General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
| General Secretary of Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
(Генеральный секретарь ЦК КПСС) | |
|---|---|
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Emblem of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union | |
.jpg) | |
| Residence | Grand Kremlin Palace, Moscow |
| Appointer | Central Committee |
| Formation | April 1917 |
| First holder | Elena Stasova |
| Final holder | Vladimir Ivashko (acting) |
| Abolished | 29 August 1991 |
| Unofficial names | (acronym) генсек (gensek) |
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (Russian: Генеральный секретарь ЦК КПСС) was an office of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) that by the late 1920s had evolved into the most powerful of the Central Committee's various secretaries. With a few exceptions, from 1929 until the union's dissolution the holder of the office was the de facto leader of the Soviet Union,[1] because the post controlled both the CPSU and the Soviet government.[2] Joseph Stalin elevated the office to overall command of the Communist Party and by extension the whole Soviet Union.[3] Nikita Khrushchev renamed the post First Secretary in 1953; the change was reverted in 1966.
The office grew out of less powerful secretarial positions within the party: Technical Secretary (1917–1918), Chairman of the Secretariat (1918–1919), Responsible Secretary (1919–1922) (when Lenin was leader of the party of Bolsheviks).
History
In its first two incarnations the office performed mostly secretarial work. The post of Responsible Secretary was then established in 1919 to perform administrative work.[4] In 1922, the office of General Secretary followed as a purely administrative and disciplinary position, whose role was to do no more than determine party membership composition. Stalin, its first incumbent, used the principles of democratic centralism to transform his office into that of party leader, and later leader of the Soviet Union.[3]
In 1934, the 17th Party Congress refrained from formally re-electing Stalin as General Secretary. However, Stalin was re-elected into all other positions and remained leader of the party without diminishment.[5]
In the 1950s, Stalin increasingly withdrew from Secretariat business, leaving the supervision of the body to Georgy Malenkov, possibly to test him as a potential successor.[6] In October 1952, at the 19th Party Congress, Stalin restructured the party's leadership. His request, voiced through Malenkov, to be relieved of his duties in the party secretariat due to his age, was rejected by the party congress, as delegates were unsure about Stalin's intentions.[7] In the end, the congress formally abolished Stalin's office of General Secretary, though Stalin remained one of the party secretaries and maintained ultimate control of the Party.[8][9] When Stalin died on 5 March 1953, Malenkov was the most important member of the Secretariat, which also included Nikita Khrushchev, among others. Under a short-lived troika of Malenkov, Beria, and Molotov, Malenkov became Chairman of the Council of Ministers but was forced to resign from the Secretariat nine days later on 14 March, leaving Khrushchev in effective control of the body.[10] Khrushchev was elected to the new office of First Secretary at the Central Committee plenum on 14 September of the same year. Originally conceived as a collective leadership, Khrushchev removed his rivals from power in both 1955 and (especially) 1957 and reinforced the supremacy of the First Secretary.[11]
In 1964, opposition within the Politburo and the Central Committee led to Khrushchev's removal as First Secretary. Leonid Brezhnev succeeded Khrushchev to the post as part of another collective leadership, together with Premier Alexei Kosygin and others.[12] The office was renamed General Secretary in 1966.[13] The collective leadership was able to limit the powers of the General Secretary during the Brezhnev Era.[14] Brezhnev's influence grew throughout the 1970s as he was able to retain support by avoiding any radical reforms.[15] Yuri Andropov and Konstantin Chernenko ruled the country in the same way as Brezhnev had.[16] Mikhail Gorbachev ruled the Soviet Union as General Secretary until 1990, when the Communist Party lost its monopoly of power over the political system. The office of President of the Soviet Union was established so that Gorbachev still retained his role as leader of the Soviet Union.[17] Following the failed August coup of 1991, Gorbachev resigned as General Secretary.[18] He was succeeded by his deputy, Vladimir Ivashko, who only served for five days as Acting General Secretary before Boris Yeltsin, the President of Russia, suspended all activity in the Communist Party.[19] Following the party's ban, the Union of Communist Parties – Communist Party of the Soviet Union (UCP–CPSU) was established by Oleg Shenin in 1993. The UCP–CPSU works as a framework for reviving and restoring the CPSU. The organisation has members in all the former Soviet republics.[20]
List of chief secretaries
| Name (Birth–Death) |
Portrait | Term of office | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|
