Catalan self-determination referendum, 2014

Catalan self-determination referendum, 2014
a) Do you want Catalonia to become a state?
b) In case of affirmative answer, do you want this state to become independent?

Referendum results by district where saturation of colour represents the strength of vote. 'Yes-Yes' is represented in green. Dark represents >75%, light <75%. Turnout is not taken into account.
Location Catalonia
Date 9 November 2014
Results
Yes/Yes
  
 80.76%
Yes/No
  
 10.07%
Yes/Blank
  
 0.97%
No
  
 4.54%
Blank
  
 0.56%
Website:
Catalonia
This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
Catalonia
Location of Catalonia (dark green) in Spain (light green) and Europe.

A non-binding Catalan self-determination referendum, also known as the Citizen Participation Process on the Political Future of Catalonia,[1] was held on Sunday, 9 November 2014, to gauge support on the political future of Catalonia. While also referred to as "Catalan independence referendum",[2][3][4][5] the vote was rebranded as a "participation process" by the Government of Catalonia, after a "non-referendum popular consultation" on the same topic and for the same date had been suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain.[6]

The ballot papers carried two questions: "Do you want Catalonia to become a State?" and "Do you want this State to be independent?" The second question could only be answered by those who had answered Yes to the first one.[7] The Catalan government gave notice on 10 November, the day after voting, that 2,305,290 votes had been cast overall,[8] but it did not provide a percentage figure for the turnout. Estimates for the turnout as published by the news media ranged from 37.0%, as given in The Economist and El País among others,[9][10][11] to 41.6% as per the Catalan government's preliminary data.[12] 80.8% of the cast votes supported the Yes-Yes option, 10.1% the Yes-No, 4.5% the No option, indicating that the poll was widely boycotted by Catalan voters who oppose independence.[13]

Minors aged 16 and 17, and also all non-Spanish residents, were allowed to vote, which in a referendum held according to Spanish law would not have been possible. [14][15]

Holding a referendum about the "political future of Catalonia" in 2014 was one of the items of the governance agreement ratified by Artur Mas from Convergence and Union (CiU) and Oriol Junqueras from Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) on 18 December 2012,[16][17][18][19] that allowed Artur Mas to be voted in as President of the Generalitat of Catalonia for a second term.

On 19 September 2014, the Catalan parliament approved a call for a referendum on independence.[20] Eight days later Artur Mas announced that the vote was to be held on 9 November 2014.[21] The same day the Spanish government announced that it would block the effort by appealing to the Constitutional Court of Spain.[22] The Court decided to hear the Spanish government's case on 29 September 2014, and provisionally suspended the vote.[23] The Catalan Government subsequently announced the "temporary suspension" of the referendum campaign.[24]

On 14 October, Artur Mas proposed a "process of citizen participation" as an alternative to the original referendum.[25] The Spanish government announced that it would also block this effort by appealing to the Constitutional Court, which decided to hear the Spanish government's case on 4 November 2014, and provisionally suspended the vote. The Catalan Government, however, pushed forward with the "citizen participation" process, in defiance of the Constitutional Court,[26] and voting took place as planned on 9 November 2014.

Background

2009–2012

Unofficial Catalan independence referendums

In 2009 and 2011 unofficial referendums took place in hundreds of Catalan towns as one of the many actions included in the independentist-wing-parties' platforms; in the referendums the pro-independence option won an overwhelming majority of the votes cast, although the participation rate was very low.

Demonstrations in Barcelona

In 2010 and 2012 different demonstrations took place in Barcelona. The first one took place on 10 July 2010. It featured a Catalan regionalist ideological leadership. The second one on 11 September 2012 was openly in favor of Catalan independence and had as a slogan "Catalonia, next state in Europe". As a consequence of this second demonstration, the Rt. Hon. Artur Mas, President of the Generalitat of Catalonia at that time, called a snap election, and the "Agreement for Freedom" was negotiated between Artur Mas (CiU "Conservativel local party) and Oriol Junqueras (ERC, Republican and socialistic-style left party).

Free Catalan Territories

Gross domestic product (GDP) per inhabitant, in purchasing power standard (PPS), by NUTS 2 regions, 2010 (1) (% of the EU-27 average, EU-27 = 100), Europe Union.

