Real Madrid C.F.

Real Madrid
Full name Real Madrid Club de Fútbol[1]
Nickname(s) Los Blancos (The Whites)
Los Merengues (The Meringues)
Los Vikingos (The Vikings)[2]
Short name RM
Founded 6 March 1902 (1902-03-06)
as Madrid Football Club[3]
Ground Santiago Bernabéu Stadium
Ground Capacity 81,044[4]
Chairman Florentino Pérez
Head coach Zinedine Zidane
League La Liga
2016–17 1st
Website Club website

Real Madrid Club de Fútbol (Spanish pronunciation: [reˈal maˈðɾið ˈkluβ ðe ˈfuðβol]; Royal Madrid Football Club), commonly known as Real Madrid, or simply as Real, is a professional football club based in Madrid, Spain.

Founded in 6 March 1902 as Madrid Football Club, the club has traditionally worn a white home kit since inception. The word Real is Spanish for Royal and was bestowed to the club by King Alfonso XIII in 1920 together with the royal crown in the emblem. The team has played its home matches in the 81,044-capacity Santiago Bernabéu Stadium in downtown Madrid since 1947. Unlike most European sporting entities, Real Madrid's members (socios) have owned and operated the club throughout its history.

The club was estimated to be worth €3.24 billion ($3.65 billion) in 2015, and in the 2014–15 season it was the world's highest-earning football club, with an annual revenue of €577 million.[5][6][7] The club is one of the most widely supported teams in the world.[8] Real Madrid is one of three founding members of La Liga that have never been relegated from the top division, along with Athletic Bilbao and Barcelona. The club holds many long-standing rivalries, most notably El Clásico with Barcelona and El Derbi with Atlético Madrid.

Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football during the 1950s, winning five consecutive European Cups and reaching the final seven times. This success was replicated in the league, where the club won five times in the space of seven years. This team, which consisted of players such as Alfredo Di Stéfano, Ferenc Puskás, Francisco Gento and Raymond Kopa, is considered by some in the sport to be the greatest team of all time.[9][10][11]

In domestic football, the club has won 63 major trophies; a record 33 La Liga titles, 19 Copa del Rey, 9 Supercopa de España, a Copa Eva Duarte, and a Copa de la Liga.[12] In European and worldwide competitions, the club has won a record 23 major trophies; a record 12 European Cup/UEFA Champions League titles, two UEFA Cups and four UEFA Super Cups. In international football, they are the only Spanish club to have won both international titles, a joint record three Intercontinental Cups, and two FIFA Club World Cups.

Real Madrid were recognised as the FIFA Club of the 20th Century on 11 December 2000,[13] and received the FIFA Centennial Order of Merit on 20 May 2004.[14] The club was also awarded Best European Club of the 20th Century by the IFFHS on 11 May 2010. In June 2017 the team succeeded in becoming the first club to win back to back Champions Leagues, extending their lead atop the UEFA club rankings.[15][16]

History

Early years (1902–1945)

Julián Palacios, the first president of the club in 1900–1902
Real Madrid team in 1906

Real Madrid's origins go back to when football was introduced to Madrid by the academics and students of the Institución Libre de Enseñanza, which included several Cambridge and Oxford University graduates. They founded (Sociedad) Sky Football in 1897, commonly known as La Sociedad (The Society) as it was the only one based in Madrid, playing on Sunday mornings at Moncloa. In 1900, conflict between members caused some of them to leave and create a new club, Nueva Sociedad de Football (New Society of Football), to distinguish themselves from Sky Football. Among the dissenters were Julián Palacios, recognized as the first Real Madrid president, Juan Padrós and Carlos Padrós, the latter two being brothers and future presidents of Real Madrid. In 1901 this new club was renamed as Madrid Football Club. Later, following a restructuring in 1902, Sky was renamed as "New Foot-Ball Club".[17][18][19] On 6 March 1902, after a new Board presided by Juan Padrós had been elected, Madrid Football Club was officially founded.[3]

Three years after its foundation, in 1905, Madrid FC won its first title after defeating Athletic Bilbao in the Spanish Cup final. The club became one of the founding sides of the Royal Spanish Football Federation on 4 January 1909, when club president Adolfo Meléndez signed the foundation agreement of the Spanish FA. After moving between grounds the team moved to the Campo de O'Donnell in 1912.[20] In 1920, the club's name was changed to Real Madrid after King Alfonso XIII granted the title of Real (Royal) to the club.[21]

In 1929, the first Spanish football league was founded. Real Madrid led the first league season until the last match, a loss to Athletic Bilbao, meant they finished runners-up to Barcelona.[22] Real Madrid won its first League title in the 1931–32 season. Real won the League again the following year, becoming the first team to have won the championship twice.[23]

On 14 April 1931, the arrival of the Second Spanish Republic caused the club to lose the title Real and went back to being named Madrid Football Club. Football continued during the Second World War, and on 13 June 1943 Madrid beat Barcelona 11–1 in the second leg of a semi-final[24] of the Copa del Generalísimo, the Copa del Rey having been renamed in honour of General Franco. It has been suggested that Barcelona players were intimidated by police,[25] including by the director of state security who "allegedly told the team that some of them were only playing because of the regime's generosity in permitting them to remain in the country."[26] The Barcelona chairman, Enric Piñeyro, was assaulted by Madrid fans.[27] However, none of these allegations have been proven and FIFA and UEFA still consider the result as legitimate. According to Spanish journalist and writer, Juan Carlos Pasamontes, Barcelona player Josep Valle denied that the Spanish security forces came before the match.[28] Instead, at the end of the first half, Barcelona coach Juan José Nogués and all of his players were angry with the hard-style of play Real Madrid was using and with the aggressiveness of the home crowd.[28] When they refused to take the field, the Superior Chief of Police of Madrid appeared, identified himself, and ordered the team to take the field.[28]

Santiago Bernabéu Yeste and European success (1945–1978)

Alfredo Di Stéfano led the club to win five European Cups consecutively (currently the Champions League).
Amancio Amaro, captain of the Yé-yé

Santiago Bernabéu Yeste became president of Real Madrid in 1945.[29] Under his presidency, the club, its stadium Santiago Bernabéu and its training facilities Ciudad Deportiva were rebuilt after the Spanish Civil War damages. Additionally, during the 1950s former Real Madrid Amateurs player Miguel Malbo founded Real Madrid's youth academy, or "cantera," known today as La Fábrica. Beginning in 1953, he embarked upon a strategy of signing world-class players from abroad, the most prominent being Alfredo Di Stéfano.[30]

In 1955, acting upon the idea proposed by the French sports journalist and editor of L'Équipe Gabriel Hanot, Bernabéu, Bedrignan and Gusztáv Sebes created an exhibition tournament of invited teams from around Europe that would eventually become what today is known as the UEFA Champions League.[31] It was under Bernabéu's guidance that Real Madrid established itself as a major force in both Spanish and European football. The club won the European Cup five times in a row between 1956 and 1960, which included the 7–3 Hampden Park final against Eintracht Frankfurt in 1960.[30] After these five consecutive successes, Real was permanently awarded the original cup and earning the right to wear the UEFA badge of honour.[32]

The club won the European Cup for a sixth time in 1966 defeating Partizan Belgrade 2–1 in the final with a team composed entirely of same nationality players, a first in the competition.[33] This team became known as the Yé-yé. The name "Yé-yé" came from the "Yeah, yeah, yeah" chorus in The Beatles' song "She Loves You" after four members of the team posed for Marca and impersonated the Beatles.[34] The Yé-yé generation was also European Cup runner-up in 1962 and 1964.[33] In the 1970s, Real Madrid won five league championships and three Spanish Cups.[35] The club played its first UEFA Cup Winners' Cup final in 1971 and lost to English side Chelsea 2–1.[36] On 2 July 1978, club president Santiago Bernabéu died while the World Cup was being played in Argentina. FIFA decreed three days of mourning to honour him during the tournament.[37] The following year, the club organized the first edition of the Trofeo Santiago Bernabéu in memory of its former president.