| Technical Secretary of the Central Committee of the Russian Social Democratic Labour Party (Bolsheviks) (1917–1918) | |||
| Elena Stasova (1873–1966)[21] |
 |
April 1917 – 1918 | As Technical Secretary, Stasova and her staff of four women were responsible for maintaining correspondence with provincial party cells, assigning work, keeping financial records, distributing Party funds,[22] formulating party structure policy and appointing new personnel.[23] |
| Chairman of the Secretariat of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (1918–1919) | |||
| Yakov Sverdlov (1885–1919)[24] |
 |
1918 – 16 March 1919 | Sverdlov remained in office until his death on 16 March 1919. During his tenure he was mainly responsible for technical rather than political matters.[25] |
| Elena Stasova (1873–1966)[21] |
|
March 1919 – December 1919 | When her office was dissolved, Stasova was not considered a serious competitor for the post of Responsible Secretary, the successor office to the Chairman of the Secretariat.[26] |
| Responsible Secretary of the Central Committee of the Russian Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (1919–1922) | |||
| Nikolay Krestinsky (1883–1938)[27] |
 |
December 1919 – March 1921 | The office of Responsible Secretary functioned like a secretary, a somewhat menial position given that Krestinsky was also a member of the Party's Politburo, Orgburo and Secretariat. Nevertheless, Krestinsky never tried to create an independent power base as Joseph Stalin later did during his time as General Secretary.[4] |
| Vyacheslav Molotov (1890–1986)[28] |
 |
March 1921 – April 1922 | Was elected Responsible Secretary at the 10th Party Congress held in March 1921. The Congress decided that the office of Responsible Secretary should have a presence at Politburo plenums. As a result, Molotov became a candidate member of the Politburo.[29] |
| General Secretary of the Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks) (1922–1952) | |||
| Joseph Stalin (1878–1953)[30] |
 |
3 April 1922 – 16 October 1952 | Stalin used the office of General Secretary to create a strong power base for himself. At the 17th Party Congress in 1934, Stalin was not formally re-elected as General Secretary[31] and the office was rarely mentioned after that[32] but Stalin retained his positions and all of his power. The office was formally abolished at the 19th Party Congress on 16 October 1952, but Stalin remained secretary and retained ultimate power.[9] |
| First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1953–1966) | |||
| Nikita Khrushchev (1894–1971)[33] |
 |
14 September 1953 – 14 October 1964 | Khrushchev reestablished the office on 14 September 1953 under the name First Secretary. In 1957 he was nearly removed from office by the Anti-Party Group. Georgy Malenkov, a leading member of the Anti-Party Group, worried that the powers of the First Secretary were virtually unlimited.[34] Khrushchev was removed as leader on 14 October 1964, and replaced by Leonid Brezhnev.[13] |
| Leonid Brezhnev (1906–1982) [35] |
.jpg) |
14 October 1964 – 8 April 1966 | Brezhnev was part of a collective leadership with Premier Alexei Kosygin and others.[12] The office of First Secretary was renamed General Secretary at the 23rd Party Congress.[14] |
| General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (1966–1991) | |||
| Leonid Brezhnev (1906–1982) [35] |
|
8 April 1966 – 10 November 1982 | Brezhnev's powers and functions as the General Secretary were limited by the collective leadership.[15] By the 1970s Brezhnev's influence exceeded that of Kosygin as he was able to retain this support by avoiding any radical reforms. |
| Yuri Andropov (1914–1984)[36] |
 |
12 November 1982 – 9 February 1984 | He emerged as Brezhnev's most likely successor as the chairman of the committee in charge of managing Brezhnev's funeral.[37] Andropov ruled the country in the same way Brezhnev had before he died.[16] |
| Konstantin Chernenko (1911–1985)[35] |
 |
13 February 1984 – 10 March 1985 | Chernenko was 72 years old when elected to the post of General Secretary and in rapidly failing health.[38] Like Andropov, Chernenko ruled the country in the same way Brezhnev had.[16] |
| Mikhail Gorbachev (1931–)[39] |
|
11 March 1985 – 24 August 1991 | The 1990 Congress of People's Deputies removed Article 6 from the 1977 Soviet Constitution. Thus, the Communist Party lost its position as the "leading and guiding force of the Soviet society" and the powers of the General Secretary were drastically curtailed. Throughout the rest of his tenure Gorbachev ruled through the office of President of the Soviet Union.[17] He resigned from his party office on 24 August 1991 in the aftermath of the August Coup.[18] |
| Vladimir Ivashko (1932–1994)[40] |
 |
24 August 1991 – 29 August 1991 | He was elected Deputy General Secretary at the 28th Party Congress. Ivashko became acting General Secretary following Gorbachev's resignation, but by then the Party was politically impotent and on 29 August 1991, it was banned.[19] |
 |
| This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the Soviet Union |
|
Judiciary |
Notes
- ↑ Armstrong 1986, p. 93.
