Restavek

A restavek (or restavec) is a child in Haiti who is sent by his or her parents to work for a host household as a domestic servant because the parents lack the resources required to support the child. The term comes from the French language rester avec, "to stay with".[1] Parents unable to care for children may send them to live with wealthier (or less poor) families; often their own relatives or friends. Often the children are from rural areas and relatives who host restaveks live in more urban ones. The expectation is that the children will receive food and housing (and sometimes an education) in exchange for doing housework. However, many restaveks live in poverty, may not receive proper education, and are at grave risk for physical, emotional, and sexual abuse. The restavek system is tolerated in Haitian culture, but not considered to be preferable. The practice meets formal international definitions of modern day slavery and child trafficking, and affects an estimated 300,000 Haitian children.[2] The number of CDW (Child Domestic Workers) in Haiti, defined as 1) living away from parents' home 2) not following normal progression in education 3) working more than other children, is more than 400,000. 25% of Haitian children age 5-17 live away from their biological parents.[3]

History

Slavery has existed in Haiti since Columbus first landed on the island in 1492.[4] Haiti proclaimed independence in 1804.[5] France applied several rigid fines and prevented Haiti from accessing international resources,[6] putting a heavy burden on Haiti's economy that detracted from social spending for many years.[7] The restavek tradition dates back centuries.[8] Following the 2010 earthquake, thousands of individuals in Haiti were displaced from their homes and families. According to anecdotal evidence many of these individuals were children who would have nowhere to turn but to fall into the Haitian restavèk population. Along with displacement due to the occurrences of natural disasters, children are also highly recruited into becoming restavèk’s by recruiters looking to find domestic servants for families. Many street children are former domestic servants who were dismissed by the families in which they worked for, or that they ran away from. However, these children have not yet escaped the restavèk life, instead are shifting into a different dimension of it that include their exploitation in begging rings, and prostitution.[9]

Conditions

Many parents send their children to be restaveks expecting them to have a better life.[10] Poor rural parents who cannot provide their children with clean water, food, and education send them away, usually to cities, to find these opportunities as restaveks.[11]

Restaveks are unpaid and have no power or recourse within the family.[11] Unlike slaves in the traditional sense, restaveks are not bought or sold or owned, could run away or return to their families, and are typically released from servitude when they become adults; however, the restavek system is commonly understood to be a form of slavery.[11] Often host families dismiss their restaveks before they turn 15, since by law that is the age they would begin having to be paid; many then live on the street.[11] Increasingly, paid middlemen act as recruiters to place children with host families, and it is becoming more common to place children with strangers.[11] Children often have no way to get back in touch with their families.[11]

Children who are too young to do their chores properly frequently face beatings for the failure.[1]

About two thirds of restaveks are girls, a large proportion of whom suffer sexual abuse at the hands of male household members.[12] However, young males are involved as well. Sexual abuse of restaveks by male household members is societally accepted, and girls are often blamed for their abuse.[1] Often, restavek girls are called la pou sa—there for that—implying that they exist for the purpose of satisfying male household members' sexual desires.[1] Options for seeking help are limited because the children do not have a caretaker with their best interest as a priority, so there is little expectation that anyone will protect them.[1] A 2006 study showed that female restaveks are at a risk 4.5 times higher of being sexually assaulted than their non-restavek cohorts, 9.6% of female restaveks having been sexually abused.[11] The trauma from abuse can affect a former restavek for life.[12]

A 2009 study by the Pan American Development Foundation found that, "leading indicators of restavèk treatment include work expectations equivalent to adult servants and long hours that surpass the cultural norm for children’s work at home."[13] A contradicting 2002 survey found that restaveks were allowed to sleep as long as or longer than the household children, received fewer beatings, 60 percent or more attended school, and many had their own bed or mat.[14]

Some restaveks do receive proper nutrition and education, but they are in the minority.[15] According to the Pan American Development Foundation, "Education is also an important indicator in detecting child domesticity. Children in domesticity may or may not attend school, but when they do attend, it is generally an inferior school compared to other children... and their rates of non-enrollment are higher than non-restavèk children in the home."[13]

Statistics

The estimates for numbers of restaveks in Haiti range from 100,000 to 500,000.[16] A 2002 door-to-door survey found the number of restaveks under age 17 in Haiti to be 173,000, 59 percent of them girls.[14]

