ResearchGate

ResearchGate
Type of site
 Social network service for scientists
Owner ResearchGate, Berlin, Germany
Created by
  • Ijad Madisch
  • Sören Hofmayer
  • Horst Fickenscher
Website researchgate.net
Alexa rank Increase 329 (May 2017)[1]
Users More than 11 million[2]
Launched May 2008 (2008-05)

ResearchGate is a social networking site for scientists and researchers[3] to share papers, ask and answer questions, and find collaborators.[4] According to a study by Nature and an article in Times Higher Education, it is the largest academic social network in terms of active users,[5][6] although other services have more registered users and more recent data suggests that almost as many academics have Google Scholar profiles.[7]

People that wish to use the site need to have an email address at a recognized institution or to be manually confirmed as a published researcher in order to sign up for an account.[8] Members of the site each have a user profile and can upload research output including papers, data, chapters, negative results, patents, research proposals, methods, presentations, and software source code. Users may also follow the activities of other users and engage in discussions with them. Users are also able to block interactions with other users.

The site has been criticized for sending unsolicited email invitations to coauthors of the articles listed on the site that were written to appear as if the email messages were sent by the other coauthors of the articles (a practice the site claims to have discontinued as of November 2016[9]) and for automatically generating apparent profiles for non-users who have sometimes felt misrepresented by them.[6] A study found that over half of the uploaded papers appear to infringe copyright, because the authors uploaded the publisher's version.[10]

Features

The New York Times described the site as a mashup of Facebook, Twitter and LinkedIn.[4] Site members may "follow" a research interest, in addition to following other individual members.[11] It has a blogging feature for users to write short reviews on peer-reviewed articles.[11] ResearchGate indexes self-published information on user profiles to suggest members to connect with others who have similar interests.[4] When a member posts a question, it is fielded to others that have identified on their user profile that they have a relevant expertise.[12] It also has private chat rooms where users can share data, edit shared documents, or discuss confidential topics.[13] The site also features a research-focused job board.[14]

As of 2016, it has 11 million users,[2] with its largest user-bases coming from Europe and North America.[15] Most of ResearchGate's users are involved in medicine or biology,[11][13] though it also has participants from engineering, computer science, agricultural sciences, and psychology, among others.[11]

ResearchGate publishes a citation impact measurement in the form of an "RG Score". RG score is not a citation impact measure. RG Scores have been reported to be correlated with existing citation impact measures, but have also been criticized as having questionable reliability and an unknown calculation methodology.[16][17][18][19] ResearchGate does not require peer review or fees.[20]

History

ResearchGate was founded in 2008[12] by virologist and computer scientist Dr. Ijad Madisch, who remains the company's CEO,[5][4] with another physician Dr. Sören Hofmayer, and a computer scientist Horst Fickenscher.[14] It started in Boston, Massachusetts, and moved to Berlin, Germany, shortly afterwards.[15]

The company's first round of funding, in 2010, was led by the venture capital firm Benchmark, with contributions from investors such as Joachim Schoss, founder of the German portal site 24Scout.[21] Benchmark partner Matt Cohler became a member of the board and participated in the decision to move to Berlin.[22]

According to The New York Times, the website began with few features, then was developed further over time based on input from scientists.[4] From 2009 to 2011, the number of users of the site grew from 25,000 to more than 1 million.[13]

A second round of funding led by Peter Thiel's Founders Fund was announced in February 2012.[22] On June 4, 2013, it closed Series C financing arrangements for $35M from investors including Bill Gates.[23][24]

The company grew from 12 employees in 2011 to 120 in 2014.[4][15] It currently has about 300 employees, including a sales staff of 100.[2]

ResearchGate's competitors include Academia.edu, Google Scholar and Mendeley.[5] Academia.edu reportedly has more registered users (about 34 million versus 11 million[2]) and higher web traffic, but ResearchGate is substantially larger in terms of active usage by researchers.[5][6] The fact that ResearchGate restricts its user accounts to people at recognized institutions and published researchers may explain the disparity in active usage, as a high percentage of the accounts on Academia.edu are lapsed or inactive.[5][6] In a recent and ongoing survey of academic profile tools, about as many respondents have ResearchGate profiles and Google Scholar profiles, but almost twice as many respondents use Google Scholar for search than use ResearchGate for accessing publications.[7]

