Republican National Committee

Republican National Committee
Founded 1856; 161 years ago
Headquarters 310 First Street SE,
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Key people
 Chairwoman:
Ronna Romney McDaniel
Co-Chairman:
Bob Paduchik
Officials:
Tony Parker - Treasurer
Susie Hudson - Secretary
Website gop.com

The Republican National Committee (RNC) is a U.S. political committee that provides national leadership for the Republican Party of the United States. It is responsible for developing and promoting the Republican political platform, as well as coordinating fundraising and election strategy. It is also responsible for organizing and running the Republican National Convention. Similar committees exist in every U.S. state and most U.S. counties, although in some states party organization is structured by congressional district, allied campaign organizations being governed by a national committee. Ronna Romney McDaniel is the current committee chairwoman.[1]

The RNC's main counterpart is the Democratic National Committee.

History

The 1856 Republican National Convention appointed the first RNC. It consisted of one member from each state and territory to serve for four years. Each national convention since then has followed the precedent of equal representation for each state or territory, regardless of population. From 1924 to 1952, there was a national committeeman and national committeewoman from each state and U.S. possession, and from Washington, D.C.. In 1952, committee membership was expanded to include the state party chairs of states that voted Republican in the preceding presidential election, have a Republican majority in their congressional delegation (U.S. representatives and senators), or have Republican governors. By 1968, membership reached 145. As of 2011, the RNC has 168 members.[2]

The only person to have chaired the RNC and later become U.S. president is George H. W. Bush. A number of the chairs of the RNC have been state governors.

In 2013 the RNC began an outreach campaign toward American youth and minority voters, after studies showed these groups generally perceived that the Republican Party did not care about their concerns.[3]

Chairs of the Republican National Committee

# Chairman Term State[4] Notes[5]
1Edwin Denison Morgan 1856–1864New York
2Henry Jarvis Raymond1864–1866New York
3Marcus Lawrence Ward1866–1868New Jersey
4William Claflin1868–1872Massachusetts
5Edwin Denison Morgan1872–1876New YorkSecond term
6Zachariah Chandler1876–1879Michigan
7James Donald Cameron1879–1880Pennsylvania
8Marshall Jewell1880–1883Connecticut
9Dwight M. Sabin1883–1884Minnesota
10Benjamin Franklin Jones1884–1888New Jersey
11Matthew Stanley Quay1888–1891Pennsylvania
12James S. Clarkson1891–1892Iowa
13William J. Campbell1892IllinoisElected in June, he declined the position and resigned in July.[6][7][8]
14Thomas H. Carter1892–1896Montana
15Mark Hanna1896–1904Ohio
16Henry Clay Payne1904Wisconsin
17George Bruce Cortelyou1904–1907New York
18Harry S. New1907–1908Indiana
19Frank Harris Hitchcock1908–1909Ohio
20John Fremont Hill1909–1912Maine
21Victor Rosewater1912Nebraska
22Charles D. Hilles1912–1916New York
23William R. Wilcox1916–1918New York
24Will H. Hays1918–1921Indiana
25John T. Adams1921–1924Iowa
26William M. Butler1924–1928Massachusetts During this term Mary Booze of Mississippi became the first African-American woman member of the RNC.
27Hubert Work1928–1929Colorado
28Claudius H. Huston1929–1930TennesseeFirst Southerner to be elected chairman.
29Simeon Davison Fess1930–1932Ohio
30Everett Sanders1932–1934Indiana
31Henry P. Fletcher1934–1936Pennsylvania
32John D. M. Hamilton1936–1940Kansas
33Joseph William Martin Jr.1940–1942MassachusettsSpeaker of the U.S. House of Representatives, 1947–49 and 1953–55.
34Harrison E. Spangler1942–1944Iowa
35Herbert Brownell Jr.1944–1946New York
36Carroll Reece1946–1948Tennessee
37Hugh Scott1948–1949Pennsylvania
38Guy G. Gabrielson1949–1952New Jersey
39Arthur E. Summerfield1952–1953Michigan
40Wesley Roberts1953Kansas
41Leonard W. Hall1953–1957New York
42Meade Alcorn1957–1959Connecticut
43Thruston B. Morton1959–1961Kentucky
44William E. Miller1961–1964New YorkParty's 1964 candidate for Vice President.
45Dean Burch1964–1965Arizona
46Ray C. Bliss1965–1969Ohio
47Rogers C. B. Morton1969–1971Maryland
48Bob Dole1971–1973KansasParty's congressman, senator and candidate for Vice President (1976), and President (1996).
49George H. W. Bush1973–1974Texas41st President of the United States (1989–1993).
50Mary Louise Smith1974–1977IowaFirst woman to serve as Chair.
51William E. Brock III and