Also, during 2012, dozens of Catalan towns declared themselves Free Catalan Territory stating that "the Spanish legislation and regulations have effect only in Spain, so this town will wait for new legislation and regulation from the Catalan Government and the Parliament of Catalonia."

Resolution of the Catalan Parliament for Holding an Independence Referendum

The Catalan independence referendum is planned to take place during the tenth legislature of the Parliament of Catalonia. According to a resolution adopted by the Parliament of Catalonia on 27 September 2012:

The Parliament of Catalonia confirms the need for the people of Catalonia to be able to freely and democratically determine their collective future and urges the government to hold a referendum during the following legislature.[29]

The resolution was adopted after the general policy debate. It received 84 favourable votes, 21 against and 25 abstentions.[30] The President of the Generalitat of Catalonia, Artur Mas, declared in a speech to Parliament that it was time for the people of Catalonia to exercise the right of self-determination.[31]

2013

Declaration of Sovereignty

Results of the votes for the "Declaration of sovereignty" at the Catalan Parliament, on 23 January 2013

On 23 January 2013 the Parliament of Catalonia adopted by 85 favourable votes, 41 against, and 2 abstentions the "Declaration of Sovereignty and of the Right to Decide of the Catalan People".[32][33][34] It states that "The people of Catalonia have – by reason of democratic legitimacy – the character of a sovereign political and legal entity." Five Socialist MPs did not vote. It is based on the following principles: sovereignty, democratic legitimacy, transparency, dialogue, social cohesion, Europeanism, legality, role of the Catalan Parliament and participation.[35][36][37]

In accordance with the democratically expressed will of the majority of the Catalan public, the Parliament of Catalonia initiates a process to bring to promote the right of the citizens of Catalonia to collectively decide their political future.[35]

The political parties Convergence and Union (CiU) (50 yes), Republican Left of Catalonia (ERC) (21 yes) and Initiative for Catalonia Greens-United and Alternative Left (ICV-EUiA) (13 yes) totally supported the statement of sovereignty. On the other hand, the People's Party of Catalonia (PPC) (19 no) and Citizens – Party of the Citizenry (C's) (9 no) totally opposed the proposal. 15 members of the Socialists' Party of Catalonia (PSC) voted against; 5 did not vote despite being present in the Chamber, thus disobeying the orders of the party whips to vote against the proposal. Finally, the Popular Unity Candidature (CUP) gave a "critical yes", with 1 vote in favour and 2 abstentions.[36]

On 8 May 2013 this purely political declaration was provisionally suspended by the Constitutional Court of Spain.[38][39]

Date and wording

On 12 December 2013, the Government of Catalonia announced that a deal between Catalan nationalist parties had set the date and wording for the referendum on independence. The date would be 9 November 2014 and that it will contain a question with two sections: "Do you want Catalonia to become a State?" and "In case of an affirmative response, do you want this State to be independent?".[40][41]

The date was chosen as it would allow for discussions with the Spanish Government in order "to stage the consultation legally", but the Spanish Government stated shortly thereafter its intention to block the referendum, stating "Such a poll will not be held."[42][43] Mariano Rajoy, Spanish Prime Minister, said that the referendum would be considered illegal and that "any discussion or debate on this is out of the question".[42][44]

Ballot questions

Ballot question (in Catalan and Spanish)

According to the consultation decree, "in the consultation there is a first question followed successively by a second question, and they are worded as follows: a) Do you want Catalonia to become a State? (Yes/No); If so: b) Do you want this State to be independent? (Yes/No). You can only answer the question under Letter b) in the event of having answered “Yes” to the question under Letter a)." [7] The "participation process" that has replaced the "non-referendum consultation" maintains the same two questions.

Eligibility

The participation process does not have an official electorate.[45] The vote has been called by the Catalan government for people who are at least 16 years of age on 9 November 2014 and who meet one of the following criteria:[46]

Catalan people who are resident in other Spanish regions, and Spanish citizens who live in Catalonia but are not resident there, cannot vote.