Madisch has said the company's business strategy is focused on highly targeted advertising based on analysis of the activities of users, saying "Imagine you could click on a microscope mentioned in a paper and buy it", and estimating the spending on science at $1 trillion per year under the control of a "relatively small number of people".[5]

In November 2015 they acquired additional funding of $52.6 million from a range of investors including Goldman Sachs, Benchmark Capital, Wellcome Trust and Bill Gates, but did not announce this until February 2017. [25][26]

Reception

A 2009 article in BusinessWeek reported that ResearchGate was a "potentially powerful link" in promoting innovation in developing countries by connecting scientists from those nations with their peers in industrialized nations.[27] It said the website had become popular largely due to its ease of use. It also said that ResearchGate had been involved in several notable cross-country collaborations between scientists that led to substantive developments.[27]

A 2012 paper published in The International Information & Library Review conducted a survey with 160 respondents and reported that out of those respondents using social networking "for academic purposes", Facebook and ResearchGate were the most popular at the University of Delhi, but also "a majority of respondents said using SNSs [Social Networking Sites] may be a waste of time".[28] Another paper reported that only a small fraction of users (about 85000) were active in the Q&A part of the site.[29]

Although ResearchGate is used internationally, its uptake—as of 2014—is uneven, with Brazil having particularly many users and China having few when compared to the number of publishing researchers.[16]

In a 2014 study by Nature, 88 percent of the responding scientists and engineers said that they were aware of ResearchGate[6]:Q1 and would use it when "contacted", but less than 10% said they would use it to actively discuss research with 40% instead preferring to use Twitter when discussing research.[6] ResearchGate was visited regularly by half of those surveyed by Nature, coming second to Google Scholar. 29 percent of regular visitors had signed up for a profile on ResearchGate in the past year,[6] and 35% of the survey participants were invited by e-mail.[6]

A 2016 article in Times Higher Education reported that in a global survey of 20,670 people who use academic social networking sites, ResearchGate was the dominant network and was twice as popular as others: 61 percent of respondents who had published at least one paper had a ResearchGate profile.[5] Another study reported that "relatively few academics appear to post questions and answers", but instead use it only as an "online CV".[19]

Criticisms

ResearchGate has been criticized for emailing unsolicited invitations to the coauthors of its users.[6]:Q2[30] These emails were written as if they were personally sent by the user, but were instead sent automatically unless the user opted out,[6]:Q3[31] which caused some researchers to boycott the service[6]:Q4 and contributes to the negative view of ResearchGate in the scientific community.[6]:Q5,Q7 As of November 2016,[32] the site appears to have discontinued this practice.[9]

A study published by the Association for Information Systems in 2014 found that a dormant account on ResearchGate, using default settings, generated 297 invitations to 38 people over a 16-month period, and that the user profile was automatically attributed to more than 430 publications.[31] Furthermore, journalists and researchers found that the "RG score", calculated by ResearchGate via a proprietary algorithm,[31] can reach high values under questionable circumstances.[31][33]

Several studies have looked at the RG score, for which details about how it is calculated are not published. These studies concluded that the RG score was "intransparent and irreproducible",[18] criticized the way it incorporates the journal impact factor into the user score, and suggested that it should "not be considered in the evaluation of academics".[18] The results were confirmed in a second "response" study, which also found the score to depend mostly on journal impact factors.[19] The RG score was found to be negatively correlated with network centrality,[34] i.e., that users that are the most active (and thus central to the network) on ResearchGate usually do not have high RG scores. It was also found to be strongly positively correlated with Quacquarelli Symonds university rankings at the institutional level, but only weakly with Elsevier SciVal rankings of individual authors.[17] While it was found to be correlated with different university rankings, the correlation in between these rankings themselves was higher.[16]

Nature also reported that "Some of the apparent profiles on the site are not owned by real people, but are created automatically – and incompletely – by scraping details of people's affiliations, publication records and PDFs, if available, from around the web. That annoys researchers who do not want to be on the site, and who feel that the pages misrepresent them – especially when they discover that ResearchGate will not take down the pages when asked."[6]:Q6,Q7 ResearchGate uses a crawler to find PDF versions of articles on the homepages of authors and publishers.[6]:Q6 These are then presented as if they had been uploaded to the web site by the author:[6]:Q7, Q8 the PDF will be displayed embedded in a frame, and only the button label "External Download" indicates that the file was in fact not uploaded to ResearchGate.