Mary Dent Crisp

 1977–1981Tennessee and Arizona
52Richard Richards1981–1983Utah
53Frank Fahrenkopf1983–1989NevadaPaul Laxalt served as general chairman & Betty Heitman as co-chair (1983–87); Maureen Reagan served as co-chair (1987–89).
54Lee Atwater1989–1991South Carolina
55Clayton Keith Yeutter1991–1992Nebraska
56Richard Bond1992–1993Missouri
57Haley Barbour1993–1997Mississippi
58Jim Nicholson1997–2001Colorado
59Jim Gilmore2001–2002Virginia
60Marc Racicot2002–2003Montana
61Ed Gillespie2003–2005Virginia
62Ken Mehlman2005–2007Washington, D.C.Stepped down at end of 2006.
63Mel Martinez2007FloridaServed with Mike Duncan as general chairman.
63Mike Duncan2007–2009KentuckySenator Mel Martinez served with Duncan as general chairman before stepping down in October 2007.
64Michael Steele2009–2011MarylandFirst African-American chairman; Jan Larimer served as co-chair.
65Reince Priebus2011–2017WisconsinSharon Day served as co-chair. Priebus stepped down in 2017 to serve as White House Chief of Staff.
66Ronna Romney McDaniel2017–present Michigan Second woman to serve as chair; niece of Mitt Romney. Bob Paduchik serves as co-chair.

Chairman elections

1993 RNC Chairman election

Candidate Round 1 Round 2 Round 3
Haley Barbour 60 66 90
Spencer Abraham 47 52 57
Bo Callaway 22 19 18
John Ashcroft 26 20 Withdrew
Craig Berkman 10 8 Withdrew
     Candidate won majority of votes in the round
     Candidate secured a plurality of votes in the round
     Candidate withdrew

1997 RNC Chairman election

Candidate Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6
Jim Nicholson 23 30 38 65 74 *
David Norcross 41 46 47 50 47 Withdrew
Steve Merrill 42 42 43 46 43 Withdrew
John S. Herrington 4 4 3 3 Withdrew
Tom Pauken 22 24 21 Withdrew
Chuck Yob 17 18 12 Withdrew
Robert T. Bennett 15 Withdrew
     Candidate won majority of votes in the round
     Candidate secured a plurality of votes in the round
     Candidate withdrew

2009 RNC Chairman election

On November 24, 2008, Steele launched his campaign for the RNC chairmanship with the launching of his website.[9] On January 30, 2009, Steele won the chairmanship of the RNC in the sixth round, with 91 votes to Dawson's 77.[10]

Source: CQPolitics,[11] and Poll Pundit.[12]

Candidate Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6
Michael Steele 46 48 51 60 79 91
Katon Dawson 28 29 34 62 69 77
Saul Anuzis 22 24 24 31 20 Withdrew
Ken Blackwell 20 19 15 15 Withdrew
Mike Duncan 52 48 44 Withdrew
     Candidate won majority of votes in the round
     Candidate secured a plurality of votes in the round
     Candidate withdrew

On announcing his candidacy to succeed RNC Chairman Duncan, former Maryland Lt. Gov. Michael Steele described the party as being at a crossroads and not knowing what to do. "I think I may have some keys to open the door, some juice to turn on the lights," he said.[13]

Six people ran for the 2009 RNC Chairmanship: Steele, Ken Blackwell, Mike Duncan, Saul Anuzis, Katon Dawson and Chip Saltsman. After Saltsman's withdrawal, there were only five candidates during the hotly contested balloting January 30, 2009.

