Rail transport in Thailand

Rail transport in Thailand

Operation
National railway SRT
Infrastructure company SRT
Major operators BTSC, BMCL
Statistics
Ridership ?
System length
Total 4,346 kilometres (2,700 mi)
Electrified 80.55 km (50.05 mi) (rapid transit)
High-speed 0 km (0 mi)
Track gauge
Main 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in)
1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
Metre gauge 4,346 kilometres (2,700 mi)
Standard gauge 80.55 km (50.05 mi) (rapid transit)
Electrification
Third rail 51.95 km (32.28 mi) (BTS Skytrain and MRT (Bangkok))
Overhead line 28.6 km (17.8 mi) (Suvarnabhumi Airport Link)
Features
No. tunnels 7
Tunnel length 3.626 km (2.253 mi)
Longest tunnel 1.352 km (0.840 mi) (Khun Tan Tunnel)
Longest bridge 0.442 km (0.275 mi) (Rama VI Bridge)
Highest elevation 578m (Khun Tan Railway Station)
Map

The railway network of Thailand is managed and operated by the State Railway of Thailand (SRT).

History

Interest in rail transport in Siam can be traced to when King Rama IV was given a gift of a model railway from Queen Victoria in 1855. The first railway line, 20 km in length, named the Paknam Railway between Bangkok–Samut Prakan began construction in July 1891 under a 50-year concession with a Danish company. Paknam Railway opened in 1894.[1] This railway line was electrified in 1925, made it into the first electric railway service of Southeast Asia. This railway line was decommissioned on 1 January 1957.

Royal State Railways of Siam (RSR) was found in 1890 at the same time with a construction of the Bangkok-Ayutthaya railway (71 km or 44 mi), the first part of the Northern Line, was started in 1891 and opened on 26 March 1895. The Thonburi-Phetchaburi line (150 km or 93 mi), later the Southern Line, opened on 19 June 1903.

The Northern Line was originally built as 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) standard gauge, but in September 1919 it was decided to standardize on 1,000 mm (3 ft 3 3⁄8 in) metre gauge and the Northern Line was regauged during the next ten years. On 1 July 1951, RSR changed its name to the present State Railway of Thailand (SRT).[2]

In 2005 SRT had 4,070 km (2,530 mi) of track, all of it metre gauge. Nearly all is single-track, although some important sections around Bangkok are double or triple-tracked and there are plans to extend this.

On 21 March 2015 Prime Minister Gen Prayut Chan-o-cha said that Thailand and China had signed a memorandum of understanding (MoU) in late-2014 on joint railway construction furthering Thailand's seven-year strategy on the development of transportation from 2015-2022. The MoU stipulates that a joint Thai-Chinese 1.435 metre standard-gauge rail network project bear fruit in 2018. Thailand is to be responsible for conducting environmental impact assessments and land expropriations. China is responsible for project design and construction. The project includes four routes: 133 km between Bangkok and Kaeng Khoi; 246.5 km between Kaeng Khoi and Map Ta Phut; 138.5 km between Kaeng Khoi and Nakhon Ratchasima; and 355 km from Nakhon Ratchasima to Nong Khai.[3]

Issues

The SRT has long been popularly perceived by the public as inefficient and resistant to change. Trains are usually late, and most of its equipment is old and poorly maintained. The worst financially performing state enterprise, the SRT consistently operates at a loss despite being endowed with large amounts of property and receiving large government budgets; it reported a preliminary loss of 7.58 billion baht in 2010.[4] Recurring government attempts at restructuring and/or privatization throughout the 2000s have always been strongly opposed by the union and have not made any progress.[5][6]

Only two percent or less of Thailand's freight is transported by rail, despite rail being roughly half the cost of road transport and cleaner environmentally.[7][8]

Operators

All intercity rail transportation is managed by the State Railway of Thailand, a government agency responsible for rail infrastructure investment as well as freight and passenger services.

In Bangkok, the Skytrain is operated by Bangkok Mass Transit System Public Company Limited (BTSC) under a concession granted by the Bangkok Metropolitan Administration (BMA) but the investment for the structure and system were fully supported by BTSC.

The underground system is operated by Bangkok Metro Company Limited (BMCL), while whole project investments were shared by Mass Rapid Transit Authorities (MRTA) and BMCL, which all civil structures was provided by government sector and the system was provided by private sector (BMCL). The deal of contract between BMCL and MRTA are under the concession agreement for 25 years operation.

