] British Prime Minister, David Cameron, instructed the UK's concerns Permanent Representative to express concerns regarding the cartoon and said that he would "continue to closely watch any further actions or comments Mr Falk may make."[119]

United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights Navi Pillay "acknowledged the cartoon was antisemitic and objectionable." She did not call for Falk’s resignation because of his public apologies, his explanation that he had misinterpreted the cartoon, and the fact he had swiftly removed the image from his website.[118]

In July 2012, in discussing why he was drawn to the "Palestinian struggle", Falk wrote on his blog, "I formed a well-evidence belief that the U.S. Government and the organized Jewish community were responsible for the massive and enduring confiscation of Palestinian land and rights."[120] UN Watch, accused Falk of "promoting racist remarks," as well as anti-Semitism, "by attempting to blame Jewish communities everywhere for alleged crimes against Palestinians."[121] Falk later responded, writing "I have often opposed policies including those of the US and Israel but to conflate such stands with racism is [part of] a wide-ranging and frequently repeated denunciation of my views and activities."[120][122]

In December 2012, UN Watch published an open letter to Human Rights Watch critical of Falk. Falk was asked to resign from the Santa Monica group’s board and his name was removed from their website, because his working for the United Nations was contrary to HRW policy.[123][124][125] Later that month, in response to a UN Watch press release criticizing Falk, 40 representatives of major international human rights organisations worldwide signed a letter to Human Rights Watch urging the group to "clarify that he was not 'expelled' as an enemy of human rights' as UN Watch claimed".[126][127] Phyllis Bennis, a signer of the letter, wrote that Human Rights Watch replied on January 1, 2013, stating that the UN Watch letter was filled with "inaccuracies and falsehoods" and repeating Human Rights Watch's statement it was complying with its longstanding policy.[126][128]

As mentioned above regarding Falk's commentary on the Boston Marathon bombings, the British mission to the United Nations stated that “[this is] the third time we have had cause to express our concerns about Mr. Falk’s anti-Semitic remarks. It is important to the U.K. that special rapporteurs uphold the highest standards in their work and we have twice previously made clear that remarks by Mr. Falk were unacceptable.”[98][99]

Personal life

Falk is married to Hilal Elver who holds an SJD from the University of California, Los Angeles School of Law, a PhD from the University of Ankara School of Law, is a Research Professor and co-director of the Project on Global Climate Change, Human Security, and Democracy housed at the Orfalea Center of the University of California, Santa Barbara, and an editor at the Middle East Research and Information Project.[129]