After the third round of balloting that day, Steele held a small lead over incumbent Mike Duncan of Kentucky, with 51 votes to Duncan's 44. Shortly after the announcement of the standings, Duncan dropped out of contention without endorsing a candidate.[14] Ken Blackwell, the only other African-American candidate, dropped out after the fourth ballot and endorsed Steele, though Blackwell had been the most socially conservative of the candidates and Steele had been accused of not being "sufficiently conservative." Steele picked up Blackwell's votes.[15] After the fifth round, Steele held a ten-vote lead over Katon Dawson, with 79 votes, and Saul Anuzis dropped out.[16] After the sixth vote, he won the chairmanship of the RNC over Dawson by a vote of 91 to 77.[17]

Mississippi Governor and former RNC chair Haley Barbour has suggested the party will focus its efforts on congressional and gubernatorial elections in the coming years rather than the next presidential election. "When I was chairman of the Republican National Committee the last time we lost the White House in 1992 we focused exclusively on 1993 and 1994. And at the end of that time, we had both houses of Congress with Republican majorities, and we'd gone from 17 Republican governors to 31. So anyone talking about 2012 today doesn't have their eye on the ball. What we ought to worry about is rebuilding our party over the next year and particularly in 2010," Barbour said at the November 2008 Republican Governors conference.[18]

2011 RNC Chairman election

Chairman of the Republican National Committee Reince Priebus at the Western Republican Leadership Conference in October 2011 in Las Vegas

Michael Steele ran for re-election at the 2011 RNC winter meeting.[19] Other candidates were Reince Priebus, Republican Party of Wisconsin Chairman, Ann Wagner, former Ambassador to Luxembourg, Saul Anuzis, former Republican Party Chairman of Michigan, and Maria Cino, former acting Secretary of Transportation under George W. Bush. Steele's critics increasingly called on him to step down as RNC Chair when his term ended in 2011. A debate for Chairman hosted by Americans for Tax Reform took place on January 3 at the National Press Club.[20][21] The election for Chairman took place January 14 at the RNC's winter meeting with Reince Priebus winning on the seventh ballot after Steele and Wagner withdrew.

Candidate Round 1 Round 2 Round 3 Round 4 Round 5 Round 6 Round 7
Reince Priebus 45 52 54 58 67 80 97
Saul Anuzis 24 22 21 24 32 37 43
Maria Cino 32 30 28 29 40 34 28
Ann Wagner 23 27 32 28 28 17 Withdrew
Michael Steele 44 37 33 28 Withdrew
     Candidate won majority of votes in the round
     Candidate secured a plurality of votes in the round
     Candidate withdrew

2013 and 2015 RNC Chairman elections

Priebus won re-election with near unanimity in the party's 2013 meeting in Charlotte, North Carolina.[22] He was re-elected to a third term in 2015, setting him up to become the longest serving head of the party ever.[23]

After winning in November 2016, President-Elect Donald Trump designated Priebus as his White House Chief of Staff, to begin upon his taking office in January 2017; David Bossie of Maryland was seen as a potential next RNC chairman.[24]

Trump then recommended Ronna Romney McDaniel as RNC Chairwoman, and she was ultimately elected to that role by the RNC in January 2017.

Current Republican National Committee members

This is a list of the voting members of the Republican National Committee as of November 2016. The state chair, national committeeman and national committeewoman each receive one vote at RNC meetings and votes for RNC Chairmanship.

