Tagalog language

Tagalog
Wikang Tagalog
Pronunciation [tɐˈɡaːloɡ]
Native to Philippines
Region Central and Southern Luzon
Ethnicity Tagalog people
Filipino Americans
Filipino Canadians
Filipinos in Palau
Native speakers
28 million (2007)[1]
45 million L2 speakers (2013)[2]
Total: 70+ million (2000)[3]
Early forms
Proto-Philippine
Standard forms
Dialects
  • Bataan
  • Batangas
  • Bulacan
  • Lubang
  • Manila
  • Marinduque
  • Tanay-Paete
  • Tayabas
Latin (Tagalog/Filipino alphabet),
Philippine Braille
Historically Baybayin
Official status
Official language in
Regional and official in the Philippines (in the form of Filipino)
Regulated by Komisyon sa Wikang Filipino
Language codes
ISO 639-1 tl
ISO 639-2 tgl
ISO 639-3 tglinclusive code
Individual code:
fil  Filipino
Glottolog taga1280  Tagalogic[4]
taga1269  Tagalog/Filipino[5]
Linguasphere 31-CKA

Predominantly Tagalog-speaking regions in the Philippines. The color-schemes represent the 4 dialect zones of the language: Northern, Central, Southern, and Marinduque The majority of residents in Camarines Norte and Camarines Sur speak Bikol as their first language but these provinces nonetheless have significant Tagalog minorities. In addition, Tagalog is used as a second language across the Philippines.

Tagalog (/təˈɡɑːlɒɡ/;[6] Tagalog pronunciation: [tɐˈɡaːloɡ]) is an Austronesian language spoken as a first language by a quarter of the population of the Philippines and as a second language by the majority. Its standardized form, officially named Filipino, is the national language of the Philippines, and is one of two official languages along with English.

It is related to other Philippine languages, such as the Bikol languages, Ilocano, the Visayan languages, Kapampangan and Pangasinan, and more distantly to other Austronesian languages, such as the Formosan languages of Taiwan, Malay (Malaysian & Indonesian), Hawaiian, Māori and Malagasy.

History

The word Tagalog is derived from the endonym taga-log ("river dweller"), composed of tagá- ("native of" or "from") and ilog ("river"). Linguists such as Dr. David Zorc and Dr. Robert Blust speculate that the Tagalogs and other Central Philippine ethno-linguistic groups originated in Northeastern Mindanao or the Eastern Visayas.[7][8]

The first written record of Tagalog is the Laguna Copperplate Inscription, which dates to 900 CE and exhibits fragments of the language along with Sanskrit, Old Malay, Javanese and Old Tagalog. The first known complete book to be written in Tagalog is the Doctrina Christiana (Christian Doctrine), printed in 1593. The Doctrina was written in Spanish and two transcriptions of Tagalog; one in the ancient, then-current Baybayin script and the other in an early Spanish attempt at a Latin orthography for the language.

The Tagalog Baybayin script.

Throughout the 333 years of Spanish rule, various grammars and dictionaries were written by Spanish clergymen, including Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala by Pedro de San Buenaventura (Pila, Laguna, 1613), the Czech Paul Klein Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (beginning of the 18th century), Vocabulario de la lengua tagala (1835), and Arte de la lengua tagala y manual tagalog para la administración de los Santos Sacramentos (1850) in addition to early studies[9] of the language; however, the indigenous poet Francisco Baltazar (1788–1862) is regarded as the foremost Tagalog writer, his most notable work being the early 19th-century epic Florante at Laura.[10]

Historical changes

Tagalog differs from its Central Philippine counterparts with its treatment of the Proto-Philippine schwa vowel . In Bikol and Visayan, this sound merged with /u/ and [o]. In Tagalog, it has merged with /i/. For example, Proto-Philippine *dəkət (adhere, stick) is Tagalog dikít and Visayan & Bikol dukot.

Proto-Philippine *r, *j, and *z merged with /d/ but is /l/ between vowels. Proto-Philippine *ŋajan (name) and *hajək (kiss) became Tagalog ngalan and halík.

Proto-Philippine *R merged with /ɡ/. *tubiR (water) and *zuRuʔ (blood) became Tagalog tubig and dugô.

Official status

The first substantial dictionary of the Tagalog language was written by the Czech Jesuit missionary Pablo Clain in the beginning of the 18th century. Clain spoke Tagalog and used it actively in several of his books. He wrote the first dictionary, which he later passed over to Francisco Jansens and José Hernandez.[11] Further compilation of his substantial work was prepared by P. Juan de Noceda and P. Pedro de Sanlucar and published as Vocabulario de la Lengua Tagala in Manila in 1754 and then repeatedly[12] reedited, with the last edition being in 2013 in Manila.[13]

Tagalog was declared the official language by the first constitution in the Philippines, the Constitution of Biak-na-Bato in 1897.[14]

In 1935, the Philippine constitution designated English and Spanish as official languages, but mandated the development and adoption of a common national language based on one of the existing native languages.[15] After study and deliberation, the National Language Institute, a committee composed of seven members who represented various regions in the Philippines, chose Tagalog as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines.[16][17] President Manuel L. Quezon then, on December 30, 1937, proclaimed the selection of the Tagalog language to be used as the basis for the evolution and adoption of the national language of the Philippines.[16] In 1939, President Quezon renamed the proposed Tagalog-based national language as wikang pambansâ (national language).[17] In 1959, the language was further renamed as "Pilipino".[17] The 1973 constitution designated the Tagalog-based "Pilipino", along with English, as an official language and mandated the development and formal adoption of a common national language to be known as Filipino.[18] The 1987 constitution designated Filipino as the national language mandating that as it evolves, it shall be further developed and enriched on the basis of existing Philippine and other languages.[19][20]

Article XIV, Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution of the Philippines specifies, in part:

Subject to provisions of law and as the Congress may deem appropriate, the Government shall take steps to initiate and sustain the use of Filipino as a medium of official communication and as language of instruction in the educational system.
[19]
The regional languages are the auxiliary official languages in the regions and shall serve as auxiliary media of instruction therein.
[19]

In 2009, the Department of Education promulgated an order institutionalizing a system of mother-tongue based multilingual education ("MLE"), wherein instruction is conducted primarily in a student's mother tongue until at least grade three, with additional languages such as Filipino and English being introduced as separate subjects no earlier than grade two. In secondary school, Filipino and English become the primary languages of instruction, with the learner's first language taking on an auxiliary role.[21]

It is the first language by a quarter of the population of the Philippines and a second language by the majority.[22]

Classification

Tagalog is a Central Philippine language within the Austronesian language family. Being Malayo-Polynesian, it is related to other Austronesian languages, such as Malagasy, Javanese, Malay (Malaysian & Indonesian), Tetum (of Timor), and Yami (of Taiwan).[23] It is closely related to the languages spoken in the Bicol Region and the Visayas islands, such as the Bikol group and the Visayan group, including Hiligaynon and Cebuano.[23]

Dialects

At present, no comprehensive dialectology has been done in the Tagalog-speaking regions, though there have been descriptions in the form of dictionaries and grammars of various Tagalog dialects. Ethnologue lists Lubang, Manila, Marinduque, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Tanay-Paete (Rizal-Laguna), and Tayabas as dialects of Tagalog; however, there appear to be four main dialects, of which the aforementioned are a part: Northern (exemplified by the Bulacan dialect), Central (including Manila), Southern (exemplified by Batangas), and Marinduque.

Some example of dialectal differences are:

Perhaps the most divergent Tagalog dialects are those spoken in Marinduque. Linguist Rosa Soberano identifies two dialects, western and eastern, with the former being closer to the Tagalog dialects spoken in the provinces of Batangas and Quezon.

One example is the verb conjugation paradigms. While some of the affixes are different, Marinduque also preserves the imperative affixes, also found in Visayan and Bikol languages, that have mostly disappeared from most Tagalog early 20th century; they have since merged with the infinitive.

Manila Tagalog Marinduqueño Tagalog English
Susulat siná María at Esperanza kay Juan. Másúlat da María at Esperanza kay Juan. "María and Esperanza will write to Juan."
Mag-aaral siya sa Maynilà. Gaaral siya sa Maynilà. "[He/She] will study in Manila."
Maglutò ka na. Paglutò. "Cook now."
Kainin mo iyán. Kaina yaan. "Eat it."
Tinatawag tayo ni Tatay. Inatawag nganì kitá ni Tatay. "Father is calling us."
Tútulungan ba kayó ni Hilario? Atulungan ga kamo ni Hilario? "Is Hilario going to help you?"

Northern and central dialects form the basis for the national language.

Geographic distribution

No dumping sign along the highway in the Laguna province, Philippines.
Welcome sign in Los Baños, Laguna.

According to the Philippine Statistics Authority, as of 2014 there were 100 million people living in the Philippines, where almost all of whom will have some basic level of understanding of the language. The Tagalog homeland, Katagalugan, covers roughly much of the central to southern parts of the island of Luzon—particularly in Aurora, Bataan, Batangas, Bulacan, Cavite, Laguna, Metro Manila, Nueva Ecija, Quezon, Rizal and large parts of Zambales. Tagalog is also spoken natively by inhabitants living on the islands, Marinduque, Mindoro, and medium areas of Palawan. It is spoken by approximately 64 million Filipinos, 96% of the household population;[24] 22 million, or 28% of the total Philippine population,[25] speak it as a native language.

Tagalog speakers are found in other parts of the Philippines as well as throughout the world, though its use is usually limited to communication between Filipino ethnic groups. In 2010, the US Census bureau reported (based on data collected in 2007) that in the United States it was the fourth most-spoken language at home with almost 1.5 million speakers, behind Spanish or Spanish Creole, French (including Patois, Cajun, Creole), and Chinese. Tagalog ranked as the third most spoken language in metropolitan statistical areas, behind Spanish and Chinese but ahead of French.[26]

Accents

The Tagalog language also boasts accentations unique to some parts of Tagalog-speaking regions. For example, in some parts of Manila, a strong pronunciation of i exists and vowel-switching of o and u exists so words like "gising" (to wake) is pronounced as "giseng" with a strong 'e' and the word "tagu-taguan" (hide-and-go-seek) is pronounced as "tago-tagoan" with a mild 'o'.

Batangas Tagalog boasts the most distinctive accent in Tagalog compared to the more Hispanized northern accents of the language.[27] The Batangas accent has been featured in film and television and Filipino actor Leo Martinez speaks this accent. Martinez's accent, however, will quickly be recognized by native Batangueños as representative of the accent in western Batangas which is milder compared to that used in the eastern part of the province.

Code-switching

Taglish and Englog are names given to a mix of English and Tagalog. The amount of English vs. Tagalog varies from the occasional use of English loan words to outright code-switching, where the language changes in mid-sentence. Such code-switching is prevalent throughout the Philippines and in various languages of the Philippines other than Tagalog.

Code Mixing also entails the use of foreign words that are Filipinized by reforming them using Filipino rules, such as verb conjugations. Users typically use Filipino or English words, whichever comes to mind first or whichever is easier to use.

"Magshoshopping kami sa mall. Sino ba ang magdadrive sa shopping center?"
"We will go shopping at the mall. Who will drive to the shopping center?"

City-dwellers, the highly educated, and people born around and after World War II are more likely to do this.

The practice is common in television, radio, and print media as well. Advertisements from companies like Wells Fargo, Wal-Mart, Albertsons, McDonald's, and Western Union have contained Taglish.