As poverty and political turmoil increase, the reported number of restaveks continues to rise dramatically.[17] In 2009, the Pan American Development Foundation published the findings of an extensive door-to-door survey conducted in several cities in Haiti, focused on restaveks. The findings document thousands of restaveks living in Haiti. The report also found that 11% of households who have restaveks working for them also send their own children to work as restaveks for someone else.[18]

In 2010, it is believed that the earthquake has caused many more children to become restaveks, as children who were orphaned by the quake could potentially be turned over by distant relatives who cannot care for them.[19]

Contributing factors

Two major factors that perpetuate the restavek system are widespread poverty and a societal acceptance of the practice.[11] Parents who cannot provide for their children continue to send them to be restaveks. Haiti, a nation of 10 million people,[17] is the most poverty-stricken in the western hemisphere.[11] Guerda Lexima-Constant, a child rights advocate with the Haitian Limyè Lavi Foundation, says: "I have yet to meet anyone who wanted to send their kid to be a restavek. Parents are forced to because of a lot of national and international givens. The [economic] means they used to have, they don’t anymore. The invasion of foreign rice, eggs, and other things on the market by big business, destroying the peasant economy... there’s been a whole chain of events that makes some people have to send their child away."[20]

The practice of restavek is widely accepted in Haitian culture, although the upper classes have increasingly begun to look down on it.[11] The connotation of the word restavek is understood to be negative, implying servility.[11][12] The term is used in a derogatory way, and restavek children are constantly reminded by host families of their inferiority.[1]

Individual factors that increase a child's likelihood of becoming a restavek include lack of access to clean water, lack of educational opportunities, access to family in a city, and illness or loss of one or both parents.[11] Haiti has too few orphanages for its abundance of orphans, putting them at high risk of becoming restaveks.[11]

Preventative and restorative efforts

Efforts exist to address the root cause of child servitude. Improving the economy, especially through government support for the rural population, would undermine parents’ incentive to give children up, as would an improved health care and education system.[20] Parents would not be as easily pressured by recruiters to hand their children over to become restaveks if they were provided with aid such as food, clothing, and clean water.[11]

In May 2009, over 500 Haitian leaders gathered in Port-au-Prince, Haiti to discuss the restavek condition and how to make positive changes to this complex problem.[21] Leaders from all facets of society attended the full-day session and conference organizers from The Jean Cadet Restavec Foundation and Fondation Maurice Sixto hope that this dialog is the start of a large grass-roots movement to, at a minimum, stop the abuse of restavek children.[21] The Restavec Freedom Foundation hosted 13 additional conferences titled "Compassion and Courage"[22] across Haiti. These conferences were hosted from the spring 2012 through the spring of 2013 and asked community leaders and pastors to take a stand on the issue of restavek. Over 3,000 leaders participated in these conferences and have agreed to take the lead in their respective communities to bring an end to the restavek situation.[23]

Other organizations in Haiti, such as Restavek Freedom Alliance, BEM Inc. are also actively working in south-western Haiti with restavek children.[24] Organizations such as the Center for Action and Development (CAD) and L'Escale in Port-au-Prince exist to house, feed, and give medical and psychological care to escaped restaveks while looking to send them back to their families.[11]

Jean-Robert Cadet vividly recounted his life as a restavek. According to him, a term for children staying with host families who do not abuse them is timoun ki rete kay moun (Kreyol for "child who stays in a person's house.")

Law & Order: "Chattel" (episode 19.8, original airdate January 7, 2009) depicts the discovery, investigation, and disposition of a ring of white Americans who adopt Haitian children and employ them as restaveks.

Cross Current by Christine Kling is a mystery novel set in South Florida that depicts the conditions of restaveks.

The Philanthropist episode Haiti, a girl restavek is a main part of the story.