Published works

References

  1. ↑ American Jewish Archives website, p. 146 of listing of individuals by name.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Martin Griffiths, Fifty Key Thinkers in International Relations, Routledge 1999 p.74
  3. ↑ Dean’s Open Forum, Richard Falk, USC Center on Public Diplomacy, November 4, 2004.
  4. 1 2 "Human Rights Council elects Advisory Committee Members and approves a number of Special Procedures mandate holders". United Nations. March 26, 2008. Archived from the original on January 1, 2009. Retrieved January 1, 2009.
  5. 1 2 3 Richard Falk, Slouching toward a Palestinian Holocaust, Transnational Institute, June 29, 2007.
  6. 1 2 Richard Falk, On Jewish Identity, Falk blog entry, January 15, 2011:'In my case I have at various times been inspired and enlightened by the practices and wisdom of Christian, Buddhist, Islamic, Hindu, Taoist, and indigenous peoples. And in a more mundane sense, I think that the future of humanity will be greatly enhanced if these various religious and wisdom traditions are ecumenically and inclusively embraced by more and more people throughout the world, providing a thickening societal and civilizational fiber for human solidarity. this sense, I want to say, yes I am Jewish, and proud of it, but I am equally indigenous, Sufi, Hindu, Buddhist, Muslim, and Christian to the extent that I allow myself to participate in their rituals, partake of their sacred texts, and seek and avail myself of the opportunity to sit at the feet of their masters.'
  7. ↑ "Profile Richard Falk". Al Jazeera. Retrieved 09/02/2013. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  8. 1 2 Richard Falk affidavit, "On Universal Jurisdiction and the Role of National Courts with Respect to the Criminal Complaint Lodged in Germany Against Donald Rumsfeld and Other United States Government High Officials," 2006
  9. ↑ Richard Falk Profile, Orfalea Center for Global & International Studies at University of California, Santa Barbara.
  10. ↑ Thomas C. Heller, Abraham D.Sofaer,'Sovereignty: The Practitioners' Perspective,' in Stephen D. Krasner (ed.) Problematic Sovereignty: Contested Rules and Political Possibilities, Columbia University Press 2001 pp.24-52, p.42.
  11. ↑ Richard A. Falk, 'Ideological Patterns in the United States Human Rights Debate, 1945-1978,' in Natalie Kaufman Hevener (ed.) The Dynamics of Human Rights in United States Foreign Policy, Transaction Publishers (1981) 1983 pp.29-52.
  12. ↑ Frontline, Volume 20, Issue 08, April 12–25, 2003.
  13. 1 2 Richard Falk page at The Nation
  14. ↑ Richard Falk page at The Huffington Post website.
  15. ↑ Richard Falk, Interpreting Obama’s Victory, Al Jazeera, November 9, 2012.
  16. ↑ Richard Falk and David Krieger, No War against Iraq, CounterPunch, August 24–26, 2002.
  17. ↑ Richard Falk, Gaza Ceasefire: An Early Assessment, the Palestine Chronicle, November 24, 2012.
  18. ↑
  19. ↑
  20. ↑ Richard Falk profile, Nuclear Age Peace Foundation, accessed December 23, 2012.
  21. ↑ Princeton University faculty profile.
  22. ↑ FFIPP-USA (Faculty for Israeli-Palestinian Peace-USA) "About Us" Archived 2010-06-08 at the Wayback Machine. web site.
  23. ↑ , originally published at the Guardian newspaper, The Guardian web site, 24 May 2006.
  24. ↑ Euro-Mediterranean Human Rights Monitor, Board of Trustees. accessed February 2016
  25. ↑ Richard A. Falk Papers biography, Syracuse University website accessed June 12, 2013.
  26. ↑ Report on Kosovo, Independent International Commission on Kosovo, 2000, accessed December 23, 2012.
  27. ↑ Anna Sheinman, UN expert on Palestinian territories removed from Human Rights Watch committee, The Jewish Chronicle, December 19, 2012.
  28. ↑ Harpreet Kaur Paul interviewing Richard Falk, Global Policy Forum, June 2, 2011
  29. ↑ Karin Dienst (19 February 2001). "Falk evaluates Mideast violence with U.N. team". Vol. 90, No. 17. Princeton University. Archived from the original on 1 July 2001.