Quinta del Buitre and two Champions League titles (1980–2000)

By the early 1980s, Real Madrid had lost its grasp on the Liga title until a new cohort of home-grown stars brought domestic success back to the club.[38] Spanish sport journalist Julio César Iglesias gave to this generation the name La Quinta del Buitre ("Vulture's Cohort"), which was derived from the nickname given to one of its members, Emilio Butragueño. The other four members were Manuel Sanchís, Martín Vázquez, Míchel and Miguel Pardeza; all five footballers were graduates of Real Madrid's youth academy.[38] With La Quinta del Buitre (reduced to four members when Pardeza left for Zaragoza in 1986) and notable players like goalkeeper Francisco Buyo, right-back Miguel Porlán Chendo and Mexican striker Hugo Sánchez, Real Madrid had one of the best teams in Spain and Europe during the second half of the 1980s, winning two UEFA Cups, five Spanish championships in a row, one Spanish cup and three Spanish Super Cups.[38] In the early 1990s, La Quinta del Buitre split up after Martín Vázquez, Emilio Butragueño and Míchel left the club.

In 1996, President Lorenzo Sanz appointed Fabio Capello as coach. Although his tenure lasted only one season, Real Madrid was proclaimed league champion and players like Roberto Carlos, Predrag Mijatović, Davor Šuker and Clarence Seedorf arrived at the club to strengthen a squad that already boasted the likes of Raúl, Fernando Hierro, Iván Zamorano, and Fernando Redondo. As a result, Real Madrid (with the addition of Fernando Morientes in 1997) finally ended its 32-year wait for its seventh European Cup: in 1998, under manager Jupp Heynckes, they defeated Juventus 1–0 in the final with a goal from Predrag Mijatović.[39]

In 1999, lack of popularity with the fans and a fall out with Lorenzo Sanz resulted in Capello being sacked,[40] and Vicente del Bosque eventually taking over in November of that year. The squad was also largely different from the previous squad: the budding young talent of Raúl, Iker Casillas, Fernando Morientes and Guti being supported with the arrival of Steve McManaman and Nicolas Anelka from the English Premier League, alongside local talents Míchel Salgado, and Iván Helguera and the older veterans such as Fernando Hierro and Roberto Carlos. In del Bosque's first season in charge, Real won the European Cup/Champions League for the eight time, following a 3–0 victory over Valencia in the final with goals from Morientes, McManaman and Raúl.[41] This victory marked the beginning of a successful period in Real Madrid's history.[42]

Centenary and FIFA Club of the Century (2000–present)

Beckham (23) and Zidane (5) were considered Galácticos.

In July 2000, Florentino Pérez was elected club president.[43] He vowed in his campaign to erase the club's €270 million debt and modernize the club's facilities. However, the primary electoral promise that propelled Pérez to victory was the signing of Luís Figo from arch-rivals Barcelona.[44] The following year, the club had its training ground rezoned and used the money to begin assembling the Galácticos team by signing a global star every summer, which included Zinedine Zidane, Ronaldo, Luís Figo, David Beckham and Fabio Cannavaro.[45] It is debatable whether the gamble paid off, as despite winning the UEFA Champions League and an Intercontinental Cup in 2002, followed by La Liga in 2003, the club failed to win a major trophy for the next three seasons.[46]

The few days after the capturing of the 2003 Liga title were surrounded with controversy. The first controversial decision came when Pérez sacked winning coach Vicente del Bosque.[47] Over a dozen players left the club, including Madrid captain Fernando Hierro, while defensive midfielder Claude Makélélé refused to take part in training in protest at being one of the lowest-paid players at the club and subsequently moved to Chelsea.[48] "That's a lot [of players leaving] when the normal rule is: never change a winning team," stated Zidane.[49] Real Madrid, with newly appointed coach Carlos Queiroz, started their domestic league slowly after a hard win over Real Betis.[49]

The 2005–06 season began with the promise of several new signings: Júlio Baptista (€24 million), Robinho (€30 million) and Sergio Ramos (€27 million).[50] However, Real Madrid suffered from some poor results, including a 0–3 loss at the hands of Barcelona at the Santiago Bernabéu in November 2005.[51] Madrid's coach Wanderley Luxemburgo was sacked the following month and his replacement was Juan Ramón López Caro.[52] A brief return to form came to an abrupt halt after losing the first leg of the Copa del Rey quarterfinal, 6–1 to Real Zaragoza.[53] Shortly after, Real Madrid were eliminated from the Champions League for a fourth successive year, this time at the hands of Arsenal. On 27 February 2006, Florentino Pérez resigned.[54]

Real Madrid's players celebrate their 2008 Supercopa de España title win against Valencia.

Ramón Calderón was elected as club president on 2 July 2006 and subsequently appointed Fabio Capello as the new coach and Predrag Mijatović as the new sporting director. Real Madrid won the Liga title in 2007 for the first time in four years, but Capello was nonetheless sacked at the end of the campaign.[55] On 9 June 2007, Real played against Zaragoza at La Romareda. Zaragoza led Real 2–1 near the end of the match while Barcelona were also winning against Espanyol 2–1. A late Ruud van Nistelrooy equalizer followed by a last-minute Raúl Tamudo goal sprang Real Madrid's title hopes back into their favour.

The title was won on 17 June, where Real faced Mallorca at the Bernabéu while Barcelona and Sevilla, the other title challengers, faced Gimnàstic de Tarragona and Villarreal, respectively. At half-time, Real were 0–1 down, while Barcelona had surged ahead into a 0–3 lead in Tarragona; however, three goals in the last half-hour secured Madrid a 3–1 win and their first league title since 2003.[56] The first goal came from José Antonio Reyes, who scored after a good work from Gonzalo Higuaín. An own goal followed by another goal from Reyes allowed Real to begin celebrating the title.[56] Thousands of Real Madrid fans began going to Plaza de Cibeles to celebrate the title.[56]

Second Pérez term, and arrival of Cristiano Ronaldo (2009–2013)

Cristiano Ronaldo, the first player ever to score against every team in a single season in La Liga

On 1 June 2009, Florentino Pérez regained Real Madrid's presidency.[57] Pérez continued with the Galácticos policy pursued in his first term, buying Kaká from Milan for a record-breaking sum of £56 million,[58] and then breaking the record again by purchasing Cristiano Ronaldo from Manchester United for £80 million.[59]

José Mourinho took over as manager in May 2010.[60][61] In April 2011, a strange occurrence happened when, for the first time ever, four Clásicos were to be played in a span of just 18 days. The first fixture was for the Liga campaign on 17 April (which ended 1–1 with penalty goals for both sides), the Copa del Rey final (which ended 1–0 to Madrid) and the controversial two-legged Champions League semifinal on 27 April and 2 May (3–1 loss on aggregate) to Barcelona.[62]