Estimates of the number of people eligible to vote range between 5.4 million [47] and 6.2 million.[48][49]

Legality

On 25 March 2014, the Spanish Constitutional Court finally ruled that the sovereignty part of the "Declaration of Sovereignty and of the Right to Decide of the Catalan People" was "unconstitutional and null", and therefore did not allow a self-determination referendum to be held in Catalonia.[50] It however allows the part of the right to decide (allows to check the Catalan people's opinion by a legal consultation). The Catalan government declared that this ruling would "have no effect on the process".[51]

On 8 April 2014, the Spanish Congress rejected the Catalan parliament's request to give it the power to organize the self-determination referendum. The bill was voted down 299 (PP, PSOE, UPyD, UPN and Foro Asturias) to 47 (CiU, Izquierda Unida, PNV, BNG, Amaiur, ERC, Compromís and Geroa Bai), with one abstention (NC-CC).[52][53]

Consultation and other forms of citizen participation Law

On 19 September 2014 the Parliament of Catalonia approved by 106 favourable votes, 28 against, the Consultation law. According to pro-consultation parties, this law will provide the legal basis for the President of the Generalitat of Catalonia, Artur Mas, to hold the consultation (non-binding self-determination referendum) on independence from Spain on 9 November.[54]

Non-binding independence referendum decree

On 27 September 2014, Catalan President Artur Mas signed a decree calling for a consultation on independence.[21] On 29 September 2014, the Spanish Constitutional Court provisionally suspended the vote.[23] The Catalan Government subsequently announced the "temporary suspension" of the referendum campaign.[24]

Citizen participation process

On 14 October, the Catalan President proposes a "process of citizen participation" as an alternative for the original referendum[25] The Spanish government announced that it would block the effort by appealing to the Spanish Constitutional Court, which decided to hear the Spanish government case on 4 November 2014, which provisionally suspended the vote. The Catalan Government announced they would push forward with the vote, in defiance of the Constitutional Court of Spain.[26] On 5 November, Catalan representatives complained against the Spanish Government to international organizations for blocking self-determination.[55]

Positions

Catalonia

Position of the parties with parliamentary representation in Catalonia (sorted by votes):

Rest of Spain

Catalan independence flag hoisted on the Gipuzkoa Regional Govt headquarters on 9 November 2014.
Spanish Government

The Spanish Government "will not allow" and "will not negotiate" on Catalonia’s self-determination vote.[42][69]

Parties

Position of the parties with parliamentary representation in the Parliament of Spain (sorted by seats):

Regional Governments

The Basque Government supports the Catalan agreement to hold the referendum and calls on the Spanish government to recognise the referendum and allow it to be celebrated.[81]

International reactions

Organisations
States
European parties
Media
Individuals

Opinion polling

Attitudes in Catalonia

Surveys with the referendum questions

Since December 2013, several surveys have been carried out on the two stated questions of the referendum. The "Yes/Yes"-option indicates the percentage of voters in favour of Catalonia becoming an independent state and the "Yes/No"-option indicates the percentage in favour of Catalonia becoming a state but against independence. Voters who vote in the first question no, are against Catalonia becoming a state.

Date
published 		Polling organisationYes/YesYes/NoYes/UndecidedNoUndecided/Abstention
Sep 2014El Mundo34.6%4.5%2.3%39.5%19.2%
Mar 2014El Periódico de Catalunya46.1%4.4%2.8%31.9%14.8%
5 Feb 20148 al dia40.7%3.8%3.5%24.4%27.5%
16-19 Dec 2013La Vanguardia44.9%8.4%-36.6%10.1%
12-13 Dec 2013El Mundo35.2%5.5%2.3%39.1%17.9%
12-13 Dec 2013El Periódico de Catalunya44.1%5.8%2.4%30.4%17.3%

Short-term polling

Date
published 		Polling organisationSupportRejectUndecidedLead
Sep 2013Cadena SER52.3%24.1%23.6%28.2%
Jun 2013Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió55.6%23.4%21%32.2%
May 2013El Periódico de Catalunya57.8%36%6.2%21.8%
Feb 2013Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió54.7%20.7%24.6%34%
Sep 2012Telecinco (GESOP)50.9%18.6%30.5%32.3%
Jul 2012Diari Ara50.4%23.8%25.8%26.6%
Jun 2012Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió51.1%21.1%27.8%30%
Mar 2012Centre d'Estudis d'Opinió44.6%24.7%30.7%19.9%
Jan 2012El Periódico de Catalunya53.6%32%14.4%21.6%

Long-term surveys

Trends in support for Catalan independence can be observed by comparing more recent surveys with that carried out by Spain's Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas in 1996, which asked "Personally, would you support or reject Catalonia becoming independent?".