  30. ↑ "QUESTION OF THE VIOLATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN THE OCCUPIED ARAB TERRITORIES, INCLUDING PALESTINE". E/CN.4/2001/121: Report of the human rights inquiry commission established pursuant to Commission resolution S-5/1 of 19 October 2000. United Nations. 16 March 2001. Archived from the original on 2 December 2005.
  31. ↑ UN envoy hits Israel 'apartheid', BBC, February 23, 2007
  32. ↑ , International Law Journal of London, June 30, 2013. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
  33. 1 2 "U.N. Taps American Jewish Critic of Israel as Rights Expert", The Forward, April 4, 2008.
  34. ↑ Statement by H.E. permanent resident Ambassador to the United Nations Itzhak Levanon, March 22, 2007
  35. 1 2 Human Rights Council Elects Advisory Committee Members, United Nations press release, March 26, 2008.
  36. ↑ "UNHRC appointment infuriates Israel", The Jerusalem Post, March 26, 2008.
  37. ↑ "Israel to bar UN official for comparing Israelis to Nazis", Haaretz, April 8, 2008.
  38. 1 2 3 4 Eli Lake, "U.N. Official Calls for Study Of Neocons' Role in 9/11", The New York Sun, April 10, 2008
  39. ↑ Press Release: National Lawyers Guild Urges Israel to Permit Richard Falk to Enter Israel and the Occupied Palestinian Territories, Common Dreams, April 23, 2008.
  40. ↑ Israel: Reverse Expulsion of Human Rights Rapporteur, Human Rights Watch website, December 17, 2008, accessed December 19, 2012.
  41. ↑ Linda Mamoun, "Israel Bars UN Human Rights Watchdog From Occupied Territories", Alternet reprint of The Nation article, posted on July 11, 2008.
  42. ↑ "UN official who compared Israel to Nazis turns the spotlight on Palestinians", Haaretz, June 16, 2008.
  43. ↑ "Urgent action needed to alleviate desperate plight of Gaza's civilians – UN rights expert", United Nations News Center, December 9, 2009.
  44. ↑ "Human Rights & Wrongs", The Jerusalem Post, December 10, 2008.
  45. ↑ "Gaza: Silence is not an option", statement by the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights on Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, issued December 9, 2008.
  46. ↑ Richard A.Falk, "My Expulsion from Israel", 22 December 2008
  47. ↑ "Israel denies entry to UN rights investigator", Reuters, reproduced at YNET, December 15, 2008.
  48. ↑ "UN Assembly President calls stories he tried to stop Israel speaking ‘malicious lie’", United Nations News Center, December 15, 2008.
  49. ↑ "UNHRC rapporteur denied entry to Israel", The Jerusalem Post, December 16, 2008.
  50. ↑ "Days After Calling Israeli Blockade of Gaza 'A Crime Against Humanity', UN Human Rights Investigator Richard Falk Detained, Expelled from Israel", Democracy Now, December 17, 2008.
  51. ↑ UN: Daily Press Briefing, United Nations, December 16, 2008.
  52. ↑ UN official: Israel engaging in ethnic cleansing, Reuters, March 21, 2011.
  53. ↑ Richard Falk, Statement by Prof. Richard Falk, United Nations Special Rapporteur for Human Rights in the Occupied Territories, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights, December 27, 2008.
  54. ↑ Richard Falk, "Bring light — and censure — to brutal Israeli attacks; World needs to see the victims and carnage in Gaza", Houston Chronicle, December 29, 2008.
  55. ↑ UN envoy: Gaza op seems to be war crime of greatest magnitude Haaretz, March 19, 2009
  56. ↑ AFP: Britain raps 'unbalanced' UN rights Gaza report AFP, March 30, 2009
  57. ↑ Richard Falk. "ei: The Goldstone report and the battle for legitimacy". Electronicintifada.net. Retrieved 17 October 2009.
  58. ↑ Richard Falk: Report of the Special Rapporteur on the situation of human rights in the Palestinian territories occupied since 1967, August 30, 2010 retrieved December 19, 2010.
  59. ↑ C. Gouridasan Nair, Full text of the interview with Richard Falk, U.N. Rapporteur on Human Rights in the Israeli-Occupied Territories of Palestine, The Hindu, September 24, 2010.
  60. ↑ UN official: Israel engaging in ethnic cleansing, YnetNews.com, March 21, 2011.
  61. ↑ Tovah Lazaroff, Int'l court must act on Palestinian prisoner issue', Jerusalem Post, July 3, 2012.