Network

Second-class carriage of the State Railway of Thailand at Hua Lamphong Railway Station
A train belonging to the Northern Line of the State Railway of Thailand en route to Chiang Mai from Bangkok.
A OTOP tourist train belonging to the Southern Line of the State Railway of Thailand
First-class sleeping carriage of State Railway of Thailand at Hua Lamphong Railway Station
Second-class carriage of the State Railway of Thailand
Second-class sleeping carriage of the State Railway of Thailand
Second-class sleeping carriage of the State Railway of Thailand at Hua Lamphong Railway Station
A passenger car of the Northern Line of the State Railway of Thailand.
The bunk in a passenger car of the Northern Line of the State Railway of Thailand.

Thailand has 4,431 kilometres of metre gauge railway tracks not including mass transit lines in Bangkok. All national rail services are managed by the State Railway of Thailand. The four main lines are the Northern Line, which terminates in Chiang Mai, the Northeastern Line, which terminates at Ubon Ratchathani and the Lao border in Nong Khai Province, the Eastern Line, which terminates at the Cambodian border in Sa Kaeo Province, and the Southern Line, which terminates at the Malaysian border in Songkhla and Narathiwat Provinces.

Current lines

Description Established Length Stations

(including halts)

 Gauge Notes
Bangkok–Chiang Mai 1926 661 km (411 mi) 129 Metre gauge
Ban Dara–Sawankhalok 1910 29 km (18 mi) 3 Metre gauge
Bangkok–Ubon Ratchathani 1930 575 km (357 mi) 71

from Ban Phachi Junction

 Metre gauge
Bangkok–Nong Khai 1958 621 km (386 mi) 44

from Thanon Chira Junction

 Metre gauge
Nong Khai–Thanaleng, Laos 2009 6 km (3.7 mi) 2 Metre gauge
Kaeng Khoi–Bua Yai 1967 251 km (156 mi) 40 Metre gauge
Bangkok–Taling Chan 1903 22 km (14 mi) 8 Metre gauge
Thon Buri–Su-ngai Kolok 1921 1,144 km (711 mi) 204 Metre gauge
Hat Yai–Padang Besar, Malaysia 1918 45 km (28 mi) 4 Metre gauge
Khao Chum Thong–Nakhon Si Thammarat 1914 35 km (22 mi) 9 Metre gauge
Thung Song–Kantang 1913 93 km (58 mi) 6 Metre gauge
Ban Thung Pho–Khiri Rat Nikhom 1956 31 km (19 mi) 9 Metre gauge
Nong Pladuk–Nam Tok Sai Yok Noi (Burma Railway) 1944 130 km (81 mi) 29 Metre gauge
Nong Pladuk–Suphanburi 1963 78 km (48 mi) 7 Metre gauge
Bangkok–Aranyaprathet 1926 255 km (158 mi) 53 Metre gauge
Chachoengsao–Ban Phlu Ta Luang 1989 123 km (76 mi) 18 Metre gauge
Makkasan–Mae Nam 1909 3 km (1.9 mi) 2 Metre gauge Freight only
Chitralada - Urupong (Chitralada Triangular Junction) 1936 3 km (1.9 mi) 2 Metre gauge
Wongwian Yai–Mahachai (Maeklong Railway) 1904 33 km (21 mi) 18 Metre gauge
Ban Laem–Maeklong (Maeklong Railway) 1905 33 km (21 mi) 15 Metre gauge

Future lines

Description Length Gauge Start Commission
Den Chai–Chiang Rai 325 km (202 mi) Metre gauge 2014 2017
Ban Phai–Nakhon Phanom 368 km (229 mi) Metre gauge 2015 2018-2019
Khiri Rat Nikhom–Phuket 300 km (190 mi) Metre gauge 2016 2019
Chumphon–Satun N/A Metre gauge N/A N/A
Aranyaprathet–Poipet, Cambodia 6 km (3.7 mi) Metre gauge 2013(Fixed) 2015
Nam Tok–Thanbyuzayat, Myanmar (Burma Railway) 285 km (177 mi) Metre gauge 2012(planned)TBA(Fixed) 2020
Pak Bara Deep Sea Port–Songkhla 2 Deep Seaport ?? Metre gauge N/A N/A
Bangkok–Chiang Mai 715 km (444 mi) Standard Gauge N/A N/A