Phonology

Tagalog has 33 phonemes: 19 of them are consonants and 14 are vowels. Syllable structure is relatively simple, being maximally consonant-ar-vowel-consonant, where consonant-ar only occurs in borrowed words such as trak "truck" or sombréro "hat".[28]

Vowels

Tagalog has ten simple vowels, five long and five short, and four diphthongs.[28] Before appearing in the area north of Pasig river, Tagalog had three vowel qualities: /a/, /i/, and /u/. This was later expanded to five with the introduction of words from Northern Philippine languages like Kapampangan and Ilocano and Spanish words.

They are:

Nevertheless, simplification of pairs [o ~ u] and [ɛ ~ i] is likely to take place, especially in some Tagalog as second language, remote location and worker class registers.

The four diphthongs are /aj/, /uj/, /aw/, and /iw/. Long vowels are not written apart from pedagogical texts, where an acute accent is used: á é í ó ú.[28]

Consonants

Below is a chart of Tagalog consonants. All the stops are unaspirated. The velar nasal occurs in all positions including at the beginning of a word.

Tagalog consonant phonemes[28]
Bilabial Alveolar
/Dental
Post-al.
/Palatal
Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Stop pb td kg ʔ
Fricative s ʃ h
Approximant l j w
Rhotic ɾ

/tʃ dʒ ʃ/ are written ts, dy, sy.

Glottal stop is not indicated.[28] Glottal stops are most likely to occur when:

Lexical stress

Lexical stress, coupled with glottalization, is a distinctive feature in Tagalog. Primary stress normally occurs on either the final or the penultimate syllable of a word. Long vowel accompany primary or secondary stress unless the stress occurs at the end of a word.

Tagalog words are often distinguished from one another by the position of the stress and the presence of the glottal stop. In general, there are four types of phonetic emphases, which, in formal or academic settings, are indicated with a diacritic (tuldík) above the vowel. The penultimate primary stress position (malumay) is the default stress type and so is left unwritten except in dictionaries. The name of each stress type has its corresponding diacritic in the final vowel.

Phonetic comparison of Tagalog homographs based on stress and glottalization
Lexicon Stressed non-ultimate syllable Stressed ultimate syllable Unstressed ultimate syllable with glottal stop Stressed ultimate syllable with glottal stop
baka [ˈbaka] [ˈbaxa] ('cow') [bɐˈka] [bɐˈxa] ('possible')
pito [ˈpito] ('whistle') [pɪˈto] ('seven')
kaibigan [ˈkaɪbɪɡan] ('lover') / [kɐɪˈbiɡan] ('friend')
bayaran [bɐˈjaran] ('pay [imperative]') [bɐjɐˈran] ('for hire')
bata [ˈbata] ('bath robe') [bɐˈta] ('persevere') [ˈbataʔ] ('child')
sala [ˈsala] ('living room') [ˈsalaʔ] ('sin') [sɐˈlaʔ] ('filtered')
baba [ˈbaba] ('father') [baˈba] ('piggy back') [ˈbabaʔ] ('chin') [bɐˈbaʔ] ('descend [imperative]')
labi [ˈlabɛʔ]/[ˈlabiʔ] ('lips') [lɐˈbɛʔ]/[lɐˈbiʔ] ('remains')

Grammar

Writing system

Baybayin

Tagalog was written in an abugida—or alphasyllabary—called Baybayin prior to the Spanish colonial period in the Philippines, in the 16th century. This particular writing system was composed of symbols representing three vowels and 14 consonants. Belonging to the Brahmic family of scripts, it shares similarities with the Old Kawi script of Java and is believed to be descended from the script used by the Bugis in Sulawesi.

Although it enjoyed a relatively high level of literacy, Baybayin gradually fell into disuse in favor of the Latin alphabet taught by the Spaniards during their rule.

There has been confusion of how to use Baybayin, which is actually an abugida, or an alphasyllabary, rather than an alphabet. Not every letter in the Latin alphabet is represented with one of those in the Baybayin alphasyllabary. Rather than letters being put together to make sounds as in Western languages, Baybayin uses symbols to represent syllables.

A "kudlit" resembling an apostrophe is used above or below a symbol to change the vowel sound after its consonant. If the kudlit is used above, the vowel is an "E" or "I" sound. If the kudlit is used below, the vowel is an "O" or "U" sound. A special kudlit was later added by Spanish missionaries in which a cross placed below the symbol to get rid of the vowel sound all together, leaving a consonant. Previously, the consonant without a following vowel was simply left out (for example, bundok being rendered as budo), forcing the reader to use context when reading such words.

Example:

Baybayin is encoded in Unicode version 3.2 in the range 1700-171F under the name "Tagalog".

a
e/i
o/u
ka
ga
nga
ta
da/ra
na
pa
ba
ma
ya
la
wa
sa
ha

vowels

a
i
e
u
o

b

b ᜊ᜔
ba
bi
be
ᜊᜒ
bu
bo
ᜊᜓ

k

k ᜃ᜔
ka
ki
ke
ᜃᜒ
ku
ko
ᜃᜓᜓ

d/r

d/r ᜇ᜔
da/ra
di/ri
de/re
ᜇᜒ
du/ru
do/ro
ᜇᜓ

g

g ᜄ᜔
ga
gi
ge
ᜄᜒ
gu
go
ᜄᜓ

h

h ᜑ᜔
ha
hi
he
ᜑᜒ
hu
ho
ᜑᜓ

l

l ᜎ᜔
la
li
le
ᜎᜒ
lu
lo
ᜎᜓ

m

m ᜋ᜔
ma
mi
me
ᜋᜒ
mu
mo
ᜋᜓ

n

n ᜈ᜔
na
ni
ne
ᜈᜒ
nu
no
ᜈᜓ

ng

ng ᜅ᜔
nga
ngi
nge
ᜅᜒ
ngu
ngo
ᜅᜓ

p

p ᜉ᜔
pa
pi
pe
ᜉᜒ
pu
po
ᜉᜓ

s

s ᜐ᜔
sa
si
se
ᜐᜒ
su
so
ᜐᜓ

t

t ᜆ᜔
ta
ti
te
ᜆᜒ
tu
to
ᜆᜓ

w

w ᜏ᜔
wa
wi
we
ᜏᜒ
wu
wo
ᜏᜓ

y

y ᜌ᜔
ya
yi
ye
ᜌᜒ
yu
yo
ᜌᜓ

Latin alphabet

Abecedario

Until the first half of the 20th century, Tagalog was widely written in a variety of ways based on Spanish orthography consisting of 32 letters called 'ABECEDARIO' (Spanish for "alphabet"):[29][30]