In the 2011–12 La Liga season, Real Madrid won La Liga for a record 32nd time in the league's history, also finishing the season with numerous club-level records set, including 100 points reached in a single season, a total of 121 goals scored, a goal difference of +89 and 16 away wins, with 32 wins overall.[63] In the same season, Cristiano Ronaldo become the fastest player to reach 100 goals scored in Spanish league history. In reaching 101 goals in 92 games, Ronaldo surpassed Real Madrid legend Ferenc Puskás, who scored 100 goals in 105 games. Ronaldo set a new club mark for individual goals scored in one year (60), and became the first player ever to score against all 19 opposition teams in a single season.[64][65]

Real Madrid began the 2012–13 season winning the Supercopa de España, defeating Barcelona on away goals, but finished as second in the league competition. A major transfer of the season was signing from Tottenham Hotspur of Luka Modrić for a fee in the region of £33 million. In the Champions League, they were drawn in the "group of death" alongside Borussia Dortmund, Manchester City and Ajax, finishing second with three points behind Dortmund. In the round of 16, they defeated Manchester United, Galatasaray in the quarter-finals, and reached their third-straight semi-final finish in the Champions League, when they were again stopped by Dortmund. After a disappointing extra time loss to Atlético Madrid in the 2013 Copa del Rey Final, Pérez announced the departure of José Mourinho at the end of the season by "mutual agreement."[66][67]

Ancelotti, Zidane and three Champions League titles (2013–present)

"In the semi-finals we noticed the love from supporters in Marrakesh and it seemed like we were playing at home. That sums up the greatness of this team. Madrid is God's team and the team of the world."

–Sergio Ramos branded Real Madrid as the “God’s team” after he was questioned over Pope Francis’ adherence to 2014 FIFA Club World Cup Final opponents San Lorenzo.[68][69]

On 25 June 2013, Carlo Ancelotti succeeded Mourinho to become the manager of Real Madrid on a three-year deal.[70] A day later, he was introduced at his first press conference for Madrid where it was announced that both Zinedine Zidane and Paul Clement will be his assistants.[71] On 1 September 2013, the long-awaited transfer from Tottenham of Gareth Bale was announced. The transfer of the Welshman was reportedly the new world record signing, with the transfer price approximated at €100 million.[72] In Ancelotti's first season at the club, Real Madrid won the Copa del Rey, with Bale scoring the winner in the final against Barcelona.[73] On 24 May, Real Madrid defeated city rivals Atlético Madrid in the 2014 Champions League Final, winning their first European title since 2002,[74] and becoming the first team to win ten European Cups/Champions League titles, an achievement known as "La Décima".[75]

Real Madrid won a record twelfth European Cup in 2017, an achievement known as La Duodécima.

After winning the 2014 Champions League, Real Madrid signed goalkeeper Keylor Navas, midfielder Toni Kroos and attacking midfielder James Rodríguez.[76] The club won the 2014 UEFA Super Cup against Sevilla, the club's 79th official trophy.[77] During the last week of the 2014 summer transfer window, Real Madrid sold two players key in the previous season's successes—Xabi Alonso to Bayern Munich and Ángel Di María to Manchester United. This decision from the club was surrounded by controversy, with Cristiano Ronaldo stating, "If I was in charge, maybe I would have done things differently," while Carlo Ancelotti admitted, "We must start again from zero."[78][79]

After a slow start to the 2014–15 La Liga season, which included defeats to Atlético Madrid and Real Sociedad, Real Madrid went on a record-breaking 22-game winning streak, which included wins against Barcelona and Liverpool, surpassing the previous Spanish record of 18 successive wins set by Frank Rijkaard's Barça in the 2005–06 season.[80] The streak came to an end in their opening game of 2015 with a loss to Valencia, leaving the club two short of equalling the world record of 24 consecutive wins.[81] The club failed to retain the Champions League (losing to Juventus in the semi-finals) and the Copa del Rey, and also failed to land the league title (finishing two points and a place behind champions Barcelona), shortcomings that all preceded Ancelotti's sacking on 25 May 2015.[82]

On 3 June 2015, Rafael Benítez was confirmed as the new Real Madrid manager, signing a three-year contract.[83] Real Madrid remained unbeaten in the league until a 3–2 loss at Sevilla in the 11th matchday. This was followed by a 0–4 home loss in the first Clásico of the season against Barcelona. In the Copa del Rey Round of 32, Real fielded an ineligible player in Denis Cheryshev in a 1–3 first leg win away against Cádiz, resulting in the second leg being cancelled and Real being disqualified.[84]

Benítez was sacked on 4 January 2016, following allegations of unpopularity with supporters, displeasure with players and a failure to get good results against top sides.[85] At the time of sacking, Real were third in La Liga, four points behind leaders Atlético Madrid and two points behind arch-rivals Barcelona (with a game in hand).[86]

Coach Zinedine Zidane (right) with Real Madrid captain Sergio Ramos lifting the UEFA Champions League trophy in May 2016

On 4 January 2016, Benítez's departure was announced along with the promotion of Zinedine Zidane to his first head coaching role.[87] Zidane previously worked as assistant to Benítez's predecessor Carlo Ancelotti and, since 2014, had occupied the helm of reserve team Real Madrid Castilla.[87] Zidane's coaching debut for Madrid was marked by a 5–0 home victory over Deportivo in La Liga on 9 January 2016.[88] Under Zidane, Real ended up finishing in second place, just 1 point behind champions Barcelona, in the 2015–16 La Liga.[89] On 28 May, Real Madrid won their 11th Champions League title, extending their record for most successes in the competition, with the achievement being termed La Undécima.[90]

Real began their 2016–17 campaign, which was to be Zidane's first full season in charge of Real Madrid, with a 3–2 win over Sevilla to claim the 2016 UEFA Super Cup.[91] On 10 December 2016, Madrid won 3–2 against Deportivo de La Coruña, which was their 35th straight match without a loss, which set a new club record.[92] On 18 December 2016, Madrid defeated Japanese club Kashima Antlers 4–2 in the final of the 2016 FIFA Club World Cup.[93] With a 3–3 draw at Sevilla on 12 January 2017, Madrid's unbeaten run extended to 40, breaking FC Barcelona's Spanish record of 39 games unbeaten in all competitions from the previous season.[94] Their unbeaten streak ended, following a 1–2 away loss against Sevilla in La Liga three days later.[95] In May that year, Madrid won the 2016–17 La Liga for a record 33rd time, their first in five years.[96]

Coming in as defending champions, Real Madrid beat Napoli 6–2 on aggregate in the round of 16,[97][98] followed by a 6–3 aggregate win over Bayern in the quarter-finals,[99][100] and a 4–2 aggregate win over Atletico Madrid in the semi-finals.[101][102] The victory in the Champions League Final against Juventus resulted in Real Madrid being the first team to successfully defend their title in the Champions League era, and the first to win consecutive titles in the competition since A.C. Milan in 1989 and 1990, when the tournament was known as the European Cup. Real Madrid’s title was its 12th, extending its record, and its third in four years. The achievement is also known as La Duodécima.[103][104][105] The 2016–17 season was the greatest campaign in terms of trophies won in the history of Real Madrid, as the club attained four titles, a feat previously never achieved by Real.[106]

Crest and colours

Emblem

The first crest had a simple design consisting of a decorative interlacing of the three initials of the club, "MCF" for Madrid Club de Fútbol, in dark blue on a white shirt. The first change in the crest occurred in 1908 when the letters adopted a more streamlined form and appeared inside a circle.[109] The next change in the configuration of the crest did not occur until the presidency of Pedro Parages in 1920. At that time, King Alfonso XIII granted the club his royal patronage which came in the form of the title "Real Madrid," meaning "Royal."[110] Thus, Alfonso's crown was added to the crest and the club styled itself Real Madrid Club de Fútbol.[109]

