Remnant cholesterol
Remnant cholesterol, also known as remnant lipoprotein, is a very atherogenic lipoprotein composed primarily of very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) and intermediate-density lipoprotein (ILD).[1] Stated another way, remnant cholesterol is all plasma cholesterol that is not LDL cholesterol or HDL cholesterol.[1]
According to one study, high remnant cholesterol is more predictive of myocardial infarction than any other lipid particle.[2] Remnant cholesterol is especially predictive of coronary artery disease in patients with normal total cholesterol.[3][4]
High plasma remnant cholesterol is associated with increased plasma triglyceride levels.[5] Hypertriglyceridemia is characteristic of high plasma remnant cholesterol, but persons with high plasma triglycerides without high remnant cholesterol rarely have coronary artery disease.[6]
Remnant cholesterol has about twice the association with ischemic heart disease as LDL cholesterol.[7] Remnant cholesterol is associated with chronic inflammation, whereas LDL cholesterol is not.[8] Remnant cholesterol induces endothelial dysfunction through oxidative stress.[9]
See also
References
- 1 2 Jørgensen AB, Frikke-Schmidt R, West AS, Grande P, Nordestgaard BG, Tybjærg-Hansen A (2013). "Genetically elevated non-fasting triglycerides and calculated remnant cholesterol as causal risk factors for myocardial infarction". European Heart Journal. 34 (24): 1826–1833. PMID 23248205. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehs431.
- ↑ Goliasch G, Wiesbauer F, Blessberger H, Demyanets S, Wojta J, Huber K, Maurer G, Schillinger M, Speidl WS (2015). "Premature myocardial infarction is strongly associated with increased levels of remnant cholesterol". JOURNAL OF CLINICAL LIPIDOLOGY. 9 (6): 801–6.e1. PMID 26687701. doi:10.1016/j.jacl.2015.08.009.
- ↑ Masuoka H, Kamei S, Wagayama H, Ozaki M, Kawasaki A, Tanaka T, Kitamura M, Katoh S, Shintani U, Misaki M, Sugawa M, Ito M, Nakano T (2000). "Association of remnant-like particle cholesterol with coronary artery disease in patients with normal total cholesterol levels". American Heart Journal. 139 ((2 Pt 1)): 305–310. PMID 10650304. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.024.
- ↑ Nakamura T, Kugiyama K (2006). "Triglycerides and remnant particles as risk factors for coronary artery disease". Current Atherosclerosis Reports. 8 (2): 107–110. PMID 16510044.
- ↑ Chapman MJ, Ginsberg HN, Amarenco P, Andreotti F, Borén J, Catapano AL, Descamps OS, Fisher E, Kovanen PT, Kuivenhoven JA, Lesnik P, Masana L, Nordestgaard BG, Ray KK, Reiner Z, Taskinen MR, Tokgözoglu L, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Watts GF, European Atherosclerosis Society Consensus Panel (2011). "Triglyceride-rich lipoproteins and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol in patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease: evidence and guidance for management". European Heart Journal. 32 (11): 1345–1361. PMC 3105250 . PMID 21531743. doi:10.1093/eurheartj/ehr112.
- ↑ Fujioka Y, Ishikawa Y (2009). "Remnant lipoproteins as strong key particles to atherogenesis". JOURNAL OF ATHEROSCLEROSIS AND THROMBOSIS. 16 (3): 145–154. PMID 19556722.
- ↑ Varbo A, Benn M, Tybjærg-Hansen A, Jørgensen AB, Frikke-Schmidt R, Nordestgaard BG (2013). "Remnant cholesterol as a causal risk factor for ischemic heart disease". Journal of the American College of Cardiology. 61 (4): 427–436. PMID 23265341. doi:10.1016/j.jacc.2012.08.1026.
- ↑ Varbo A, Nordestgaard BG (2014). "Remnant cholesterol and ischemic heart disease". CURRENT OPINION IN LIPIDOLOGY. 25 (4): 266–273. PMID 24977981. doi:10.1097/MOL.0000000000000093.
- ↑ Liu L, Wen T, Zheng XY, Yang DG, Zhao SP, Xu DY, Lü GH (2009). "Remnant-like particles accelerate endothelial progenitor cells senescence and induce cellular dysfunction via an oxidative mechanism". Atherosclerosis (journal). 202 (2): 405–414. PMID 18582890. doi:10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2008.05.024.