Majuscule Minuscule Majuscule Minuscule
A a Ng ng
B b Ñ ñ
C c N͠g / Ñg n͠g / ñg
Ch ch O o
D d P p
E e Q q
F f R r
G g Rr rr
H h S s
I i T t
J j U u
K k V v
L l W w
Ll ll X x
M m Y y
N n Z z

Abakada

When the national language was based on Tagalog, grammarian Lope K. Santos introduced a new alphabet consisting of 20 letters called ABAKADA in school grammar books called balarilà:[31][32][33]

Majuscule Minuscule Majuscule Minuscule
A a N n
B b Ng ng
K k O o
D d P p
E e R r
G g S s
H h T t
I i U u
L l W w
M m Y y

Revised alphabet

In 1987, the Department of Education, Culture and Sports issued a memo stating that the Philippine alphabet had changed from the Pilipino-Tagalog Abakada version to a new 28-letter alphabet[34][35] to make room for loans, especially family names from Spanish and English:[36]

Majuscule Minuscule Majuscule Minuscule
A a Ñ ñ
B b Ng ng
C c O o
D d P p
E e Q q
F f R r
G g S s
H h T t
I i U u
J j V v
K k W w
L l X x
M m Y y
N n Z z

ng and mga

The genitive marker ng and the plural marker mga are abbreviations that are pronounced nang [naŋ] and mangá [mɐˈŋa]. Ng, in most cases, roughly translates to "of" (ex. Siya ay kapatid ng nanay ko. She is the sibling of my mother) while nang usually means "when" or can describe how something is done or to what extent (equivalent to the suffix -ly in English adverbs), among other uses. Mga (pronounced as "muh-NGA") denotes plurality as adding an s, es, or ies does in English (ex. Iyan ang mga damit ko. (Those are my clothes)).

In the first example, nang is used in lieu of the word noong (when; Noong si Hudas ay madulas). In the second, nang describes that the person woke up (gumising) early (maaga); gumising nang maaga. In the third, nang described up to what extent that Juan improved (gumaling), which is "greatly" (nang todo). In the latter two examples, the ligature na and its variants -ng and -g may also be used (Gumising na maaga/Maagang gumising; Gumaling na todo/Todong gumaling).

The longer nang may also have other uses, such as a ligature that joins a repeated word:

pô/hô and opò/ohò

The words pô/hô and opò/ohò are traditionally used as polite iterations of the affirmative "oo" ("yes"). It is generally used when addressing elders or superiors such as bosses or teachers.

"Pô" and "opò" are specifically used to denote a high level of respect when addressing older persons of close affinity like parents, relatives, teachers and family friends. "Hô" and "ohò" are generally used to politely address older neighbours, strangers, public officials, bosses and nannies, and may suggest a distance in societal relationship and respect determined by the addressee's social rank and not their age. However, "pô" and "opò" can be used in any case in order to express an elevation of respect.

Used in the affirmative:

Pô/Hô may also be used in negation.

Vocabulary and borrowed words

Tagalog vocabulary is composed mostly of words of native Austronesian origin - most of the words that end with the diphthongs -iw, (e.g. saliw) and those words that exhibit reduplication (e.g. halo-halo, patpat, etc.). However it has a significant number of Spanish loanwords. Spanish is the language that has bequeathed the most loanwords to Tagalog. According to linguists, Spanish has even surpassed Malay in terms of loanwords borrowed. About 40% of everyday (informal) Tagalog conversation is practically made up of Spanish loanwords.

Tagalog also includes many loanwords (including some False Cognates in other languages) from English, Indian (Vedic Sanskrit, Sanskrit and Tamil), Chinese (Hokkien, Yue Chinese (Cantonese), Mandarin), Japanese, Arabic, Persian.

Due to trade with Mexico via the Manila galleons from the 16th to the 19th centuries, many words from Nahuatl were introduced to Tagalog, but some of them were replaced by Spanish loanwords in the latter part of the Spanish colonization in the islands.

The Philippines has long been a melting pot of nations. The islands have been subject to different influences and a meeting point of numerous migrations since the early prehistoric origins of trading activities, especially from the time of the Neolithic Period, Silk Road, Tang Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, Ryukyu Kingdom and Manila Galleon trading periods. This means that the evolution of the language is difficult to reconstruct (although many theories exist).

In pre-Hispanic times, Trade Malay was widely known and spoken throughout Maritime Southeast Asia.

English has borrowed some words from Tagalog, such as abaca, barong, balisong, boondocks, jeepney, Manila hemp, pancit, ylang-ylang, and yaya, although the vast majority of these borrowed words are only used in the Philippines as part of the vocabularies of Philippine English.

Other examples of Tagalog words used in English
Example Definition
boondocks meaning "rural" or "back country," was imported by American soldiers stationed in the Philippines following the Spanish–American War as a mispronounced version of the Tagalog bundok, which means "mountain."
cogon a type of grass, used for thatching. This word came from the Tagalog word kugon (a species of tall grass).
ylang-ylang a tree whose fragrant flowers are used in perfumes.
Abaca a type of hemp fiber made from a plant in the banana family, from abaká.
Manila hemp a light brown cardboard material used for folders and paper usually made from abaca hemp.
Capiz also known as window oyster, is used to make windows.