With the dissolution of the monarchy in 1931, all the royal symbols (the crown on the crest and the title of Real) were eliminated. The crown was replaced by the dark mulberry band of the Region of Castile.[23] In 1941, two years after the end of the Civil War, the crest's "Real Corona", or "Royal Crown", was restored while the mulberry stripe of Castile was retained as well.[29] In addition, the whole crest was made full color, with gold being the most prominent, and the club was again called Real Madrid Club de Fútbol.[109] The most recent modification to the crest occurred in 2001 when the club wanted to better situate itself for the 21st century and further standardize its crest. One of the modifications made was changing the mulberry stripe to a more bluish shade.[109]

Home kit

1902–1911
1911–1925
1925–1926
1926–1931
1931–1954
1954–1955
1955–present

Real Madrid's traditional home colours are all white, although before its foundation, in the club's first game against themselves, they adopted a blue and a red oblique stripe on the shirt to differentiate the two teams (the club crest design has a purple stripe which is not associated to this. It was incorporated the year they lost the royal crown, as it the traditional region of Castile colour); but unlike today, black socks were worn. Lastly, the black socks will be replaced by dark blue ones.[22][111] Real Madrid has maintained the white shirt for its home kit throughout the history of the club. There was, however, one season that the shirt and shorts were not both white. It was an initiative undertaken by Escobal and Quesada in 1925; the two were traveling through England when they noticed the kit worn by London-based team Corinthian F.C., one of the most famous teams at the time known for its elegance and sportsmanship. It was decided that Real Madrid would wear black shorts in an attempt to replicate the English team, but the initiative lasted just one year. After being eliminated from the cup by Barcelona with a 1–5 defeat in Madrid and a 2–0 defeat in Catalonia, President Parages decided to return to an all-white kit, claiming that the other kit brought bad luck.[112] By the early 1940s, the manager changed the kit again by adding buttons to the shirt and the club's crest on the left breast, which has remained ever since. On 23 November 1947, in a game against Atlético Madrid at the Metropolitano Stadium, Real Madrid became the first Spanish team to wear numbered shirts.[29] English club Leeds United permanently switched their blue shirt for a white one in the 1960s, to emulate the dominant Real Madrid of the era.[113]

Real's traditional away colours are all blue or all purple. Since the advent of the replica kit market, the club has also released various other one colour designs, including red, green, orange and black. The club's kit is manufactured by Adidas, whose contract extends from 1998.[114][115] Real Madrid's first shirt sponsor, Zanussi, agreed for the 1982–83, 1983–84 and 1984–85 seasons. Following that, the club was sponsored by Parmalat and Otaysa before a long-term deal was signed with Teka in 1992.[116][117] In 2001, Real Madrid ended their contract with Teka and for one season and used the Realmadrid.com logo to promote the club's website. Then, in 2002, a deal was signed with Siemens Mobile and in 2006, the BenQ Siemens logo appeared on the club's shirt.[118] Real Madrid's shirt sponsor from 2007 until 2013 was bwin.com following the economic problems of BenQ Siemens.[119][120] It is currently Fly Emirates.

Kit manufacturers and shirt sponsors

Period Kit manufacturer Shirt partner
1980–1982 Adidas —
1982–1985 Zanussi
1985–1989 Hummel Parmalat
1989–1991 Reny Picot
1991–1992 Otaysa
1992–1994 Teka
1994–1998 Kelme
1998–2001 Adidas
2001–2002 Realmadrid.com*
2002–2005 Siemens mobile
2005–2006 Siemens
2006–2007 BenQ-Siemens
2007–2013 bwin
2013– Emirates
* Realmadrid.com appeared as shirt sponsor to promote the club's new website.

Grounds

Santiago Bernabéu
Capacity 81,044
Field size 107 m × 72 m (351 ft × 236 ft)[121]
Construction
Broke ground 27 October 1944
Opened 14 December 1947
Architect Manuel Muñoz Monasterio, Luis Alemany Soler, Antonio Lamela

After moving between grounds, the team moved to the Campo de O'Donnell in 1912, which remained its home ground for 11 years.[20] After this period, the club moved for one year to the Campo de Ciudad Lineal, a small ground with a capacity of 8,000 spectators. After that, Real Madrid moved its home matches to Estadio Chamartín, which was inaugurated on 17 May 1923 with a match against Newcastle United.[122] In this stadium, which hosted 22,500 spectators, Real Madrid celebrated its first Spanish league title.[22] After some successes, the 1943 elected president Santiago Bernabéu decided that the Estadio Chamartín was not big enough for the ambitions of the club, and thus a new stadium was built and was inaugurated on 14 December 1947.[29][123] This was the Santiago Bernabéu Stadium as it is known today, although it did not acquire the present name until 1955.[30] The first match at the Bernabéu was played between Real Madrid and the Portuguese club Belenenses and won by Los Blancos, 3–1, the first goal being scored by Sabino Barinaga.[29]

The capacity has changed frequently, peaking at 120,000 after a 1953 expansion.[124] Since then, there have been a number of reductions due to modernizations (the last standing places went away in 1998–99 in response to UEFA regulations which forbids standing at matches in the UEFA competition), countered to some extent by expansions.[124] The latest capacity is 81,044 spectators. A plan to add a retractable roof has been announced.[123] Real Madrid has the fourth-highest of the average attendances of European football clubs, behind only Borussia Dortmund, Barcelona and Manchester United.[125][126][127][128]

The Bernabéu has hosted the 1964 European Championship final, the 1982 FIFA World Cup final, the 1957, 1969 and 1980 European Cup finals and the 2010 Champions League Final.[129] The stadium has its own Madrid Metro station along the 10 line called Santiago Bernabéu.[130] On 14 November 2007, the Bernabéu has been upgraded to Elite Football Stadium status by UEFA.[131]

On 9 May 2006, the Alfredo Di Stéfano Stadium was inaugurated in the City of Madrid, where Real Madrid usually trains. The inaugural match was played between Real Madrid and Stade Reims, a rematch of the 1956 European Cup final. Real Madrid won the match 6–1 with goals from Sergio Ramos, Antonio Cassano (2), Roberto Soldado (2) and José Manuel Jurado. The venue is now part of the Ciudad Real Madrid, the club's new training facilities located outside Madrid in Valdebebas. The stadium holds 5,000 people and is Real Madrid Castilla's home ground. It is named after former Real legend Alfredo Di Stéfano.[132]

Records and statistics

Raúl is Real Madrid's all-time leader in appearances.

Raúl holds the record for most Real Madrid appearances, having played 741 first-team matches from 1994 to 2010. Iker Casillas comes second with 725 appearances, followed by Manuel Sanchis, Jr., having played 710 times.[133] The record for a goalkeeper is held by Iker Casillas, with 725 appearances. With 166* caps (162 while at the club), he is also Real's most capped international player while with 127 caps (47 while at the club).

Cristiano Ronaldo is Real Madrid's all-time top goalscorer.