Boston Legal: In the episode "Fat Burner" (season 3, episode 15), Attorney Clarence Bell gives representation to a girl restavek who, after being impregnated by her master, stabbed the man to death after he had informed her that he intended to sell her child.[25]

References

  1. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Understanding The Restavèk Phenomenon in Haiti Through Storytelling and Film". International Relations and Diplomacy. 3. doi:10.17265/2328-2134/2015.02.006.
  2. ↑ Kennedy, C. L. (2014). "Toward Effective Intervention for Haiti's Former Child Slaves". Human Rights Quarterly. 36 (4): 756–778. doi:10.1353/hrq.2014.0059.
  3. ↑ Sommerfelt, Tone (October 2014). "Child Domestic Workers in Haiti 2014" (PDF). https://www.haiti-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/01/Report-Haiti-Child-Domestic-Workers-31072015.pdf. External link in |website= (help)
  4. ↑ Accilien, Cécile; Adams, Jessica; Méléance, Elmide; Ulrick Jean-Pierre (2006). Revolutionary Freedoms: A History of Survival, Strength and Imagination in Haiti. Educa Vision Inc. ISBN 978-1-58432-293-1. Retrieved 21 February 2013.
  5. ↑ Janak, Timothy C., (1998) Haiti's "Restavec" slave children:Difficult choices, difficult lives, yet...Lespwa fe Viv University of Texas Press
  6. ↑ "French President’s Debt Comment in Haiti Reopens Old Wounds About Slave Trade". VICE News.
  7. ↑ Alsan, M. M.; Westerhaus, M.; Herce, M.; Nakashima, K.; Farmer, P. E. (2011). "Poverty, Global Health, and Infectious Disease: Lessons from Haiti and Rwanda". Infectious Disease Clinics of North America. 25 (3): 611–622, ix. PMC 3168775 Freely accessible. PMID 21896362. doi:10.1016/j.idc.2011.05.004.
  8. ↑ Smith, C. A.; Miller-de la Cuesta, B. (2010). "Human Trafficking in Conflict Zones: The Role of Peacekeepers in the Formation of Networks". Human Rights Review. 12 (3): 287–299. doi:10.1007/s12142-010-0181-8.
  9. ↑ Howell, Holly. "Urban Child Labor in Port-au-Prince, Haiti" (PDF). https://www.haiti-now.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/Urban-Child-Labor-PAP-Haiti-2012.pdf. External link in |website= (help)
  10. ↑ http://www.dol.gov/ILAB/media/reports/iclp/Advancing1/html/haiti.htm Archived August 1, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 Abrams, Jennifer S. (2010). ""The Kids Aren't Alright": Using a Comprehensive Anti-Trafficking Program to Combat the Restavek System in Haiti". Temple International & Comparative Law Journal. 24 (443): –.
  12. 1 2 3 "The Plight of Restavèk (Child Domestic Servants)" (PDF). 112th Session of the United Nations Human Rights Committee, October 8 & 9, 2014. September 12, 2014.
  13. 1 2 "itooamhaiti.org". itooamhaiti.org. Archived from the original on 2011-07-26.
  14. 1 2 Schwartz, Timothy T. (2009). Fewer Men, More Babies: Sex, Family, and Fertility in Haiti. Lexington Books. pp. 248–. ISBN 978-0-7391-2867-1.
  15. ↑ Anastasia Moloney (December 5, 2012). "Haiti child slavery shock". News24.
  16. ↑ Balsari, S.; Lemery, J.; Williams, T. P.; Nelson, B. D. (2010). "Protecting the Children of Haiti". New England Journal of Medicine. 362 (9): e25. PMID 20164477. doi:10.1056/NEJMp1001820.
  17. 1 2 Cohen, Gigi (2004-03-24). "Haiti's Dark secret:The Restaveks". National Public Radio.
  18. ↑ Pan American Development Foundation. "Report". I Too am Haiti. Archived from the original on 2009-12-23.
  19. ↑ Scott Pelley (March 21, 2010). "The Lost Children of Haiti". 60 Minutes of CBS News.
  20. 1 2 Bell, Beverly (2013). Fault Lines: Views Across Haiti's Divide. Cornell University Press. pp. 143-145 ISBN 978-0-8014-7769-0.
  21. 1 2 http://restavek.donordrive.com/index.cfm?fuseaction=cms.page&id=1037
  22. ↑ Kompasyon ak Kouraj
  23. ↑ "Restavek Freedom Foundation". restavekfreedom.org.
  24. ↑ "Restavec Freedom Alliance, BEM Inc.". rfahaiti.org.
  25. ↑ See p. 7 in http://www.boston-legal.org/script/BL03x15.pdf
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