Indotyphlops braminus

Indotyphlops braminus

Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Animalia
Phylum:	Chordata
Class:	Reptilia
Order:	Squamata
Suborder:	Serpentes
Family:	Typhlopidae
Genus:	Indotyphlops
Species:	I. braminus
Binomial name
*Indotyphlops braminus* (Daudin, 1803)
Synonyms
Eryx braminus Daudin, 1803 [Tortrix] Russelii Merrem, 1820 Typhlops braminus — Cuvier, 1829 Typhlops Russeli — Schlegel, 1839 Argyrophis truncatus Gray, 1845 Argyrophis Bramicus Gray, 1845 Eryx Bramicus — Gray, 1845 Tortrix Bramicus — Gray, 1845 Onychocephalus Capensis A. Smith, 1846 Ophthalmidium tenue Hallowell, 1861 T[yphlops]. (Typhlops) inconspicuus Jan, 1863 T[yphlops]. (Typhlops) accedens Jan, 1863 T[yphlops]. accedens — Jan & Sordelli, 1864 Typhlops (Typhlops) euproctus Boettger, 1882 Typhlops bramineus A.B. Meyer, 1887 Tortrix russellii — Boulenger, 1893 Typhlops russellii — Boulenger, 1893 Typhlops braminus — Boulenger, 1893 Typhlops accedens — Boulenger, 1893 Typhlops limbrickii Annandale, 1906 Typhlops braminus var. arenicola Annandale, 1906 [Typhlops braminus] var. pallidus Wall, 1909 Typhlops microcephalus F. Werner, 1909 Glauconia braueri Sternfeld, 1910 [Typhlops] braueri — Boulenger, 1910 Typhlopidae braminus — Roux, 1911 Typhlops fletcheri Wall, 1919 Typhlops braminus braminus — Mertens, 1930 Typhlops braminus — Nakamura, 1938 Typhlops pseudosaurus Dryden & Taylor, 1969 Typhlina (?) bramina — McDowell, 1974 Ramphotyphlops braminus — Nussbaum, 1980^[1] Indotyphlops braminus — Hedges et al., 2014^[2]

Indotyphlops braminus, commonly known as the brahminy blind snake^[3] and other names, is a nonvenomous blind snake species found mostly in Africa and Asia, but has been introduced in many other parts of the world. They are completely fossorial (i.e., burrowing) animals, with habits and appearance similar to earthworms, for which they are often mistaken, although close examination reveals tiny scales rather than the annular segments characteristic of true earthworms. The specific name is a latinized form of the word Brahmin, which is a caste among Hindus. No subspecies are currently recognized.^[3]

Description

R. braminus in East Timor

As adults, they measure 2.5–6.5 inches (6.4–16.5 cm) long. Their heads and tails are hard to differentiate, as they do not have a distinct head or neck. Unlike other species of snake, the head scales resemble the body scales. The eyes are not apparent, appearing as a pair of small dots under the head scales. The tip of the tail, however, has a small, pointed spur. Along their bodies are fourteen rows of dorsal scales. Coloration ranges from silver-gray, charcoal gray, or purple. Their bellies are often lighter than the rest of them, ranging from grayish to brown in color. In color, juveniles are similar to adults. ^[4]

The tiny eyes are covered with translucent scales, rendering these snakes almost entirely blind. The eyes cannot form images, but are still capable of registering light intensity.

Common names

I. braminus is variously known as brahminy blind snake (or brahminy blindsnake),^[3] flowerpot snake, common blind snake, island blind snake, and Hawaiian blind snake. The moniker "flowerpot snake" derives from the snake's incidental introduction to various parts of the world through the plant trade.