Cristiano Ronaldo is Real Madrid's all-time top goalscorer, with 406 goals.[134][135] Five other players have also scored over 200 goals for Real: Alfredo Di Stéfano (1953–64), Santillana (1971–88), Ferenc Puskás (1958–66), Hugo Sánchez (1985–92) and the previous goalscoring record-holder Raúl (1994–2010). Cristiano Ronaldo also holds the record for the most league goals scored in one season (48 in 2014–15), alongside being Real's top goalscorer of all time in La Liga history with 285 goals. Di Stéfano's 49 goals in 58 matches was for decades the all-time highest tally in the European Cup, until it was surpassed by Raúl in 2005, which now is held by Cristiano Ronaldo with 105 goals. The fastest goal in the history of the club (12 seconds) was scored by the Brazilian Ronaldo on 3 December 2003 during a league match against Atlético Madrid.[136]

Officially, the highest home attendance figure for a Real Madrid match is 83,329, which was for a football cup competition, the Copa del Rey, in 2006. The current legal capacity of the Santiago Bernabéu is 80,354.[137] The club's average attendance in 2007–08 season was 76,234, the highest in European Leagues.[138] Real has also set records in Spanish football, most notably the most domestic titles (32 as of 2012–13) and the most seasons won in a row (five, during 1960–65 and 1985–90).[1] With 121 matches (from 17 February 1957 to 7 March 1965), the club holds the record for longest unbeaten run at home in La Liga.[139]

The club also hold the record for winning the European Cup/UEFA Champions League twelve times[140] and for the most semi-final appearances (28). As of April 2016, Cristiano Ronaldo is the all-time top scorer in the UEFA Champions League, with 98 goals in total, 82 while playing for Real Madrid. The team has the record number of consecutive participations in the European Cup (before it became the Champions League) with 15, from 1955–56 to 1969–70.[141] Among the club's on-field records is a 22-game winning streak in all competitions during the 2014–15 season, a Spanish record and fourth worldwide.[142] The same season the team tied the win-streak for games in the Champions League, with ten.[143] As of April 2017, holds the Spanish record of consecutive matches scoring in a row with 53, second best in European history.[144]

In June 2009, the club broke its own record for the highest transfer fee ever paid in the history of football by agreeing to pay Manchester United €96 million (US$131.5 million, £80 million) for the services of Cristiano Ronaldo.[145][146] The fee of €76 million (over $100 million, £45.8 million) for Zinedine Zidane's transfer from Juventus to Real Madrid in 2001 was the previous highest transfer fee ever paid. This record had been broken previously in June 2009, for a few days, when Real Madrid agreed to buy Kaká from Milan. The transfer of Tottenham Hotspur's Gareth Bale in 2013 was reportedly the new world record signing, with the transfer price expected at around €100 million.[72] In January 2016, documents pertaining to Bale's transfer were leaked which confirmed a world record transfer fee of €100,759,418.[147] The club's sale record came on 26 August 2014, when Manchester United signed Ángel Di María for €75 million.[148]

Support

The number of season tickets at the Bernabéu is capped at 65,000, with the remaining seats made available to the general public

During most home matches the majority of the seats in the stadium are occupied by season ticket holders, of which the figure is capped at 65,000.[149] To become a season ticket holder one must first be a socio, or club member. In addition to members, the club has more than 1,800 peñas (official, club-affiliated supporters' groups) in Spain and around the world. Real Madrid has the second highest average all-time attendance in Spanish football and regularly attracts over 74,000 fans to the Bernabéu. One of the best supported teams globally, Real Madrid was the first sports team (and first brand) to reach 100 million fans on Facebook in April 2017.[150][151]

Real Madrid's hardcore supporters are the so-called Ultras Sur supporters, or simply Ultras. They are known for their extreme right-wing politics, akin to Barcelona's hardcore supporters group Boixos Nois. The Ultras Surs have developed an alliance with other right wing groups, most notably Lazio Irriducibili fans, and have also developed an alliance with left-wing groups. On several occasions, they have racially abused opposing players and have been investigated by UEFA for doing so.[152][153] Florentino Pérez took it upon himself to ban the Ultras from the Bernabéu and assign their seats to the general public. This decision was controversial with some of the Bernabéu faithful, however, as the lively atmosphere of games would suffer as a result.[154][155] The Ultras have since held protests outside the Bernabéu and have demanded to be reinstated and allowed to enter the grounds.[156]

Rivalries

El Clásico

Barcelona players formed a guard of honour for Real Madrid as champions of the league.

There is often a fierce rivalry between the two strongest teams in a national league, and this is particularly the case in La Liga, where the game between Real Madrid and Barcelona is known as "The Classic" (El Clásico). From the start of national competitions, the clubs were seen as representatives of two rival regions in Spain, Catalonia and Castile, as well as of the two cities. The rivalry reflects what many regard as the political and cultural tensions felt between Catalans and the Castilians, seen by one author as a re-enactment of the Spanish Civil War.[157] Over the years, the record from Real Madrid and Barcelona is 81 victories for Madrid, 76 victories for Barcelona, and 39 draws.[158]

During the dictatorships of Primo de Rivera and especially of Francisco Franco (1939–1975), all regional cultures were suppressed. All of the languages spoken in Spanish territory, except Spanish (Castilian) itself, were officially banned.[159][160] Symbolising the Catalan people's desire for freedom, Barcelona became "More than a club" ("Més que un club") for the Catalans. According to Manuel Vázquez Montalbán, the best way for the Catalans to demonstrate their identity was by joining Barcelona. It was less risky than joining a clandestine anti-Franco movement, and allowed them to express their dissidence.[161]

On the other hand, Real Madrid was widely seen as the embodiment of the sovereign oppressive centralism and the fascist regime at management level and beyond– Santiago Bernabéu, the former club president for whom Real Madrid's stadium is named, fought on the Nationalist side during the Spanish Civil War.[162][163] During the war, however, members of both clubs, such as Josep Sunyol and Rafael Sánchez Guerra, suffered at the hands of Francoists.

During the 1950s, the rivalry was exacerbated further when there was a controversy surrounding the transfer of Alfredo Di Stéfano, who finally played for Real Madrid and was key to their subsequent success.[164] The 1960s saw the rivalry reach the European stage when they met twice in a controversial knock-out round of the European Cup, with Madrid receiving unfavourable treatment from the referee.[165][166] In 2002, the European encounter between the clubs was dubbed the "Match of The Century" by Spanish media, and Madrid's win was watched by more than 500 million people.[167]

El Derbi madrileño

Real Madrid supporters during the 2006 El Derbi madrileño match held at Santiago Bernabéu.

The club's nearest neighbour is Atlético Madrid, a rivalry being shared between fans of both football teams. Although Atlético was founded by three Basque students in 1903, it was joined in 1904 by dissident members of Madrid FC. Tensions escalated further after Atlético were merged with the football team of the Spanish airforce (and thus renamed Atlético Aviación), and in the 1940s, Atlético was perceived as the preferred team of Franco's regime before he revelled in Real's European success in the 1950s.[168][169] Furthermore, Real supporters initially came from the middle and upper classes while the Atlético supporters were drawn from the working class. Today, however, these distinctions are largely blurred. They met for the first time on 21 February 1929 in matchday three of the first League Championship at the former Chamartín. It was the first official derby of the new tournament, and Real won 2–1.[22]

The rivalry first gained international attention in 1959 during the European Cup when the two clubs met in the semi-final. Real won the first leg 2–1 at the Bernabéu while Atlético won 1–0 at the Metropolitano. The tie went to a replay, which Real won 2–1. Atlético, however, gained some revenge when, led by former Real Madrid coach José Villalonga, it defeated its city rivals in two successive Copa del Generalísimo finals in 1960 and 1961.[170]