  62. ↑ Wayne Schoenfeld, Richard Falk Calls for Corporate Israel Boycott; U.N. Official Backs Calls To Shun Occupation-Backing Firms, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, October 25, 2012.
  63. ↑ Michelle Nichols, U.N. expert calls for boycott of companies in Jewish settlements Reuters, October 25, 2012.
  64. 1 2 "Falk: Firms tied to settlements may face charges". Jerusalem Post. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  65. ↑ "'U.S. Rejects Call for Boycott by UN Rapporteur Falk'". The Forward. October 26, 2012.
  66. 1 2 "Canada, Israel call for UN rapporteur's resignation". CBC News. Retrieved October 26, 2012.
  67. ↑ Canada CBC Press on Rapporteur Boycott
  68. ↑ Israel must deliver on cease-fire agreement in the Gaza Strip – UN Special Rapporteur, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights press release, December 5, 2012.
  69. 1 2 3 "UN expert wants probe of Israeli detention of Palestinians". AFP. 10/06/2013. Retrieved 11/06/2013. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date= (help)
  70. 1 2 "UN rights envoy: Gaza's viability at stake". Reuters. 06/10/2013. Retrieved 11/6/2013. Check date values in: |access-date=, |date= (help)
  71. ↑ UN expert under fire ahead of Palestinian rights report, Ma'an News Agency, June 10, 2013.
  72. 1 2 3 Tovah Lazaroff, EU slams Falk’s Israel report as biased at UNHRC session, Jerusalem Post, June 10, 2013.
  73. ↑ "Ex-Senator Aids Bomber's Defense", The New York Times, October 20, 1973.
  74. ↑ Christenson, Ronald, Political Trials: Gordian Knots in the Law, Transaction Publishers, 1999, p. 172, ISBN 978-0-7658-0473-0
  75. ↑ Hentoff, Nat, The Nat Hentoff Reader, Da Capo Press, 2001, p. 255, ISBN 978-0-306-81084-8
  76. ↑ "The rise and fall of leftist radicalism in America", Edward Walter, p. 153
  77. 1 2 3 Gary Sick, All fall down: America's fateful encounter in Iran, I.B.Tauris, 1985, p. 166.
  78. ↑ "Trusting Khomeini" (pdf). New York Times. February 16, 1979. Retrieved March 26, 2011.
  79. ↑ Edward Walter, The rise and fall of leftist radicalism in America, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1992, p. 153.
  80. ↑ David Ray Griffin, The New Pearl Harbor: Disturbing Questions About the Bush Administration and 9/11, Interlink, 2005.
  81. ↑ David Ray Griffin, 9/11 and American Empire: Intellectuals Speak Out, Olive Branch Press, 2006.
  82. ↑ "U.N. official boosts 9/11 conspiracy theorists", Jewish Telegraphic Agency, November 11, 2008.
  83. ↑ 9/11: More than meets the eye by Richard Falk, The Journal, November 9, 2008.
  84. ↑ Rossmeier, Vincent (September 11, 2009). "Would you still sign the 9/11 Truth petition?". Salon. Retrieved September 11, 2009.
  85. ↑ MSNBC coverage of Falk's 9/11 comments
  86. ↑ Richard Falk, Al Queda, Richard Falk blog, September 19, 2011.
  87. ↑ "Falk's 9-11 remarks are 'condemned' by UN sec.-gen". The Jerusalem Post. 25 January 2011.
  88. ↑ Tovah Lazaroff,'Ban slams Falk’s 9/11 statements,' at The Jerusalem Post, January 27, 2011.
  89. ↑ "UN Chief Condemns Investigator on Palestine". Voice of America News. 25 January 2011.
  90. ↑ Falk, Richard (2002-04-11). "Ending the Death Dance". The Nation. Retrieved 13 May 2011.
  91. ↑ Ben August, for divestment spurs University debate, The Daily Princetonian, October 10, 2002.
  92. ↑ UN expert urges Israel to end Gaza blockade as anniversary of campaign looms, United Nations News Service, December 23, 2009.
  93. ↑ "UN expert stands by Nazi comments", BBC, April 8, 2008
  94. ↑ Cihan Aksan and Jon Bailes, An Interview With Richard Falk; The Future of International Law and Human Rights, CounterPunch, December 14–16, 2012 edition.
  95. ↑ Richard Falk, Kicking the intervention habit, Al Jazeera, March 10, 2011.
  96. ↑ Gaddafi, moral interventionism, Libya, and the Arab Revolutionary Movement, Today's Zaman, March 29, 2011; originally published as Richard Falk blog entry, March 20, 2011.
  97. ↑ Aaron Kalman,UN official says US had Boston attack coming, The Times of Israel, April 23, 2013.