Geographic range

Found in Africa and Asia, it is an introduced species in many parts of the world, including Australia, the Americas, and Oceania. It is common throughout most of Florida now.^[5]

The vertical distribution is from sea level to 1,200 m in Sri Lanka and up to 1,500 m in Guatemala. The type locality given is "Vizagapatam" [India].^[1]

This is also the only snake reported from the Lakshadweep Islands.^[6]

R. braminus

Indigenous

In Africa, it has been reported in Senegal, Benin, Togo, Ivory Coast, Cameroon, Somalia, Zanzibar, Tanzania, Mozambique, South Africa (an isolated colony in Cape Town, also about eight have been found in Lephalale, Limpopo Province at the Medupi Power Station during construction), Madagascar, the Comoro Islands, Mauritius, the Mascarene Islands and the Seychelles.

In Asia, it occurs on Arabian Peninsula, Iran, Pakistan, Nepal, mainland India, the Maldives, the Lakshadweep Islands, Sri Lanka, Bangladesh, the Andaman Islands, the Nicobar Islands, Myanmar, Singapore, the Malay Peninsula, Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, Laos, Hainan, southern China, Hong Kong, Taiwan, and the Ryukyu Islands of Okinawashima and Miyakoshima.

In Maritime Southeast Asia, it occurs on Sumatra and nearby islands (the Riao Archipelago, Bangka, Billiton and Nias), Borneo, Sulawesi, the Philippines, Butung, Salajar, Ternate, Halmahera, Buru, Ceram, Ambon, Saparua, Java, Bali, Lombok, Sumbawa, Madura, Flores, Lomblen, Sumba, Timor, East Timor, Kai Island, the Aru Islands,^[7] New Guinea (Western Papua and Papua New Guinea), New Britain, and Bougainville Island.

It occurs in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, on Christmas Island.

Introduced

In Australia, it occurs in the Northern Territory near Darwin, and at the northern tip of Queensland.

In Oceania, it occurs on Palau, Guam, Fiji, Saipan, and the Hawaiian Islands.

In the Americas, it occurs in the United States (California, Florida, Louisiana, Massachusetts, and Texas), western and southern Mexico, and Guatemala, and on the Cayman Islands.

Habitat

Usually, they occur in urban and agricultural areas.^[4] These snakes live under ground in ant and termite nests. They are also found under logs, moist leaves, and humus in wet forest, dry jungle, and even city gardens. The distribution and survival of this group of snakes directly reflect soil humidity and temperature.^[6]

Feeding

Their diet consists of the larvae, eggs, and pupae of ants and termites.^[4]

Reproduction

This species is parthenogenetic and all specimens collected so far have been female. They lay eggs or may bear live young. Up to eight offspring are produced - all female and all genetically identical.^[4]

References

1 2 McDiarmid RW, Campbell JA, Touré TA. 1999. Snake Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference, Volume 1. Washington, District of Columbia: Herpetologists' League. 511 pp. ISBN 1-893777-00-6 (series). ISBN 1-893777-01-4 (volume).
↑ The Reptile Database. www.reptile-database.org.
1 2 3 "Ramphotyphlops braminus". Integrated Taxonomic Information System. Retrieved 30 August 2007.
1 2 3 4 Brahminy Blind Snake at the Florida State Museum of Natural History. Accessed 30 August 2007.
↑ U.Florida.edu—Herpetology: Ramphotyphlops braminus
1 2 Whitaker R. 1978. Common Indian Snakes: A Field Guide. Chennai: Macmillan India Limited. 154 pp. ISBN 978-0333901984.
↑ Aru Islands: requires confirmation according to McDowell, 1974:25

External links

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Indotyphlops braminus.

Ramphotyphlops braminus at the Reptarium.cz Reptile Database. Accessed 30 August 2007.
Image of Ramphotyphlops braminus at the Institute of Toxicology and Genetics. Accessed 30 August 2007.
Ramphotyphlops braminus at Snakes of Japan. Accessed 30 August 2007.
Ramphotyphlops braminus at WildHerps.com. Accessed 30 August 2007.
R. braminus at ThailandSnakes.com. Accessed 22 December 2014.

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