Between 1961 and 1989, when Real dominated La Liga, only Atlético offered it any serious challenge, winning Liga titles in 1966, 1970, 1973 and 1977. In 1965, Atlético became the first team to beat Real at the Bernabéu in eight years. Real Madrid's record against Atlético in more recent times is very favorable.[171] A high point coming in the 2002–03 season, when Real clinched the La Liga title after a 0–4 victory at Atlético at the Vicente Calderón Stadium. Atlético's first win over its city rivals since 1999 came with the Copa del Rey win in May 2013. In 2013–14, Real and Atlético were finalists of UEFA Champions League, the first final which hosted two clubs from same city. Real Madrid triumphed with 4–1 in extra time.[172] On 7 February 2015, Real suffered their first defeat in 14 years at the Vicente Calderón, a 4–0 loss.[173] On 28 May 2016, Real and Atlético met again for the Champions League title in Milan which resulted in a win for Real Madrid via Penalty Shootout.[174]

European rivalry

Real Madrid and Bayern Munich are two of the most successful clubs in the UEFA Champions League/European Cup competition, Real winning twelve times and Bayern winning five times. Real Madrid versus Bayern is the match that has historically been played most often in the Champions League/European Cup with 24 matches (11 wins each, with 2 draws).[175] Real's biggest loss at home in the Champions League came at the hands of Bayern on 29 February 2000, 2–4.[176] Real Madrid supporters often refer to Bayern as the "Bestia negra" ("Black Beast"). In recent years, the two teams met in the 2011–12 Champions League semi-finals, which resulted in 3–3 on aggregate (Bayern won 3–1 on penalties after added extra time), then in the 2013–14 UEFA Champions League semi-finals with Real Madrid winning 5–0 on aggregate (and going on to win the finals of the competition),[177] and again in the 2016–17 UEFA Champions League quarter-finals, with Real Madrid winning 6–3 on aggregate, and subsequently winning that season's Champions League.[175]

Finances and ownership

It was under Florentino Pérez's first presidency (2000–2006) that Real Madrid started its ambition of becoming the world's richest professional football club.[178] The club ceded part of its training grounds to the city of Madrid in 2001, and sold the rest to four corporations: Repsol YPF, Mutua Automovilística de Madrid, Sacyr Vallehermoso and OHL. The sale eradicated the club's debts, paving the way for it to buy the world's most expensive players, such as Zinedine Zidane, Luís Figo, Ronaldo and David Beckham. The city had previously rezoned the training grounds for development, a move which in turn increased their value, and then bought the site.[46] The European Commission started an investigation into whether the city overpaid for the property, to be considered a form of state subsidy.[179]

The sale of the training ground for office buildings cleared Real Madrid's debts of €270 million and enabled the club to embark upon an unprecedented spending spree which brought big-name players to the club. In addition, profit from the sale was spent on a state-of-the-art training complex on the city's outskirts.[180] Although Pérez's policy resulted in increased financial success from the exploitation of the club's high marketing potential around the world, especially in Asia, it came under increasing criticism for being too focused on marketing the Real Madrid brand and not enough on the performances of the team.[49]

By September 2007, Real Madrid was considered the most valuable football brand in Europe by BBDO. In 2008, it was ranked the second-most valuable club in football, with a value of €951 million (£640 million / $1.285 billion),[181] only beaten by Manchester United, which was valued at €1.333 billion (£900 million).[182] In 2010, Real Madrid had the highest turnover in football worldwide.[183] In September 2009, Real Madrid's management announced plans to open its own dedicated theme park by 2013.[184]

A study at Harvard University concluded that Real Madrid "is one of the 20 most important brand names and the only one in which its executives, the players, are well-known. We have some spectacular figures in regard to worldwide support of the club. There are an estimated 287 million people worldwide who follow Real Madrid."[185] In 2010, Forbes evaluated Real Madrid's worth to be around €992 million (US$1.323 billion), ranking them second after Manchester United, based on figures from the 2008–09 season.[186][187] According to Deloitte, Real Madrid had a recorded revenue of €401 million in the same period, ranking first.[188]

Along with Barcelona, Athletic Bilbao and Osasuna, Real Madrid is organised as a registered association. This means that Real Madrid is owned by its supporters who elect the club president. The club president cannot invest his own money into the club[189] and the club can only spend what it earns, which is mainly derived through merchandise sales, television rights and ticket sales. Unlike a limited company, it is not possible to purchase shares in the club, but only membership.[190] The members of Real Madrid, called socios, form an assembly of delegates which is the highest governing body of the club.[191] As of 2010, the club has 60,000 socios.[192] At the end of the 2009–10 season, the club's board of directors stated that Real Madrid had a net debt of €244.6 million, €82.1 million lower than the previous fiscal year. Real Madrid announced that it had a net debt of €170 million after the 2010–11 season. From 2007 to 2011, the club made a net profit of €190 million.[193][194]

During the 2009–10 season, Real Madrid made €150 million through ticket sales, which was the highest in top-flight football.[193] The club has the highest number of shirt sales a season, around 1.5 million.[193] For the 2010–11 season its wage bill totalled €169 million, which was second-highest in Europe behind Barcelona.[195] However, its wage bill to turnover ratio was the best in Europe at 43 percent, ahead of Manchester United and Arsenal at 46 percent and 50 percent, respectively. In 2013, Forbes listed the club as the world's most valuable sports team, worth $3.3 billion.[7]

Real Madrid was the featured club in the second edition of the Goal! football movie trilogy, Goal! 2: Living the Dream... (2007). The film follows former Newcastle United star Santiago Muñez as he is first scouted, and then signed by Real Madrid for the 2005–06 season. The film's creators wanted to put emphasis on the changes in Muñez's life after his move to Madrid. Production was done with the full support of UEFA, allowing the film crew to use many real life players in cameo roles. Real Madrid squad members featured in the film included Iker Casillas, Zinedine Zidane, David Beckham, Ronaldo, Roberto Carlos, Raúl, Sergio Ramos, Robinho, Michael Owen, Míchel Salgado, Júlio Baptista, Steve McManaman and Iván Helguera. Non-Real Madrid players to make cameo appearances included Ronaldinho, Thierry Henry, Lionel Messi, Samuel Eto'o, Andrés Iniesta, Pablo Aimar, Fredrik Ljungberg, Cesc Fàbregas and Santiago Cañizares. In the film, both Florentino Pérez and Alfredo Di Stéfano presented the fictional player Muñez to the club after his signing.[196]

Real, The Movie is a 2005 part feature, part documentary film that showcases the worldwide passion for Real Madrid C.F. Produced by the club and directed by Borja Manso, it follows five sub-stories of fans from around the world and their love for Real Madrid. Along with the fictional portion of the film, it also contains real footage of the squad, during training at Ciudad Real Madrid, matches, and interviews. Although the film mentions all of the squad, it mainly focuses on galácticos such as David Beckham, Zinedine Zidane, Raúl, Luís Figo, Ronaldo, Iker Casillas, and Roberto Carlos, among others. The film was originally produced in Spanish, but has been dubbed for their worldwide fanbase.

The book White Storm: 100 years of Real Madrid by Phil Ball was the first English-language history of Real Madrid. Published in 2002, it talks about the most successful moments of the club during its first centenary, having been translated into various languages. In late 2011, Real Madrid released a digital music album, entitled Legends, and a remix of the club's anthem, "Himno del Real Madrid," was released as the first single from the album.[197]

Real Madrid TV

Real Madrid TV is an encrypted digital television channel, operated by Real Madrid and specialising in the club. The channel is available in Spanish and English. It is located at Ciudad Real Madrid in Valdebebas (Madrid), Real Madrid's training centre.