Tagalog has contributed several words to Philippine Spanish, like barangay (from balan͠gay, meaning barrio), the abacá, cogon, palay, dalaga etc.

Tagalog words of foreign origin

Cognates with other Philippine languages

Tagalog word meaning language of origin original spelling
bakit why Kapampangan obakit
akyat climb/step up Kapampangan ukyát/mukyat
at and Kapampangan at
bundok mountain Kapampangan bunduk
huwag don't Pangasinan ag
aso dog South Cordilleran or Ilocano (also Ilokano) aso
tayo we (inc.) South Cordilleran or Ilocano tayo
ito, nito this, its South Cordilleran or Ilocano to
ng of Cebuano
Hiligaynon
Waray
Kapampangan
Pangasinan
Ilocano
sa
sg (pronounced as /sang/)
han
ning
na
nga
araw sun; day Visayan languages adlaw
ang definite article Visayan languages
Central Bikol
ang
an

Austronesian comparison chart

Below is a chart of Tagalog and twenty other Austronesian languages comparing thirteen words.

English one two three four person house dog coconut day new we (inclusive) what fire
Tagalog isa dalawa tatlo apat tao bahay aso niyog araw bago tayo ano apoy
Tombulu (Minahasa) esa zua (rua) telu epat tou walé asu po'po' endo weru kai, kita apa api
Central Bikol saro duwa tulo apat tawo harong ayam niyog aldaw ba-go kita ano kalayo
Rinconada Bikol əsad darwā tolō əpat tawō baləy ayam noyog aldəw bāgo kitā onō kalayō
Waray usa duha tulo upat tawo balay ayam/ido lubi adlaw bag-o kita anu kalayo
Cebuano usa/isa duha tulo upat tawo balay iro lubi adlaw bag-o kita unsa kalayo
Hiligaynon isa duha tatlo apat tawo balay ido lubi adlaw bag-o kita ano kalayo
Aklanon isaea, sambilog, uno daywa, dos tatlo, tres ap-at, kwatro tawo baeay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita ano kaeayo
Kinaray-a sara darwa tatlo apat tawo balay ayam niyog adlaw bag-o kita ano kalayo
Tausug hambuuk duwa tu upat tau bay iru' niyug adlaw ba-gu kitaniyu unu kayu
Maranao isa dowa t'lo phat taw walay aso neyog gawi'e bago tano tonaa apoy
Kapampangan metung adwa atlu apat tau bale asu ngungut aldo bayu ikatamu nanu api
Pangasinan sakey dua, duara talo, talora apat, apatira too abong aso niyog ageo balo sikatayo anto pool
Ilocano maysa dua tallo uppat tao balay aso niog aldaw baro datayo ania apoy
Ivatan asa dadowa tatdo apat tao vahay chito niyoy araw va-yo yaten ango apoy
Ibanag tadday dua tallu appa' tolay balay kitu niuk aggaw bagu sittam anni afi
Yogad tata addu tallu appat tolay binalay atu iyyog agaw bagu sikitam gani afuy
Gaddang antet addwa tallo appat tolay balay atu ayog aw bawu ikkanetam sanenay afuy
Tboli sotu lewu tlu fat tau gunu ohu lefo kdaw lomi tekuy tedu ofih
Malaysian satu dua tiga empat orang rumah anjing kelapa/ nyior hari baru/ baharu kita apa api
Indonesian satu dua tiga empat orang rumah/balai anjing kelapa/nyiur hari baru kita apa/anu api
Javanese siji loro telu papat uwong omah asu klapa/kambil hari anyar/enggal kita apa/anu geni
Acehnese sa duwa lhèë peuët ureuëng rumoh/balèë asèë u uroë barô (geu)tanyoë peuë apuy
Lampungese sai khua telu pak jelema lamban asu nyiwi khani baru kham api apui
Buginese sedi dua tellu eppa tau bola asu kaluku esso baru idi' aga api
Bataknese sada dua tolu opat halak jabu biang harambiri ari baru hita aha api
Tetum ida rua tolu haat ema uma asu nuu loron foun ita saida ahi
Maori tahi rua toru wha tangata whare kuri kokonati ra hou taua aha ahi
Tuvaluan tasi lua tolu toko fale kuri moku aso fou tāua ā afi
Hawaiian kahi lua kolu kanaka hale 'īlio niu ao hou kākou aha ahi
Banjarese asa duwa talu ampat urang rūmah hadupan kǎlapa hǎri hanyar kita apa api
Malagasy isa roa telo efatra olona trano alika voanio andro vaovao isika inona afo
Dusun iso duo tolu apat tulun walai tasu piasau tadau wagu tokou onu/nu tapui
Iban satu dua tiga empat orang rumah asu nyur ari baru kitai nama api
Melanau satu dua telou empat apah lebok asou nyior lau baew teleu nama apui

Religious literature

Religious literature remains one of the most dynamic contributors to Tagalog literature. The first Bible in Tagalog, then called Ang Biblia[37] ("the Bible") and now called Ang Dating Biblia[38] ("the Old Bible"), was published in 1905. In 1970, the Philippine Bible Society translated the Bible into modern Tagalog. Even before the Second Vatican Council, devotional materials in Tagalog had been in circulation. There are at least four circulating Tagalog translations of the Bible

When the Second Vatican Council, (specifically the Sacrosanctum Concilium) permitted the universal prayers to be translated into vernacular languages, the Catholic Bishops' Conference of the Philippines was one of the first to translate the Roman Missal into Tagalog. The Roman Missal in Tagalog was published as early as 1982.