- ↑ Armstrong 1986, p. 98.
- 1 2 Fainsod & Hough 1979, pp. 142–146.
- 1 2 Fainsod & Hough 1979, p. 126.
- ↑ "Secretariat, Orgburo, Politburo and Presidium of the CC of the CPSU in 1919–1990 – Izvestia of the CC of the CPSU." (in Russian). 7 November 1990. Archived from the original on 7 November 2011. Retrieved 21 October 2011.
- ↑ Z. Medvedev & R. Medvedev 2006, p. 40.
- ↑ Z. Medvedev & R. Medvedev 2006, p. 40-41.
- ↑ Geoffrey Roberts, Stalin's Wars: From World War to Cold War, 1939 - 1953, p. 345.
- 1 2 Brown 2009, pp. 231–232.
- ↑ Ra'anan 2006, pp. 29–31.
- ↑ Ra'anan 2006, p. 58.
- 1 2 Brown 2009, p. 403.
- 1 2 Service 2009, p. 378.
- 1 2 McCauley 1997, p. 48.
- 1 2 Baylis 1989, pp. 98–99 & 104.
- 1 2 3 Baylis 1989, p. 98.
- 1 2 Kort 2010, p. 394.
- 1 2 Radetsky 2007, p. 219.
- 1 2 McCauley 1997, p. 105.
- ↑ Backes & Moreau 2008, p. 415.
- 1 2 McCauley 1997, p. 117.
- ↑ Clements 1997, p. 140.
- ↑ Fairfax 1999, p. 36.
- ↑ Williamson 2007, p. 42.
- ↑ Zemtsov 2001, p. 132.
- ↑ Noonan 2001, p. 183.
- ↑ Rogovin 2001, p. 38.
- ↑ Phillips 2001, p. 20.
- ↑ Grill 2002, p. 72.
- ↑ Brown 2009, p. 59.
- ↑ Rappaport 1999, pp. 95–96.
- ↑ Ulam 2007, p. 734.
- ↑ Taubman 2003, p. 258.
- ↑ Ra'anan 2006, p. 69.
- 1 2 3 Chubarov 2003, p. 60.
- ↑ Vasil'eva 1994, pp. 218.
- ↑ White 2000, p. 211.
- ↑ Service 2009, pp. 433–435.
- ↑ Service 2009, p. 435.
- ↑ McCauley 1998, p. 314.
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- Backes, Uwe; Moreau, Patrick (2008). Communist and Post-Communist Parties in Europe. Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht. ISBN 978-3-525-36912-8.
- Baylis, Thomas A. (1989). Governing by Committee: Collegial Leadership in Advanced Societies. State University of New York Press. ISBN 978-0-88706-944-4.
- Brown, Archie (2009). The Rise & Fall of Communism. Bodley Head. ISBN 978-0061138799.
- Chubarov, Alexander (2003). Russia's Bitter Path to Modernity: A History of the Soviet and post-Soviet Eras. Continuum International Publishing Group. ISBN 978-0826413505.
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- Fainsod, Merle; Hough, Jerry F. (1979). How the Soviet Union is Governed. Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0674410305.
- Fairfax, Kaithy (1999). Comrades in Arms: Bolshevik Women in the Russian Revolution. Resistance Books. ISBN 090919694X.
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- Radetsky, Peter (2007). The Soviet Image: A Hundred Years of Photographs from Inside the TASS Archives. Chronicle Books. ISBN 978-0811857987.
- Rappaport, Helen (1999). Joseph Stalin: A Biographical Companion. ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1576070840.
- Rogovin, Vadim (2001). Stalin's Terror of 1937–1938: Political Genocide in the USSR. Mehring Books. ISBN 978-1893638082.
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