Hala Madrid

Hala Madrid is a magazine published quarterly for the Real Madrid club members and the Madridistas Fan Club card holders.[198] The phrase Hala Madrid, meaning "Forward Madrid" or "Go Madrid", is also the title of the club's official anthem, which is often sung by the Madridistas (the club's fans).[199] The magazine includes reports on the club's matches in the previous month, as well as information about the reserve and youth teams. Features often include interviews with players, both past and present, and the club's historic matches.[198]

Honours

Real Madrid C.F. honours
Type Competition Titles Seasons / Years
Domestic La Liga[200] 33 1931–32, 1932–33, 1953–54, 1954–55, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1960–61, 1961–62, 1962–63, 1963–64, 1964–65, 1966–67, 1967–68, 1968–69, 1971–72, 1974–75, 1975–76, 1977–78, 1978–79, 1979–80, 1985–86, 1986–87, 1987–88, 1988–89, 1989–90, 1994–95, 1996–97, 2000–01, 2002–03, 2006–07, 2007–08, 2011–12, 2016–17
Copa del Rey[200][201] 19 1905, 1906, 1907, 1908, 1917, 1934, 1936, 1946, 1947, 1961–62, 1969–70, 1973–74, 1974–75, 1979–80, 1981–82, 1988–89, 1992–93, 2010–11, 2013–14
Supercopa de España[200][202] 9 1988, 1989, 1990, 1993, 1997, 2001, 2003, 2008, 2012
Copa Eva Duarte 1 1947
Copa de la Liga[200] 1 1983–84
Continent European Cup / UEFA Champions League[200] 12 1955–56, 1956–57, 1957–58, 1958–59, 1959–60, 1965–66, 1997–98, 1999–2000, 2001–02, 2013–14, 2015–16, 2016–17
UEFA Cup[200][203] 2 1984–85, 1985–86
UEFA Super Cup[200] 4 2002, 2014, 2016, 2017
Worldwide Intercontinental Cup[200][204] 3† 1960, 1998, 2002
FIFA Club World Cup[200] 2 2014, 2016

Players

Spanish teams are limited to three players without EU citizenship. The squad list includes only the principal nationality of each player; several non-European players on the squad have dual citizenship with an EU country. Also, players from the ACP countries—countries in Africa, the Caribbean, and the Pacific that are signatories to the Cotonou Agreement—are not counted against non-EU quotas due to the Kolpak ruling.

Current squad

As of 22 July 2017[205]

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Position Player
1 Costa Rica GK Keylor Navas
2 Spain DF Dani Carvajal
3 Spain DF Jesús Vallejo
4 Spain DF Sergio Ramos (captain)[205]
5 France DF Raphaël Varane
6 Spain DF Nacho
7 Portugal FW Cristiano Ronaldo (3rd captain)
8 Germany MF Toni Kroos
9 France FW Karim Benzema (4th captain)
10 Croatia MF Luka Modrić
11 Wales FW Gareth Bale
12 Brazil DF Marcelo (vice-captain)[205]
No. Position Player
13 Spain GK Kiko Casilla
14 Brazil MF Casemiro
15 France DF Theo Hernández
17 Spain FW Lucas Vázquez
18 Spain MF Marcos Llorente
20 Spain MF Marco Asensio
21 Spain FW Borja Mayoral
22 Spain MF Isco
23 Croatia MF Mateo Kovačić
24 Spain MF Dani Ceballos
25 Spain GK Rubén Yáñez

Out on loan

Note: Flags indicate national team as defined under FIFA eligibility rules. Players may hold more than one non-FIFA nationality.

No. Position Player
— Portugal DF Fábio Coentrão (at Sporting CP until 30 June 2018)
— Austria DF Philipp Lienhart (at Freiburg until 30 June 2018)
— Norway MF Martin Ødegaard (at Heerenveen until 30 June 2018)
— Colombia MF James Rodríguez (at Bayern Munich until 30 June 2019)
— Brazil MF Lucas Silva (at Cruzeiro until 30 June 2018)
No. Position Player
— Uruguay MF Federico Valverde (at Deportivo La Coruña until 30 June 2018)
— Spain MF Aleix Febas (at Zaragoza until 30 June 2018)
— Spain MF Javi Muñoz (at Lorca until 30 June 2018)
— Paraguay FW Sergio Díaz (at Lugo until 30 June 2018)

Personnel

Current technical staff

Former player Zinedine Zidane is the current manager of the club.
Position Staff
Head coach Zinedine Zidane
Assistant coach David Bettoni
Assistant coach Hamidou Msaidie
Goalkeeping coach Luis Llopis
Fitness coach Antonio Pintus
Fitness coach Javier Mallo
Match delegate Chendo
  • Last updated: 12 June 2017
  • Source:[206]

Management

Spanish businessman Florentino Pérez is the current president of the club.
Position Staff
President Florentino Pérez
1st Vice-president Fernando Fernández Tapias
2nd Vice-president Eduardo Fernández de Blas
Secretary of the Board Enrique Sánchez González
Director General José Ángel Sánchez
Director of the President's Office Manuel Redondo
Director of the Social Area José Luis Sánchez