Jehovah's Witnesses were printing Tagalog literature at least as early as 1941[39] and The Watchtower (the primary magazine of Jehovah's Witnesses) has been published in Tagalog since at least the 1950s. New releases are now regularly released simultaneously in a number of languages, including Tagalog. The official website of Jehovah's Witnesses also has some publications available online in Tagalog.[40]

Tagalog is quite a stable language, and very few revisions have been made to Catholic Bible translations. Also, as Protestantism in the Philippines is relatively young, liturgical prayers tend to be more ecumenical.

Examples

Lord's Prayer

In Tagalog, the Lord's Prayer is exclusively known by its incipit, Amá Namin (literally, "Our Father").

Amá namin, sumasalangit Ka

Sambahín ang ngalan Mo.

Mapasaamin ang kaharián Mo.

Sundín ang loób Mo,

Dito sa lupà, gaya nang sa langit.

Bigyán Mo kamí ngayón ng aming kakanin sa araw-araw,

At patawarin Mo kamí sa aming mga salâ,

Para nang pagpápatawad namin,

Sa nagkakasalà sa amin;

At huwág Mo kamíng ipahintulot sa tuksó,

At iadyâ Mo kamí sa lahát ng masamâ.

[Sapagkát sa Inyó ang kaharián, at ang kapangyarihan,

At ang kaluwálhatian, ngayón, at magpakailanman.]

Amen

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

This is Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Pángkalahatáng Pagpapahayag ng Karapatáng Pantao)

Bawat tao'y isinilang na may layà at magkakapantáy ang tagláy na dangál at karapatán. Silá'y pinagkalooban ng pangangatwiran at budhî na kailangang gamitin nilá sa pagtuturingan nilá sa diwà ng pagkakapatiran. All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.[41]

Numbers

The numbers (mga bilang) in Tagalog language are of two sets. The first set consists of native Tagalog words and the other set are Spanish loanwords. (This may be compared to other East Asian languages, except with the second set of numbers borrowed from Spanish instead of Chinese.) For example, when a person refers to the number "seven", it can be translated into Tagalog as "pito" or "syete" (Spanish: siete).

Number Cardinal Spanish loanword
(Original Spanish)
Ordinal
0 sero / walâ (lit. "null") / bokyà sero (cero) -
1 isá uno (uno) una
2 dalawá [dalaua] dos (dos) pangalawá / ikalawá (informally, ikadalawá)
3 tatló tres (tres) pangatló / ikatló
4 apat kuwatro (cuatro) pang-apat / ikaapat ("ika" and the number-word are never hyphenated. For numbers, however, they always are.)
5 limá singko (cinco) panlimá / ikalimá
6 anim sais (seis) pang-anim / ikaanim
7 pitó siyete (siete) pampitó / ikapitó
8 waló otso (ocho) pangwaló / ikawaló
9 siyám nuwebe (nueve) pansiyám / ikasiyám
10 sampû [sang puo] diyés (diez) pansampû / ikasampû (or ikapû in some literary compositions)
11 labíng-isá onse (once) panlabíng-isá / pang-onse / ikalabíng-isá
12 labíndalawá dose (doce) panlabíndalawá / pandose / ikalabíndalawá
13 labíntatló trese (trece) panlabíntatló / pantrese / ikalabíntatló
14 labíng-apat katorse (catorce) panlabíng-apat / pangkatorse / ikalabíng-apat
15 labínlimá kinse (quince) panlabínlimá / pangkinse / ikalabínlimá
16 labíng-anim disisaís (dieciséis) panlabíng-anim / pandyes-sais / ikalabíng-anim
17 labímpitó dissisyete (diecisiete) panlabímpitó / pandyes-syete / ikalabímpitó
18 labíngwaló dissiotso (dieciocho) panlabíngwaló / pandyes-otso / ikalabíngwaló
19 labinsiyám disinuwebe (diecinueve) panlabinsiyám / pandyes-nwebe / ikalabinsiyám
20 dalawampû bente / beinte (veinte) pandalawampû / ikadalawampû (rare literary variant: ikalawampû)
21 dalawampú't isá bente'y uno (bente y uno) pang-dalawampú't isá / ikalawamapú't isá
30 tatlumpû trenta / treinta (treinta) pantatlumpû / ikatatlumpû (rare literary variant: ikatlumpû)
40 apatnapû kuwarenta (cuarenta) pang-apatnapû / ikaapatnapû
50 limampû singkuwenta (cincuenta) panlimampû / ikalimampû
60 animnapû sesenta (sesenta) pang-animnapû / ikaanimnapû
70 pitumpû setenta (setenta) pampitumpû / ikapitumpû
80 walumpû otsenta / utsenta (ochenta) pangwalumpû / ikawalumpû
90 siyamnapû nobenta (noventa) pansiyamnapû / ikasiyamnapû
100 sándaán siyento (cien) pan(g)-(i)sándaán / ikasándaán (rare literary variant: ika-isándaan)
200 dalawandaán dos siyentos (doscientos) pandalawándaán / ikadalawandaan (rare literary variant: ikalawándaán)
300 tatlóndaán tres siyentos (trescientos) pantatlóndaán / ikatatlondaan (rare literary variant: ikatlóndaán)
400 apat na raán kuwatro siyentos (cuatrocientos) pang-apat na raán / ikaapat na raán
500 limándaán kinyentos (quinientos) panlimándaán / ikalimándaán
600 anim na raán sais siyentos (seiscientos) pang-anim na raán / ikaanim na raán
700 pitondaán siyete siyentos (sietecientos) pampitóndaán / ikapitóndaán (or ikapitóng raán)
800 walóndaán otso siyentos (ochocientos) pangwalóndaán / ikawalóndaán (or ikawalóng raán)
900 siyám na raán nuwebe siyentos (novecientos) pansiyám na raán / ikasiyám na raán
1,000 sánlibo mil (mil) pan(g)-(i)sánlibo / ikasánlibo
2,000 dalawánlibo dos mil (dos mil) pangalawáng libo / ikalawánlibo
10,000 sánlaksâ / sampúng libo diyes mil (diez mil) pansampúng libo / ikasampúng libo
20,000 dalawanlaksâ / dalawampúng libo bente mil (veinte mil) pangalawampúng libo / ikalawampúng libo
100,000 sangyutá / sandaáng libo siyento mil (cien mil)  
200,000 dalawangyutá / dalawandaáng libo dos siyento mil (dos cientos mil)  
1,000,000 sang-angaw / sangmilyón milyón (un millón)  
2,000,000 dalawang-angaw / dalawang milyón dos milyón (dos millones)  
10,000,000 sangkatì / sampung milyón dyes milyón (diez millones)  
100,000,000 sampúngkatì / sandaáng milyón syento milyón (cien millones)  
1,000,000,000 sang-atos / sambilyón bilyón (un billón)  
1,000,000,000,000 sang-ipaw / santrilyón trilyón (un trillón)  
Number English Ordinal Spanish Cardinal
1st first primero/a una / ika-isá
2nd second segundo/a ikalawá
3rd third tercero/a ikatló
4th fourth cuarto/a ika-apat
5th fifth quinto/a ikalimá
6th sixth sexto/a ika-anim
7th seventh séptimo/a ikapitó
8th eighth octavo/a ikawaló
9th ninth noveno/a ikasiyám
10th tenth décimo/a ikasampû
1/2 half media kalahatì
1/4 quarter cuarta kapat
3/5 three-fifths tres quintas partes tatlóng-kalimá
2/3 two-thirds dos tercios dalawáng-katló
1 1/2 one half un medio isá't kalahatì
2 2/3 two two-thirds dos de dos tercios dalawá't dalawáng-katló
0.5 salapî / limá hinatì sa sampû
0.005 bagól / limá hinatì sa sanlibo
1.25 isá't dalawampú't limá hinatì sa sampû
2.025 dalawá't dalawampú't limá hinatì sa sanlibo
25% twenty-five percent veinticinco por ciento dalawampú't-limáng bahagdán
50% fifty percent cincuenta por ciento limampúng bahagdán
75% seventy-five percent setenta y cinco por ciento pitumpú't-limáng bahagdán