State Chairperson Committeeman Committeewoman
Alabama[25]Terry Lathan Paul Reynolds Vicki Drummond
Alaska[26] Tuckerman Babcock Peter Goldberg Cynthia Henry
American Samoa[27] Utu Abe Malae Su'a Schuster Amata C. Radewagen
Arizona[28] Robert Graham Bruce Ash Lori Klein Corbin
Arkansas[29] Doyle Webb Jonathan Barnett Jonelle Fulmer
California[30] Jim Brulte Shawn Steel Harmeet Dhillon
Colorado[31] Steve HouseGeorge Leing Vera Ortegon
Connecticut[32] J. R. Romano John H. Frey Leora Levy
Delaware[33] Charlie Copeland W. Laird Stabler, III Ellen Barrosse
District of Columbia[34] Jose Cunningham Robert Kabel Jill Homan
Florida[35] Blaise Ingoglia Peter Feaman Sharon Day
Georgia[36] John Padgett Randy Evans Ginger Howard
Guam[37] Victor Cruz Jay Rojas Margaret Metcalfe
Hawaii[38] Fritz Rohlfing Gene Ward Miriam Hellreich
Idaho[39] Vacant Damond Watkins Cindy Siddoway
Illinois[40] Tim Schneider Richard Porter Demetra DeMonte
Indiana[41] Jeff Cardwell John Hammond Marsha Coats
Iowa[42] Jeff Kaufmann Steve Scheffler Tamara Scott
Kansas[43] Kelly Arnold Mark Kahrs Helen Van Etten
Kentucky[44] J. Brown Mike Duncan KC Crosbie
Louisiana[45] Roger F. Villere Ross Little Jr. Lenar Whitney
Maine[46] Rick Bennett Alex Willette Ellie Espling
Maryland[47] Diana Waterman David Bossie Nicolee Ambrose
Massachusetts[48] Kirsten Hughes Ron Kaufman Keiko Orrall
Michigan[49] Ronna Romney McDaniel Robert Steele Kathy Berden
Minnesota[50] Jennifer Carnahan [51] Rick Rice Janet Beihoffer
Mississippi[52] Joe Nosef Henry Barbour Jeanne C. Luckey
Missouri[53] John Hancock Gordon Kinne Susie Eckelkamp
Montana[54] Jeff Essmann Art Wittich Jennifer Fielder
Nebraska[55] Dan WelchJ. L. Spray Joyce Simmons
Nevada[56] Michael J. McDonald Lee Hoffman Diana Orrock
New Hampshire[57] Jennifer Horn Steve Duprey Juliana Bergeron
New Jersey[58] Sam Raia Bill Palatucci Virginia Haines
New Mexico[59] Debbie Maestas Harvey Yates Rosalind F. Tripp
New York[60] Edward F. Cox Charles P. Joyce Jennifer Saul Rich
North Carolina[61] Robin Hayes Mark Brody Ada Fisher
North Dakota[62] Kelly Armstrong Shane Goettle Sandy Boehler
Northern Mariana Islands[63] James A. Ada Bo Palacios Vicky Villagomez
Ohio[64] Jane Timken Jim Dicke Jo Ann Davidson
Oklahoma[65] Pam Pollard Steve Curry Carolyn McLarty
Oregon[66] Bill Currier Solomon Yue Jr. Marilyn Shannon
Pennsylvania[67] Robert Gleason Robert B. Asher Christine Jack Toretti
Puerto Rico[68] Jennifer G. Colon Luis Fortuño Zoraida "Zori" Fonalledas
Rhode Island[69] Brandon Bell Steve Frias Lee Ann Sennick
South Carolina[70] Matt Moore Glenn McCall Cindy Costa
South Dakota[71] Pam Roberts Ried Holien Sandye Kading
Tennessee[72] Ryan A. Haynes Oscar Brock Beth Campbell
Texas[73] Tom Mechler Robin Armstrong Toni Anne Dashiell
Utah[74] James Evans Thomas Wright Anne-Marie Lampropoulos
Vermont[75] David Sunderland Jay Shepard Susie Hudson
Virginia[76] John C. Whitbeck Morton Blackwell Cynthia Dunbar
Washington[77] Susan Hutchison Jeff Kent Fredi Simpson
West Virginia[78] Conrad Lucas Kris Warner Melody Potter
Wisconsin[79] Brad Courtney Steve King Mary F. Buestrin
Wyoming[80] Matt Micheli Richard George Marti Halverson