Date
published 		Polling organisationSupportRejectUndecidedLead
2011Institut de Ciències Polítiques i Socials41.4%22.9%35.7%18.5%
1996Centro de Investigaciones Sociológicas33.6%53.5%13.1%19.9%

Results

The Catalan government indicated that 2,305,290 votes were cast overall,[8] out of 5.4m eligible voters.[13] The Catalan government did not provide a final turnout percentage figure. Turnout estimates published by media outlets range between 37.0% [9][10][11] and 41.6% (the latter figure, based on the Catalan government's preliminary data).[12] 80.8% of the cast votes supported the Yes-Yes option, 10.1% the Yes-No, 4.5% the No option. Low turnout and one-sided results indicate that the poll was widely boycotted by Catalan voters who oppose independence.[13]

Summary of the 9 November 2014 referendum results
Question 1: "Do you want Catalonia to become a state?"
Question 2: "In case of affirmative answer, do you want
this state to become independent?"
Choice Votes %
Yes/Yes 1,861,753 80.76
Yes/No 232,194 10.07
Yes/Blank ballots 22,466 0.97
Total Yes 2,116,413 91.80
No 104,760 4.54
Total No 104,760 4.54
Others 71,131 3.09
Blank ballots 12,986 0.56
Total 2,305,290 100.00
Source: Generalitat of Catalonia

Turnout varied greatly across the 41 administrative districts of Catalonia. It was higher than 50% in twelve of them, whereas in two it was lower than 25%. The proportion of Yes-Yes votes over the total electorate ranged between 12.9% (Val d'Aran) and 56.9% (Priorat). In the most populous district (Barcelonès) turnout was 32.5% and the overall proportion of Yes-Yes votes reached 24.9%.[99]

By District

Below is a table outlining the results of the referendum by district. The table does not consider turnout.

Local authority [100] "Yes-Yes" ballots "Yes-No" ballots "No" ballots Yes-Yes (%) Yes-No (%) No (%) Valid Ballots
Alt Camp 15,012 846 519 94.55% 5.34% 3.27% 15,877
Alt Empordà 36,131 2,349 1,474 90.43% 5.89% 3.69% 39,954
Alt Penedès 36,648 2,846 1,227 90.00% 6.99% 3.01% 40,721
Alt Urgell 6,854 485 203 90.88% 6.43% 2.69% 7,542
Alta Ribagorça 1,033 150 60 83.11% 12.07% 4.83% 1,243
Anoia 33,365 3,077 1,705 87.46% 8.07% 4.47% 38,147
Bages 62,593 4,561 2,457 89.92% 6.55% 3.53% 69,611
Baix Camp 44,779 4,074 2,477 87.24% 7.94% 4.83% 51,330
Baix Ebre 23,435 1,638 962 90.01% 6.29% 3.70% 26,035
Baix Empordà 39,586 2,469 1,326 91.25% 5.69% 3.06% 43,381
Baix Llobregat 142,611 30,329 14,945 75.90% 16.14% 7.95% 187,885
Baix Penedès 17,753 1,977 1,240 84.66% 9.43% 5.91% 20,970
Barcelonès 479,315 84,171 32,475 80.43% 14.12% 5.50% 595,961
Berguedà 18,706 612 287 95.41% 3.12% 1.46% 19,605
Cerdanya 5,554 389 191 90.54% 6.34% 3.11% 6,134
Conca de Barberà 9,047 388 197 93.93% 4.03% 2.05% 9,632
Garraf 32,730 4,268 1,400 85.24% 11.12% 3.65% 38,398
Garrigues 8,836 396 152 94.16% 4.22% 1.62% 9,384
Garrotxa 23,652 789 377 95.30% 3.18% 1.52% 24,818
Gironès 59,374 3,723 1,687 91.65% 5.75% 2.64% 64,784
Maresme 123,179 13,236 5,013 87.10% 9.36% 3.54% 141,428
Montsià 19,256 1,445 921 89.06% 6.68% 4.26% 21,622
Noguera 14,511 758 398 92.62% 5.84% 2.54% 15,667
Osona 68,233 2,616 1,076 94.87% 3.64% 1.50% 71,925
Pallars Jussà 4,981 272 114 92.81% 5.07% 2.12% 5,367
Pallars Sobirà 2,738 156 52 92.94% 5.23% 1.77% 2,946
Pla d'Urgell 13,817 699 398 92.64% 5.23% 2.67% 14,914
Pla de l'Estany 14,187 483 177 95.55% 3.25% 1.19% 14,847
Priorat 4,887 177 82 94.97% 3.44% 1.59% 5,146
Ribera d'Ebre 8,841 531 119 93.15% 5.59% 1.25% 9,491
Ripollès 11,762 534 288 93.47% 4.24% 2.89% 12,584
Segarra 7,715 396 199 92.84% 4.77% 2.39% 8,310
Segrià 54,538 5,545 2,843 86.67% 8.81% 4.52% 62,926
Selva 45,249 3,294 1,871 89.75% 6.53% 3.71% 50,414
Solsonès 5,572 289 106 93.38% 4.84% 1.78% 5,967
Tarragonès 42,472 5,635 3,971 81.55% 10.82% 7.63% 52,078
Terra Alta 4,404 282 184 90.43% 5.79% 3.78% 4,870
Urgell 14,023 701 328 93.16% 4.66% 2.18% 15,052
Val d'Aran 1,091 241 223 70.16% 15.50% 14.34% 1,555
Vallès Occidental 199,433 32,402 14,254 81.04% 13.67% 5.79% 246,089
Vallès Oriental 103,850 12,959 6,047 84.53% 10.55% 4.92% 122,856
Catalonia 1,861,753 232,182 104,772 84.67% 10.56% 4.77% 2,198,707