Months and days

Months and days in Tagalog are also localised forms of Spanish months and days. "Month" in Tagalog is buwán (also the word for moon) and "day" is araw (the word also means sun). Unlike Spanish, however, months and days in Tagalog are always capitalised.

Month Original Spanish Tagalog (abbreviation)
January enero Enero (Ene.)
February febrero Pebrero (Peb.)
March marzo Marso (Mar.)
April abril Abríl (Abr.)
May mayo Mayo (Mayo)
June junio Hunyo (Hun.)
July julio Hulyo (Hul.)
August agosto Agosto (Ago.)
September septiembre Setyembre (Set.)
October octubre Oktubre (Okt.)
November noviembre Nobyembre (Nob.)
December diciembre Disyembre (Dis.)
Day Original Spanish Tagalog
Monday lunes Lunes
Tuesday martes Martes
Wednesday miércoles Miyérkules / Myérkules
Thursday jueves Huwebes / Hwebes
Friday viernes Biyernes / Byernes
Saturday sábado Sábado
Sunday domingo Linggó

Time

Time expressions in Tagalog are also Tagalized forms of the corresponding Spanish. "Time" in Tagalog is panahon, or more commonly oras. Unlike Spanish and English, times in Tagalog are capitalized whenever they appear in a sentence.

Time English Original Spanish Tagalog
1 hour one hour una hora Isang oras
2 min two minutes dos minutos Dalawang sandali/minuto
3 sec three seconds tres segundos Tatlong saglit/segundo
morning mañana Umaga
afternoon tarde Hapon
evening/night noche Gabi
noon mediodía Tanghali
midnight medianoche Hatinggabi
1:00 am one in the morning una de la mañana Ika-isa ng umaga
7:00 pm seven at night siete de la noche Ikapito ng gabi
1:15 quarter past one
quarter after one
one-fifteen
una y cuarto Kapat makalipas ikaisa
Labinlima makalipas ikaisa
Apatnapu't-lima bago mag-ikaisa
2:30 half past two
two-thirty
dos y media Kalahati makalipas ikalawa
Tatlumpu makalipas ikalawa
3:45 three-forty-five
quarter to/of four
tres y cuarenta y cinco Tatlong-kapat makalipas ikatlo
Apatnapu't-lima makalipas ikatlo
Labinlima bago mag-ikaapat
4:25 four-twenty-five cuatro y veinticinco Dalawampu't-lima makalipas ikaapat
Tatlumpu't-lima bago mag-ikaapat
5:35 five-thirty-five
twenty-five to/of six
cinco y treinta y cinco Tatlumpu't-lima makalipas ikalima
Dalawampu't-lima bago mag-ikaanim

Common phrases

English Tagalog (with Pronunciation)
Filipino Pilipino [ˌpiːliˈpiːno]
English Inglés [ʔɪŋˈɡlɛs]
Tagalog Tagalog [tɐˈɡaːloɡ]
What is your name? Anó ang pangalan ninyo/nila*? (plural or polite) [ɐˈno aŋ pɐˈŋaːlan nɪnˈjo], Anó ang pangalan mo? (singular) [ɐˈno aŋ pɐˈŋaːlan mo]
How are you? kumustá [kʊmʊsˈta] (modern), Anó po áng lagáy ninyo/nila?(old use)
Good morning! Magandáng umaga! [mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ uˈmaːɡa]
Good noontime! (from 11 a.m. to 1 p.m.) Magandáng tanghali! [mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ taŋˈhaːlɛ]
Good afternoon! (from 1 p.m. to 6:00 p.m.) Magandáng hapon! [mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ ˈhaːpon]
Good evening! Magandáng gabí! [mɐɡɐnˈdaŋ ɡɐˈbɛ]
Good-bye paálam [pɐˈʔaːlam]
Please Depending on the nature of the verb, either pakí- [pɐˈki] or makí- [mɐˈki] is attached as a prefix to a verb. ngâ [ŋaʔ] is optionally added after the verb to increase politeness. (e.g. Pakipasa ngâ ang tinapay. ("Can you pass the bread, please?"))
Thank you salamat [sɐˈlaːmat]
This one ito [ʔiˈtoh], sometimes pronounced [ʔɛˈtoh] (literally—"it", "this")
That one iyan [ʔiˈjan], When pointing to something at greater distances: iyun [ʔiˈjʊn] or iyon [ʔiˈjon]
Here dito [dɪˈtoh], heto [hɛˈtoh] ("Here it is")
There doon [dʒan], hayan [hɑˈjan] ("There it is")
How much? Magkano? [mɐɡˈkaːno]
Yes oo [ˈoːʔo]