Para Bellum Labs

In February 2014, during the chairmanship of Reince Priebus, the RNC launched an in-house technology incubator called Para Bellum Labs.[81] This new unit of the RNC was first headed by Azarias Reda, an engineer with a PhD in computer science from the University of Michigan. The effort is designed to help the party and its candidates bridge the technology gap. Para Bellum, translated from Latin, means "prepare for war."[82]

See also

References

  1. ↑ National leaders - GOP.com
  2. ↑ Fox News.com
  3. ↑ Joseph, Cameron; Easley, Jonathan (March 18, 2013). "RNC: 'Drastic changes' needed if party hopes to remain competitive". The Hill. Retrieved March 18, 2013.
  4. ↑ The Political Graveyard web site, A Database of Historic Cemeteries, accessed July 17, 2006.
  5. ↑ "U.S. government departments and offices, etc.". rulers.org. B. Schemmel. Retrieved January 30, 2009.
  6. ↑ "Campbell To Succeed Himself. He Will Probably Be National Committeeman from Illinois Again.". Chicago Tribune. Retrieved 2012-09-30. William J. Campbell of Chicago will succeed himself as the representative of Illinois on the National Republican committee. Mr. Campbell says he does not want the office and that he will make no effort for it, but he will be elected with few if any dissenting votes...
  7. ↑ "Campbell Will Not serve...". The New York Times. July 6, 1892. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
  8. ↑ "Campbell Picks His Nine...". The New York Times. July 8, 1892. Retrieved September 9, 2013.
  9. ↑ Reiter, Daniel. "Steele Website Goes Live". Politicker.com. Archived from the original on January 26, 2009.
  10. ↑ Burns, Alexander (2009-01-30). "It's Steele!". The Politico. Retrieved 2009-01-30.
  11. ↑ "Republican Choose Michael Steele as Party Chairman". CQ Politics. January 30, 2009. Archived from the original on February 3, 2009.
  12. ↑ "RNC Chairman Vote: Live Coverage". PollPundit.com. January 30, 2009. Archived from the original on February 2, 2009.
  13. ↑ Cillizza, Chris (November 13, 2008). "Michael Steele to Run For RNC Chair". The Fix. The Washington Post. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  14. ↑ Armbinder, Mark. RNC Chairman Duncan Drops Re-Election Bid, January 30, 2009, The Atlantic.
  15. ↑ Cillizza, Chris. Steele Elected RNC Chair, January 30, 2009, Washington Post.
  16. ↑ Hamby, Peter. BREAKING: Steele picked to lead RNC, January 30, 2009, CNN Political Ticker. Archived February 4, 2009, at the Wayback Machine.
  17. ↑ Burns, Alexander (January 30, 2009). "It's Steele!". The Politico. Retrieved January 30, 2009.
  18. ↑ York, Byron (November 13, 2008). "Palin, the Governors, and the New Power in the Republican Party". National Review Online. Archived from the original on January 9, 2009. Retrieved February 12, 2009.
  19. ↑ McKelway, Doug (December 13, 2010). "Steele Seeks Second Term As RNC Chair". Fox News. Retrieved March 12, 2014.
  20. ↑ Viebeck, Elise (November 27, 2010). "Steele faces opposition, dissent among RNC members". The Hill. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  21. ↑ "The RNC Chairman's Debate". Americans for Tax Reform and The Daily Caller. January 3, 2011. Archived from the original on March 12, 2014. Retrieved March 11, 2014.
  22. ↑ Miller, Zeke J (December 8, 2014). "RNC Chairman Reince Priebus Set for Re-Election Bid". Time. Retrieved June 25, 2016. Priebus was re-elected to his second term with near unanimity in 2013 at the party’s meeting in Charlotte
  23. ↑ Preston, Mark (January 16, 2015). "Priebus overwhelmingly elected to third term as RNC chairman". CNN. Retrieved June 25, 2016. Priebus was elected Friday in a resounding vote to serve a third term as chairman of the Republican National Committee, putting him on course to become the longest serving head of the national party in history.
  24. ↑ Jackson, Hallie; Tur, Katy; Jaffe, Alexandra (November 13, 2016). "Donald Trump Names RNC Chair Reince Priebus Chief of Staff" (HTML). nbcnews.com. NBC News. p. 1. Retrieved November 13, 2016.
