Reflection (mathematics)

A reflection through an axis (from the red object to the green one) followed by a reflection (green to blue) across a second axis parallel to the first one results in a total motion that is a translation.

In mathematics, a reflection (also spelled reflexion)^[1] is a mapping from a Euclidean space to itself that is an isometry with a hyperplane as a set of fixed points; this set is called the axis (in dimension 2) or plane (in dimension 3) of reflection. The image of a figure by a reflection is its mirror image in the axis or plane of reflection. For example the mirror image of the small Latin letter p for a reflection with respect to a vertical axis would look like q. Its image by reflection in a horizontal axis would look like b. A reflection is an involution: when applied twice in succession, every point returns to its original location, and every geometrical object is restored to its original state.

The term "reflection" is sometimes used for a larger class of mappings from a Euclidean space to itself, namely the non-identity isometries that are involutions. Such isometries have a set of fixed points (the "mirror") that is an affine subspace, but is possibly smaller than a hyperplane. For instance a reflection through a point is an involutive isometry with just one fixed point; the image of the letter p under it would look like a d. This operation is also known as a central inversion (Coxeter 1969, §7.2), and exhibits Euclidean space as a symmetric space. In a Euclidean vector space, the reflection in the point situated at the origin is the same as vector negation. Other examples include reflections in a line in three-dimensional space. Typically, however, unqualified use of the term "reflection" means reflection in a hyperplane.

A figure that does not change upon undergoing a reflection is said to have reflectional symmetry.

Some mathematicians use "flip" as a synonym for "reflection".^[2]^[3]^[4]

Construction

In a plane (or, respectively, 3-dimensional) geometry, to find the reflection of a point drop a perpendicular from the point to the line (plane) used for reflection, and extend it the same distance on the other side. To find the reflection of a figure, reflect each point in the figure.

To reflect point $P$ through the line $AB$ using compass and straightedge, proceed as follows (see figure):

Step 1 (red): construct a circle with center at $P$ and some fixed radius $r$ to create points $A'$ and $B'$ on the line $AB$ , which will be equidistant from $P$ .
Step 2 (green): construct circles centered at $A'$ and $B'$ having radius $r$ . $P$ and $Q$ will be the points of intersection of these two circles.

Point $Q$ is then the reflection of point $P$ through line $AB$ .

Properties

A reflection across an axis followed by a reflection in a second axis not parallel to the first one results in a total motion that is a rotation around the point of intersection of the axes.

The matrix for a reflection is orthogonal with determinant −1 and eigenvalues −1, 1, 1, ..., 1. The product of two such matrices is a special orthogonal matrix that represents a rotation. Every rotation is the result of reflecting in an even number of reflections in hyperplanes through the origin, and every improper rotation is the result of reflecting in an odd number. Thus reflections generate the orthogonal group, and this result is known as the Cartan–Dieudonné theorem.

Similarly the Euclidean group, which consists of all isometries of Euclidean space, is generated by reflections in affine hyperplanes. In general, a group generated by reflections in affine hyperplanes is known as a reflection group. The finite groups generated in this way are examples of Coxeter groups.

Reflection across a line in the plane

Reflection across a line through the origin in two dimensions can be described by the following formula

\mathrm{Ref}_l(v) = 2\frac{v\cdot l}{l\cdot l}l - v,

where v denotes the vector being reflected, l denotes any vector in the line being reflected in, and v·l denotes the dot product of v with l. Note the formula above can also be described as

\mathrm{Ref}_l(v) = 2\mathrm{Proj}_l(v) - v,

where the reflection of line l on v is equal to 2 times the projection of v on line l minus v. Reflections in a line have the eigenvalues of 1, and −1.

Reflection through a hyperplane in n dimensions

Given a vector a in Euclidean space Rⁿ, the formula for the reflection in the hyperplane through the origin, orthogonal to a, is given by

\mathrm{Ref}_a(v) = v - 2\frac{v\cdot a}{a\cdot a}a,

where v ⋅ a denotes the dot product of v with a. Note that the second term in the above equation is just twice the vector projection of v onto a. One can easily check that

Ref_a(v) = −v, if v is parallel to a, and
Ref_a(v) = v, if v is perpendicular to a.

Using the geometric product, the formula is

\mathrm{Ref}_a(v) = -\frac{a v a}{a^2} .

Since these reflections are isometries of Euclidean space fixing the origin they may be represented by orthogonal matrices. The orthogonal matrix corresponding to the above reflection is the matrix whose entries are

R_{ij} = \delta_{ij} - 2\frac{a_i a_j}{ \left\| a \right\| ^2 },

where δ_ij is the Kronecker delta.

The formula for the reflection in the affine hyperplane $v\cdot a = c$ not through the origin is

\mathrm{Ref}_{a,c}(v) = v - 2\frac{v\cdot a - c}{a\cdot a}a.

Notes

↑ "Reflexion" is an archaic spelling.
↑ Childs, Lindsay N. (2009), A Concrete Introduction to Higher Algebra (3rd ed.), Springer Science & Business Media, p. 251
↑ Gallian, Joseph (2012), Contemporary Abstract Algebra (8th ed.), Cengage Learning, p. 32
↑ Isaacs, I. Martin (1994), Algebra: A Graduate Course, American Mathematical Society, p. 6

References

Coxeter, Harold Scott MacDonald (1969), Introduction to Geometry (2nd ed.), New York: John Wiley & Sons, ISBN 978-0-471-50458-0, MR 123930
Popov, V.L. (2001) [1994], "Reflection", in Hazewinkel, Michiel, Encyclopedia of Mathematics, Springer Science+Business Media B.V. / Kluwer Academic Publishers, ISBN 978-1-55608-010-4
Weisstein, Eric W. "Reflection". MathWorld.

External links

Reflection in Line at cut-the-knot
Understanding 2D Reflection and Understanding 3D Reflection by Roger Germundsson, The Wolfram Demonstrations Project.

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