opô [ˈʔopoʔ] or ohô [ˈʔohoʔ] (formal/polite form)

No hindî [hɪnˈdɛʔ], often shortened to [dɛʔ]

hindî pô (formal/polite form)

I don't know hindî ko álam [hɪnˈdɛʔ ko aːlam]

Very informal: ewan [ʔɛˈʊɑn], archaic aywan [ɑjˈʊɑn] (closest English equivalent: colloquial dismissive 'Whatever')

Sorry pasensya pô (literally from the word "patience") or paumanhin po [pɐˈsɛːnʃa poʔ] patawad po [pɐtaːwad poʔ] (literally—"asking your forgiveness")
Because kasí [kɐˈsɛ] or dahil [dɑˈhɪl]
Hurry! dalí! [dɐˈli], bilís! [bɪˈlis]
Again mulí [muˈli], ulít [ʊˈlɛt]
I don't understand Hindî ko naiintindihan [hɪnˈdiː ko nɐʔɪɪnˌtɪndiˈhan] or

Hindi ko nauunawaan [hɪnˈdiː ko nɐʔʊʊnawaʔˌʔan]

What?Anó? [ɐˈno]
Where? Saán? [sɐˈʔan], Nasaán? [ˌnaːsɐˈʔan] (literally - "Where at?")
Why? Bakít? [bɑˈkɛt]
When?Kailan? [kɑjˈlɑn], [kɑˈɪˈlɑn], or [kɛˈlɑn] (literally—"In what order?/"At what count?"")
How? Paánó? [pɑˌɐˈno] (literally—"By what?")
Where's the bathroom? Nasaán ang banyo? [ˌnaːsɐˈʔan ʔaŋ ˈbaːnjo]
Generic toast Mabuhay! [mɐˈbuːhaɪ] [literally—"long live"]
Do you speak English? Marunong ka bang magsalitâ ng Ingglés? [mɐˈɾuːnoŋ ka baŋ mɐɡsaliˈtaː naŋ ʔɪŋˈɡlɛs],

"Marunong po ba kayong magsailitâ ng Ingglés?" (polite version for elders and strangers) Marunong ka bang mag-Ingglés? (short form), "Marunong po ba kayong mag-Ingglés? (short form, polite version for elders and strangers)

It is fun to live. Masaya ang mabuhay! [mɐˈsaˈja ʔaŋ mɐˈbuːhaɪ] or Masaya'ng mabuhay (contracted version)

*Pronouns such as niyo (2nd person plural) and nila (3rd person plural) are used on a single 2nd person in polite or formal language. See Tagalog grammar.

Proverbs

Ang hindî marunong lumingón sa pinánggalingan ay hindî makaráratíng sa paroroonan. (José Rizal)
One who knows not how to look back from whence he came, will never get to where he is going.

" Tao ka nang humarap, Bilang Tao kitang haharapin" A proverb in Southern Tagalog that made people aware the significance of sincerity in Tagalog communities. It says " as a human you reach me, i treat you as a human and never act as a traitor.

Hulí man daw at magalíng, nakákahábol pa rin. (Hulí man raw at magalíng, nakákahabol pa rin.)
If one is behind but capable, one will still be able to catch up.

Magbirô ka na sa lasíng, huwág lang sa bagong gising.
Make fun of someone drunk, if you must, but never one who has just awakened.

Aanhín pa ang damó kung patáy na ang kabayo?
What use is the grass if the horse is already dead?

Ang sakít ng kalingkingan, ramdám ng buóng katawán.
The pain in the pinkie is felt by the whole body.
(In a group, if one goes down, the rest follow.)

Nasa hulí ang pagsisisi.
Regret is always in the end.

Pagkáhabà-habà man ng prusisyón, sa simbahan pa rin ang tulóy.
The procession may stretch on and on, but it still ends up at the church.
(In romance: refers to how certain people are destined to be married. In general: refers to how some things are inevitable, no matter how long you try and postpone it.)

Kung 'dî mádaán sa santóng dasalan, daanin sa santóng paspasan.
If it cannot be got through holy prayer, get it through blessed force.
(In romance and courting: santóng paspasan literally means 'holy speeding' and is a euphemism for sexual intercourse. It refers to the two styles of courting by Filipino boys: one is the traditional, protracted, restrained manner favoured by older generations, which often featured serenades and manual labour for the girl's parents; the other is upfront seduction, which may lead to a slap on the face or a pregnancy out of wedlock. The second conclusion is known as pikot or what Western cultures would call a 'shotgun marriage'. This proverb is also applied in terms of diplomacy and negotiation.)

See also

References

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  41. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights, The United Nations.
For a list of words relating to Tagalog language, see the Tagalog language category of words in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.
Tagalog edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Wikibooks has a book on the topic of: Tagalog
Tagalog language repository of Wikisource, the free library
Wikivoyage has a travel guide for Filipino phrasebook.
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Tagalog language.
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