  98. 1 2 Richard A. Falk, "A Commentary on the Marathon Murders", Richard Falk blog, April 19, 2013; reprinted in part as "Collective self-reflection in the wake of a national tragedy" at Al Jazeera, April 19, 2013; reprinted at here, with the original title by Foreign Policy Journal, April 21, 2013.
  99. 1 2 Canada lambasts UN official for saying Boston bombings caused by ‘American global domination project’, Canadian Press (reprinted in the National Post, April 24, 2013).
  100. ↑ AJC urges removal of UN's Richard Falk for controversial Boston comments by Reuters (reprinted by Haaretz), April 24, 2013.
  101. ↑ ADL Denounces U.N.’s Richard Falk for Attempting to Blame the Boston Terror Attack “on Tel Aviv”, ADL 23-04-2013
  102. ↑ United Nations Jew-basher Richard Falk blames Boston Marathon attack on Israel, New York Daily News 25-04-2013
  103. ↑ U.N. official pins blame for Boston Marathon bombing on ‘Tel Aviv’, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, April 23, 2013.
  104. ↑ UN's Falk ties Boston bombs to Obama's Israel trip by Lauren Izso, The Jerusalem Post, April 23, 2013.
  105. ↑ UN official blames Boston Marathon bombings on American 'domination', Fox News, April 23, 2013.
  106. ↑ US-Israel ties factor in Boston bombing, says UN man by Zoe Winograd, The Jewish Chronicle, April 23, 2013.
  107. ↑ What the Falk?, Wall Street Journal 23-04-2013
  108. ↑ McConnell, Scott (2013-04-26). "Smearing Richard Falk". The American Conservative. Retrieved 2013-04-28.
  109. ↑ Lawrence Davidson,'In praise of Richard Falk,' Counterpunch 6 May 2013
  110. 1 2 UN's Richard Falk under fire for ‘anti-Semitic’ cartoon, Jerusalem Post 08-07-2011
  111. ↑ "ACJ Office and Departments". ACJ. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  112. ↑ "ACJ Activities in Europe". ACJ. Retrieved 19 March 2012.
  113. ↑ Bauder, Sarah (10 July 2011). "Jewish groups urge UN investigator to quit". Ynetnews. Shalom Life. Retrieved 11 July 2011. The Anti-Defamation League called on the UN top human rights official to publicly condemn Falk.
  114. ↑ Apology for Unintentionally Posting Anti-Semitic Cartoon in Qaddafi Arrest Warrant Blog July 6th, Richard Falk blog, July 6, 2012.
  115. ↑ "ADL calls on UN human rights chief to condemn Richard Falk for anti-Semitic cartoon". Haaretz. 8 July 2011. Retrieved 15 July 2011.
  116. ↑ US, Jewish groups demand Falk resign over blog entry, Jerusalem Post 2011-07-10
  117. ↑ Evans, Robert (8 July 2011). "U.S. urges U.N. sleuth resign over blog cartoon". Reuters. Geneva. Reuters. Retrieved 9 October 2011. The United States said on Friday it has called on the U.N. human rights investigator for the Palestinian territories to resign after he published a cartoon on his blog which he later withdrew as 'anti-semitic.'
  118. 1 2 Pillay says Falk's cartoon was anti-Semitic, objectionable, Jerusalem Post 2011-07-14
  119. ↑ PM condemns UN adviser's 'antisemitic' cartoon, The Jewish Chronicle, October 12, 2011, accessed October 26, 2012.
  120. 1 2 Richard A. Falk, For What?, on his personal blog, July 20, 2012.
  121. ↑ "U.N.’s Richard Falk accuses "the organized Jewish community" of crimes against Palestinians". UN Watch. July 24, 2012. Retrieved July 25, 2012.
  122. ↑ Anti-Israel UN official, The Jewish Chronicle, July 26, 2012.
  123. ↑ Richard Falk removed from Human Rights Watch committee, Jewish Telegraphic Agency, December 18, 2012.
  124. ↑ Human Rights Watch boots UN Palestinian rights official from one of its panels, The Times of Israel, December 19, 2012.
  125. ↑ Official Wording of UN Watch Letter to Human Rights Watch. UNwatch.org
  126. 1 2 Phyllis Bennis, Human Rights Watch: Time to stand with human rights defenders, Al Jazeera, January 9, 2012.
  127. ↑ Letter to Kenneth Roth, Executive Director, Human Rights Watch, from various human rights groups, December 27, 2012, at National Lawyers Guild website.
  128. ↑ Human Rights Watch Expels Top U.N. Official Richard Falk, UN Watch website blog, December 18, 2012.
  129. ↑ , Middle East Research and Information Project. Retrieved 21 October 2014.
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