Reactions

Catalan president Artur Mas said the vote was "a lesson in democracy." Spanish Prime Minister Mariano Rajoy called the vote a "deep failure" because "two thirds of Catalans did not participate" and he claimed it violated a ruling of the Constitutional Court.[101]

On February 6, 2017, a trial against the former president of the Government of Catalonia Artur Mas, the former vice president Joana Ortega and the former Catalan education minister Irene Rigau was held by the Supreme Court of Catalan Justice. They are accused of serious civil disobedience and perverting the course of justice for having authorized the unofficial vote on November 9, 2014 in defiance of its prohibition by the Constitutional Court of Spain. Prosecutors were calling for Artur Mas to be disqualified from office for 10 years, while Ortega and Rigau for 9. The trial focused on the events since the suspension decided by the Constitutional Court on November 4, 2014, until the beginning of the popular vote, on November 9.[102][103][104]

In the event, in March 2017 Mas was barred from public office for two years by a court in Barcelona for organizing an illegal vote in defiance of the Spanish courts. He was also fined 36,500 euros; Joana Ortega and Irene Rigau, were also convicted, barred 21 months and 18 months, respectively, as well as receiving lesser fines.[105]

See also

References

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  2. ↑ "Catalonia president signs independence referendum decree". Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  3. ↑ "Catalan Leader Signs Decree for Independence Referendum". Retrieved 27 September 2014.
  4. ↑ "Catalonian leader orders referendum on independence from Spain". Retrieved 27 September 2014.
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  6. ↑ "Non-referendum popular consultation on the political future of Catalonia 2014". Generalitat de Catalunya. Archived from the original on 6 October 2014. Retrieved 22 October 2014.
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  10. 1 2 https://www.economist.com/blogs/charlemagne/2014/11/catalonias-independence-vote The Economist
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  36. 1 2 "Catalonia, a sovereign state" (in Catalan). Vilaweb. 23 January 2013. Retrieved 23 January 2013.
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  43. ↑ Spain Rejects Call for Catalonia Independence Vote, TIME.
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  48. ↑ "El 'sí-sí' a la independencia vence con el 80,7% de los votos del 9-N". El Mundo. Retrieved 9 November 2014.
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  51. ↑ Spain Says Catalonia Can’t Vote for Independence, But Catalans Will Go Ahead Anyway, TIME, 26 March 2014, Per Liljas
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  71. ↑ The PSOE, disagrees with the PSC. and believes the Catalan referendum 'unlawful and disastrous' (Spanish) elmundo.es
  72. ↑ Rubalcaba: "No estem ni estarem mai a favor del dret d'autodeterminació" (Catalan), El Periódico
  73. ↑ IU defends a federal state, multi-national, social and republican recognize the right of the people of Catalonia to decide their political future. (Spanish) ABC
  74. 1 2 "PP, PSOE y UPyD tumban en el Congreso la moción sobre el derecho a decidir". Deia. 9 October 2013.
  75. ↑ Rosa Díez: «El Gobierno debe utilizar todos los medios legales para evitar el referéndum» ABC
  76. ↑ El PNV apoyará delegar la competencia del referéndum a Cataluña (Spanish) EITB