See also

Notes

    References

    1. 1 2 "Real Madrid Club de Fútbol" (in Spanish). Liga de Fútbol Profesional. Retrieved 22 February 2009.
    2. ↑ "Los vikingos arrasan Europa". Ligadecampeones.com. 23 November 1960. Retrieved 18 February 2013.
    3. 1 2 Luís Miguel González. "Pre-history and first official title (1900–1910)". Realmadrid.com. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
    4. ↑ "Real Madrid reveal £330m design for new Bernabeu stadium". BBC. Retrieved 1 November 2015
    5. ↑ "Deloitte Football Money League 2015" (PDF). Deloitte UK. Retrieved 22 January 2015.
    6. ↑ "The World's Most Valuable Soccer Teams". Forbes.
    7. 1 2 Badenhausen, Kurt (15 July 2013). "Real Madrid Tops The World's Most Valuable Sports Teams". Forbes. Retrieved 13 December 2013.
    8. ↑ Dongfeng Liu, Girish Ramchandani (2012). "The Global Economics of Sport". p. 65. Routledge,
    9. ↑ "Real Madrid 1960 – the greatest club side of all time". BBC. 23 May 2011. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
    10. ↑ "The great European Cup teams: Real Madrid 1955–60". The Guardian. 22 May 2013. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
    11. ↑ "Real Madrid 1955–1960". Football's Greatest. Retrieved 19 March 2015.
    12. ↑ "World Football: The 11 Most Successful European Clubs in History". Retrieved 22 January 2012.
    13. ↑ "The FIFA Club of the Century" (PDF). FIFA. 1 December 2000. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
    14. ↑ "FIFA Centennial Orders of Merit". FIFA. 20 May 2004. Retrieved 11 May 2017.
    15. ↑ "UEFA Team Ranking 2016". xs4all.nl. 1 December 2000. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
    16. ↑ "UEFA rankings for club competitions". UEFA. Retrieved 22 May 2017.
    17. ↑ "In what century was Real Madrid founded?" (in Spanish). CIHEFE. 16 November 2013. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
    18. ↑ Rowley, Christopher (2015). The Shared Origins of Football, Rugby, and Soccer. Rowman & Littlefield. ISBN 978-1-4422-4618-8.
    19. ↑ Ball, Phil p. 117.
    20. 1 2 "History — Chapter 1 – From the Estrada Lot to the nice, little O’Donnel pitch". Realmadrid.com. Archived from the original on 6 July 2008. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
    21. ↑ Luís Miguel González. "Bernabéu's debut to the title of Real (1911–1920)". Realmadrid.com. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
    22. 1 2 3 4 Luís Miguel González (28 February 2007). "A spectacular leap towards the future (1921–1930)". Realmadrid.com. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
    23. 1 2 Luís Miguel González. "The first two-time champion of the League (1931–1940)". Realmadrid.com. Retrieved 18 July 2008.
    24. ↑ "Real Madrid v Barcelona: six of the best 'El Clásicos'". The Daily Telegraph. London. 9 December 2011. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
    25. ↑ Aguilar, Paco (10 December 1998). "Barca – Much more than just a Club". FIFA. Archived from the original on 29 April 2008. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
    26. ↑ Ball, Phil (12 December 2003). Morbo: the Story of Spanish Football. WSC Books Ltd. ISBN 978-0-9540134-6-2.
    27. ↑ Spaaij, Ramn (2006). Understanding football hooliganism: a comparison of six Western European football clubs. Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. ISBN 978-90-5629-445-8. Retrieved 19 December 2011.
    28. 1 2 3 "De Franco, el Madrid, el Barca y otras mentiras de TV3". Diario Gol. Retrieved 25 November 2014
    29. 1 2 3 4 5 Luís Miguel González. "Bernabéu begins his office as President building the new Chamartín Stadium (1941–1950)". Realmadrid.com. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
    30. 1 2 3 Luís Miguel González. "An exceptional decade (1951–1960)". Realmadrid.com. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
    31. ↑ Matthew Spiro (12 May 2006). "Hats off to Hanot". uefa.com. Archived from the original on 20 May 2006. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
    32. ↑ "Regulations of the UEFA Champions League" (PDF). UEFA. Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 March 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2008.; Page 4, §2.01 "Cup" & Page 26, §16.10 "Title-holder logo"
    33. 1 2 Luís Miguel González. "The generational reshuffle was successful (1961–1970)". Realmadrid.com. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
    34. ↑ "Real Madrid History: 1961–1970". RealMadrid.com. Retrieved 1 October 2015
    35. ↑ "Trophy Room". Realmadrid.com. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
    36. ↑ "European Competitions 1971". RSSS. Retrieved 27 September 2008.
    37. ↑ "Santiago Bernabéu". Realmadrid.com. Retrieved 12 October 2008.
    38. 1 2 3 "The "Quinta del Buitre" era begins". Realmadrid.com. Retrieved 11 July 2008.
    39. ↑ "1991–2000 – From Raúl González to the turn of the new millennium". Realmadrid.com. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
    40. ↑ Marcotti, Gabriele (2008). Capello: The Man Behind England's World Cup Dream. Bantam Books. p. 291. ISBN 978-0-553-82566-4.
    41. ↑ "UEFA Champions League 1999/00 - History". UEFA. 24 May 2000. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
    42. ↑ "The unluckiest manager ever sacked?". BBC Sport. 24 June 2003. Retrieved 9 July 2017.
    43. ↑ "Florentino Pérez era" (in Spanish). Realmadrid.com. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
    44. ↑ "Figo's the Real deal". BBC Sport. 24 July 2000. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
    45. ↑ "2001 – present — Real Madrid surpasses the century mark". Realmadrid.com. Retrieved 5 December 2015.
    46. 1 2 "2001 – present — Real Madrid surpasses the century mark". Realmadrid.com. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
    47. ↑ "Real ditch Del Bosque". BBC Sport. 24 June 2003. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
    48. ↑ "Chelsea sign Makelele". BBC Sport. 1 September 2003. Retrieved 9 August 2014.
    49. 1 2 3 Lowe, Sid (2013). "Fear and Loathing in La Liga: The True Story of Barcelona and Real Madrid". p. 356-357. Random House,
    50. ↑ "Alberto Moreno angling for Real Madrid move". Marca. Retrieved 23 August 2014
    51. ↑ "Real Madrid 0–3 Barcelona". BBC Sport. 19 November 2005. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
    52. ↑ "Real Madrid sack coach Luxemburgo". BBC Sport. 4 December 2005. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
    53. ↑ "Real Madrid concede six in defeat". BBC Sport. 8 February 2006. Retrieved 26 July 2014.
    54. ↑ "Perez resigns as Madrid president". BBC Sport. 27 February 2006. Retrieved 7 January 2012.
    55. ↑ "Beckham's farewell cut short but he still departs a winner". theguardian.com. 18 June 2007. Retrieved 12 July 2008.
    56. 1 2 3 "Beckham bows out with La Liga title". BBC. Retrieved 16 August 2014
    57. ↑ "Perez to return as Real president". BBC Sport. 1 June 2009. Retrieved 3 June 2009.
    58. ↑ Wilson, Jeremy (7 June 2009). "Real Madrid to confirm world record £56m signing of Kaka". The Telegraph. Retrieved 13 February 2015.
    59. ↑ "Ronaldo completes £80m Real move". BBC. Retrieved 16 August 2014
    60. ↑ Tynan, Gordon (28 May 2010). "Mourinho to be unveiled at Madrid on Monday after £7m compensation deal". The Independent. London. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
    61. ↑ "Real Madrid unveil José Mourinho as their new coach". BBC Sport. 31 May 2010. Retrieved 31 May 2010.
    62. ↑ "Barcelona 1 – 1 Real Madrid (agg 3 – 1)". BBC. Retrieved 3 October 2014
    63. ↑ 2011–12 La Liga
    64. ↑ "Cristiano Ronaldo is fastest La Liga player to 100 goals". BBC Sport. 24 March 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
    65. ↑ "Jose Mourinho, Real Madrid earn vindication after La Liga conquest – La Liga News | FOX Sports on MSN". Msn.foxsports.com. 13 May 2012. Retrieved 19 August 2012.
    66. ↑ "Jose Mourinho: Real Madrid boss to leave next month". BBC. 20 May 2013.
    67. ↑ "Jose Mourinho: Real Madrid season worst of my career". BBC. 17 May 2013. Retrieved 17 May 2013.
    68. ↑ Staunton, Peter (19 December 2014). "Real Madrid are God's team - Ramos". Goal.com. Marrakesh, Morocco. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
    69. ↑ Navarrete, Lucas (19 December 2014). "Sergio Ramos: "Real Madrid is God's team"". Managing Madrid. euronews.com. Retrieved 25 April 2017. I believe in God and I respect the Pope. But this is football, after all. Real Madrid is God and the world's team.
    70. ↑ "Carlo Ancelotti named Real Madrid boss, Laurent Blanc joins PSG". BBC Sport. 25 June 2013. Retrieved 25 September 2013.
    71. ↑ Sharma, Rik (26 June 2013). "Ancelotti presented as new Madrid boss with former Chelsea coach Clement and Zidane as his assistants". Daily Mail. London. Retrieved 26 June 2013.
    72. 1 2 "Gareth Bale transfer". Daily Mirror. London. 1 September 2013. Retrieved 1 September 2013.
    73. ↑ Lowe, Sid (16 April 2014). "Real Madrid's Gareth Bale gallops past Barcelona to land Copa del Rey". The Guardian. Retrieved 30 April 2014.
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