ResearchGate has also been criticized for failing to provide safeguards against "the dark side of academic writing", including such phenomena as fake publishers, "ghost journals", publishers with "predatory" publication fees, and fake impact ratings.[35]

It has also been criticized for copyright infringement of published works.[36][10]

References

  1. ↑ "researchgate.net Site Overview". Alexa Internet. Retrieved 2017-05-28.
  2. 1 2 3 4 Satariano, Adam (15 November 2016). "Bill Gates-Backed Research Network Targets Advertising Revenue". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2016-11-29.
  3. ↑ Office of Scholarly Communication. "A social networking site is not an open access repository". University of California. Retrieved 2016-12-03.
  4. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Lin, Thomas (17 January 2012). "Cracking open the scientific process". The New York Times. Retrieved 2014-06-26.
  5. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Matthews, David (7 April 2016). "Do academic social networks share academics' interests?". Times Higher Education. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 "Online collaboration: Scientists and the social network". Nature. 13 August 2014. Retrieved 2014-11-06.
    Quote 1: ResearchGate is certainly well-known [...] More than 88% of scientists and engineers said that they were aware of it.
    Quote 2: "They do send you a lot of spam," [Billie Swalla] says
    Quote 3: [...] regularly sending out automated e-mails that profess to come from colleagues active on the site
    Quote 4: "I think it is a disgraceful kind of marketing and I am choosing not to use their service because of that", [Lars Arvestad] says
    Quote 5: "I've met basically no academics in my field with a favourable view of ResearchGate", says Daniel MacArthur
    Quote 6: Some of the apparent profiles on the site are not owned by real people, but are created automatically – and incompletely – by scraping details of people's affiliations, publication records and PDFs
    Quote 7: That annoys researchers who do not want to be on the site, and who feel that the pages misrepresent them – especially when they discover that ResearchGate will not take down the pages when asked.
    Quote 8: [Madisch] will not say how many of [the papers available on ResearchGate] have been automatically scraped from freely accessible places elsewhere.
  7. 1 2 Innovations in Scholarly Communication, Universiteit Utrecht, accessed 206-12-02.
  8. ↑ "Signing up for ResearchGate: My email address isn't recognized. Can I still sign up?". ResearchGate official web site. Retrieved 2016-04-23.
  9. 1 2 "Inviting colleagues to ResearchGate". ResearchGate official web site. Retrieved 2016-12-02.
  10. 1 2 Jamali, Hamid R. (2017-02-16). "Copyright compliance and infringement in ResearchGate full-text journal articles". Scientometrics. 112: 1–14. ISSN 0138-9130. doi:10.1007/s11192-017-2291-4.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Diane Rasmussen Neal (6 August 2012). Social Media for Academics: A Practical Guide. Elsevier Science. p. 28. ISBN 978-1-78063-319-0.
  12. 1 2 Hardy, Quentin (3 August 2012). "Failure Is the Next Opportunity". Retrieved 2014-06-26.
  13. 1 2 3 Crawford, Mark (2011). "Biologists Using Social-networking Sites to Boost Collaboration". BioScience. 61 (9): 736–736. ISSN 0006-3568. doi:10.1525/bio.2011.61.9.18.
  14. 1 2 "About us". ResearchGate official web site. Retrieved 2016-04-09.
  15. 1 2 3 Scott, Mark (April 17, 2014). "Europeans look beyond their borders". Retrieved 2014-06-26.
  16. 1 2 3 Thelwall, M.; Kousha, K. (2014). "ResearchGate: Disseminating, communicating, and measuring Scholarship?". Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology. 66 (5): 876–889. doi:10.1002/asi.23236.