  25. ↑ "Alabama". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  26. ↑ "Alaska". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  27. ↑ "American Samoa". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  28. ↑ "Arizona". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  29. ↑ "Arkansas". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  30. ↑ "California". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  31. ↑ "Colorado". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  32. ↑ "Connecticut". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  33. ↑ "Delaware". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  34. ↑ "District of Columbia". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  35. ↑ "Florida". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  36. ↑ "Georgia". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  37. ↑ "Guam". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  38. ↑ "Hawaii". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  39. ↑ "Idaho". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  40. ↑ "Illinois". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  41. ↑ "Indiana". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  42. ↑ "Iowa". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  43. ↑ "Kansas". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  44. ↑ "Kentucky". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  45. ↑ "Louisiana". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  46. ↑ "Maine". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  47. ↑ "Maryland". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  48. ↑ "Massachusetts". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  49. ↑ "Michigan". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  50. ↑ "Minnesota". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  51. ↑ Montgomery, David (April 29, 2017). "Republicans elect outsider Jennifer Carnahan as party chair". Pioneer Press. Retrieved May 10, 2017.
  52. ↑ "Mississippi". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  53. ↑ "Missouri". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  54. ↑ "Montana". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  55. ↑ "Nebraska". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  56. ↑ "Nevada". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  57. ↑ "New Hampshire". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  58. ↑ "New Jersey". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  59. ↑ "New Mexico". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  60. ↑ "New York". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  61. ↑ "North Carolina". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  62. ↑ "North Dakota". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  63. ↑ "Northern Mariana Islands". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  64. ↑ "Ohio". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  65. ↑ "Oklahoma". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  66. ↑ "Oregon". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  67. ↑ "Pennsylvania". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  68. ↑ "Puerto Rico". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  69. ↑ "Rhode Island". Republican National Committee. Retrieved August 24, 2015.
  70. ↑ "South Carolina". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  71. ↑ "South Dakota". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  72. ↑ "Tennessee". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  73. ↑ "Texas". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  74. ↑ "Utah". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  75. ↑ "Vermont". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  76. ↑ "Virginia". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  77. ↑ "Washington". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  78. ↑ "West Virginia". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  79. ↑ "Wisconsin". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  80. ↑ "Wyoming". Republican National Committee. Retrieved November 15, 2016.
  81. ↑ "RNC Tries to Lure Tech Talent". WSJ. The RNC Tuesday is announcing the formation of Para Bellum Labs, an in-house technology incubator that combines the committee's data-analytics arm with its digital-marketing unit.
  82. ↑ Johnson, Eliana (February 12, 2014). "RNC's Data Push Greeted with Skepticism". National Review. Retrieved November 6, 2015. the RNC last week unveiled Para Bellum Labs — para bellum is Latin for 'prepare for war' — an initiative designed to help the party and its candidates bridge the technology gap
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