  77. ↑ BNG defenderá que Cataluña no plantea "un juego de cromos", sino una petición civilizada, legal y democrática (Spanish) Europa Press
  78. ↑ Compromís votarà a favor de la proposta del Parlament de Catalunya al congrés espanyol (Catalan) Vilaweb
  79. ↑ Baldoví, de Compromís, i Sixto, d'Esquerra Unida, els dos diputats valencians que han dit 'sí' a la consulta (Catalan) Ara.cat
  80. ↑ "Sostres: "La soberanía reside en el pueblo español y es indivisible. El futuro de Cataluña nos afecta a todos"". Foro Asturias. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  81. ↑ El Gobierno vasco respalda el acuerdo soberanista (Spanish) El Periódico
  82. ↑ "Secretary-General's remarks at press conference with Prime Minister Antoni Martí of Andorra". Andorra: United Nations. 2 April 2013. Retrieved 8 January 2014.
  83. ↑ "Brussels says an independent Catalonia would need to leave EU". Euractiv.com. Retrieved 29 September 2013.
  84. ↑ Source: El Pais - Wed 4 Dec 2013 (2013-12-04). "Idea of an independent Catalonia gets a NATO no-go | Tumbit News Story". Tumbit.com. Retrieved 2014-01-31.
  85. ↑ "Merkel backs Madrid's bid to block Catalan referendum". WorldBulletin.com. 18 July 2014.
  86. ↑ "Letonia abre la puerta a reconocer una Catalunya independiente". La Vanguardia (in Spanish). 13 September 2013.
  87. ↑ "El primer ministre lituà: "Cada país ha de trobar el seu propi camí i té dret a l'autodeterminació"". Catalan News Agency. 14 September 2013.
  88. ↑ Nació Digital. "Manuel Valls: "M'inquieta el referèndum català" - Nació Digital". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  89. ↑ CNA. "Catalan News Agency - David Cameron: "let the people decide" and do not "ignore questions of nationality, independence, identity"". Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  90. ↑ Silva, Daniel (10 November 2014). "Catalans push on for independence after symbolic vote". Yahoo News. AFP. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  91. ↑ "Our response to the people of Catalonia". whitehouse.gov. Archived from the original on 18 February 2013. Retrieved 24 July 2013.
  92. 1 2 'Donaríem la benvinguda a una república catalana', VilaWeb
  93. ↑ European Greens' Leader, Ska Keller, supports Catalonia's self-determination, Catalan News Agency
  94. ↑ "No one" can simply ban a referendum on Catalan independence, says FT International Affairs Editor, Catalan News Agency.
  95. ↑ L'editor internacional del 'Financial Times': "Ningú pot prohibir una consulta", Ara.
  96. ↑ "Spain's next crisis". Financial Times. 15 December 2013. Retrieved 18 December 2013.
  97. ↑ "Catalonia's future: Let them vote.". The Economist. 15 November 2013. Retrieved 16 November 2014.
  98. ↑ LET CATALANS VOTE
  99. ↑ "El entorno de Barcelona frena la independencia". El País. 10 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  100. ↑ "9N|2014". Participa2014. 9 November 2014. Retrieved 11 November 2014.
  101. ↑ "Las principales frases de Rajoy". El País. 12 November 2014. Retrieved 13 November 2014.
  102. ↑ García, Jesús. "¿De qué se acusa a Artur Mas?" (in Spanish). El País. Retrieved 6 February 2017.
  103. ↑ Morel, Sandrine (6 February 2017). "Le dirigeant catalan Artur Mas jugé pour désobéissance, après avoir organisé un référendum d’indépendance" (in French). Le Monde. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  104. ↑ "Catalan trial: Artur Mas independence vote case draws crowds". BBC. Retrieved 7 February 2017.
  105. ↑ Duarte, Esteban. "Former Catalan Leader Convicted Over 2014 on Independence". Bloomberg. Retrieved 2017-03-13.
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