  17. 1 2 Yu, Min-Chun (February 2016). "ResearchGate: An effective altmetric indicator for active researchers?". Computers in Human Behavior. 55: 1001–1006. doi:10.1016/j.chb.2015.11.007. Retrieved 2016-04-22.
  18. 1 2 3 Kraker, P., & Lex, E. A Critical Look at the ResearchGate Score as a Measure of Scientific Reputation. Quantifying and Analysing Scholarly Communication on the Web (ASCW'15)
  19. 1 2 3 Jordan, Katy (2015). Exploring the ResearchGate score as an academic metric: Reflections and implications for practice. Quantifying and Analysing Scholarly Communication on the Web (ASCW'15).
  20. ↑ Dolan, Kerry A. (19 July 2012). "How Ijad Madisch Aims To Disrupt Science Research With A Social Network". Lists. Forbes. Retrieved 2012-08-09.
  21. ↑ "ResearchGate brings in strong funding round for 'scientific Facebook'". The Guardian. 2010. Retrieved 2010-08-09.
  22. 1 2 Imbert, Marguerite (22 February 2012). "Founders Fund invests in the Facebook for scientists: Founder Ijad Madisch on confidence, Luke Nosek, and what the world needs more of". VentureVillage.
  23. ↑ "Bill Gates, Benchmark And More Pour $35M Into ResearchGate, The Social Network For Scientists". TechCrunch. 4 June 2013. Retrieved 2013-06-08.
  24. ↑ Yeung, Ken (4 June 2013). "'Facebook for scientists' ResearchGate raises $35M led by Bill Gates and prepares to release an API". The Next Web.
  25. ↑ Scott, Mark (2017-02-28). "A Facebook-Style Shift in How Science Is Shared". The New York Times. ISSN 0362-4331. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
  26. ↑ "ResearchGate announces $52m investment | Research Information". www.researchinformation.info. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
  27. 1 2 Hamm, Steve (7 December 2009). "ResearchGATE and its Savvy use of the Web". BusinessWeek. Retrieved 2014-06-26.
  28. ↑ Madhusudhan, Margam (2012). "Use of social networking sites by research scholars of the University of Delhi: A study". The International Information & Library Review. 44 (2): 100–113. ISSN 1057-2317. doi:10.1016/j.iilr.2012.04.006.
  29. ↑ Alheyasat, Omar (2015). "Examination expertise sharing in academic social networks using graphs: The case of ResearchGate" (PDF). Contemporary Engineering Sciences. 8: 137. doi:10.12988/ces.2015.515. (Note: predatory publisher)
  30. ↑ "Beware of enemies masquerading as friends: ResearchGate and co.". Swinburne Library Blog. Swinburne University of Technology. 6 January 2014. Archived from the original on 10 April 2014. Retrieved 2014-04-10. ResearchGate automatically emails invitations to your coauthors on your behalf. These invitations are made to look as if they were sent by you but are emailed without your consent.
  31. 1 2 3 4 Meg Murray (2014). Analysis of a Scholarly Social Networking Site: The Case of the Dormant User. Proceedings of the Seventeenth Annual Conference of the Southern Association for Information Systems (SAIS).
  32. ↑ page change
  33. ↑ "Ein Vergleich für Forscher unter sich: Der Researchgate Score" (in German). 9 October 2012. Retrieved 2012-12-03.
  34. ↑ Hoffmann, C. P., Lutz, C., & Meckel, M. (2015). A relational altmetric? Network centrality on ResearchGate as an indicator of scientific impact. Journal of the Association for Information Science and Technology.
  35. ↑ Memon, Aamir Raoof (December 2016). "ResearchGate is no longer reliable: leniency towards ghost journals may decrease its impact on the scientific community" (PDF). Journal of Pakistan Medical Association. 66 (12): 1643–1647. Retrieved 2016-12-02. ResearchGate more recently, has been lenient in its policies against this dark side of academic writing.
  36. ↑ "Who Isn't Profiting Off the Backs of Researchers? - The Crux". The Crux. 2017-02-01. Retrieved 2017-03-01.
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