Defunct lines

Description Established Length Gauge Closed notes
Hat Yai–Songkhla 1913 30 km (19 mi) Metre gauge 1 July 1978 Began operations In 1913. In 1978 the Cabinet has approved the cancellation of Hat Yai–Songkhla lines, but preserve the railways. Now are being rebuilt again as the Songkhla-Pak Bara Port lines.
Nam Tok–Thanbyuzayat, Myanmar (Burma Railway) 25 December 1944 285 km (177 mi) Metre gauge ?? Its operations ended after World War II. In 2012 Thailand and Myanmar agreed to fix this line for high-speed rail. Another name of This line is Burma Railway or Death Railway.
Bangkok–Samut Prakan (Paknam Railway) 11 April 1893 21 km (13 mi) Narrow gauge 1960 It is the first railway in Thailand. Open in 1893, operated by Paknam Railway Co.Ltd. In 1943, It is operated by State Railway of Thailand. In 1960 the cabinet approved the closure of the Paknam Railway to make Rama IV road.
Bang Phlat–Bang Bua Thong (Bang Bua Thong Railway) 1909 ?? Narrow gauge 1943
Chumphon–Kraburi (Kra Isthmus Railway) 1943 90 km (56 mi) Metre gauge 1945 Constructed by the Imperial Japanese Army for transport across the Kra Isthmus. Demolished after the Second World War.
Bung Wai–Ban Pho Mun 1 August 1930 7 km (4.3 mi) Metre gauge 1954 Closed due to inconvenience of transport of goods
Nong Khai–Talat Nong Khai 1958 2 km (1.2 mi) Metre gauge 19 March 2008
Su-ngai Kolok–Rantau Panjang 1921 3 km (1.9 mi) Metre gauge ?? Closed due to increased tensions between SRT and KTM in operating cross-border rail services. There are plans to reopen the line.
Wongwian Yai–Pak Khlong San 1904 ?? Metre gauge 1 January 1961 Closed following Field Marshal Sarit Thanarat's cabinet agreement. Asphalt road paved on top of the existing tracks
Aranyaprathet–Poipet, Cambodia 1970 6 km (3.7 mi) Metre gauge 1974 Closed due to political tensions during the Communist Pol Pot rule. Currently being rebuilt
Ban Phlu Ta Luang–Sattahip Port 1989 11 km (6.8 mi) Metre gauge ??
Tha Ruea–Phra Phutthabat (Phra Phutthabat Railway) 1902 20 km (12 mi) Narrow gauge 1942 Operated by the Tha Ruea Company Limited. Closed due to regular derailments and huge financial losses.
Phetchaburi–Bang Thalu (Chao Samran beach Railway) 15 April 1921 15 km (9.3 mi) Narrow gauge 31 May 1923 Served as a supply route for King Vajiravudh's residence at Chao Samran Beach. Closed and demolished after relocation of residence to Mrigadayavan Palace
Hua Wai–Tha Tako 1940 53 km (33 mi) Metre gauge 1967
Wang Kaphi-Wang Kaphi Sugar Mill 1940 8 km (5.0 mi) Narrow gauge ?? Closed due to improved road links to the sugar mill.

Rail transport in Bangkok

In the late 1800s and early 1900s, King Rama V eagerly built a tram network for Bangkok by employing foreign engineers and technicians, especially Danish engineers. In fact, Bangkok had electric trams before Copenhagen. However, due to a lack of interest and maintenance the tram network was completely scrapped in 1968.

Greater Bangkok commuter rail

Rapid transit systems

Bangkok is currently served by three rapid transit systems: the BTS Skytrain, the MRT and the Airport Rail Link. Although proposals for the development of rapid transit in Bangkok had been made since 1975,[10] leading to plans for the failed Lavalin Skytrain, it was only in 1999 that the BTS finally began operation.

The BTS Skytrain
The M-Map details plans for additional rapid transit lines in Bangkok.

In addition to rapid transit and heavy rail lines, there have been proposals for several monorail systems, the most notable being a line linking Chulalongkorn University with Siam Square, to be funded by the BMA. In 2010 Grand Canal Land Company proposed a 600–800 metre line linking its properties on Rama IX Road with the Phra Ram 9 MRT Station, but failed to secure approval.[11][12]

The Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region has plans for the following rapid transit lines:

Primary lines
Commuter  SRT  Dark Red Line Thammasat–Maha Chai
 SRT  Light Red Line Sala Ya–Taling Chan–Hua Mak
Airport rail link  ARL  Airport Rail Link and extension Phaya Thai–Bang Sue–Don Mueang
Rapid transit  BTS  Light Green Line, extension of the BTS Sukhumvit Line Lam Luk Ka–Saphan Mai–Mo Chit–On Nut–Bearing–Samut Prakan–Bang Pu
 BTS  Dark Green Line, extension of the BTS Silom Line Yot Se–Taksin Bridge–Bang Wa
 MRT  Blue Line, extension of the MRT Blue Line Bang Sue–Tha Phra, Hua Lamphong–Bang Khae–Phutthamonthon Sai 4
 MRT  Purple Line Bang Yai–Rat Burana
 MRT  Orange Line Taling Chan–Min Buri
Feeder lines
Monorail  MRL  Pink Line Khae Rai–Pak Kret–Min Buri
 MRL  Yellow Line Lat Phrao–Samrong
 MRT  Brown Line Khae Rai–Bueng Kum
 MRL  Grey Line Watcharaphon–Rama IX Bridge
 MRL  Light Blue Line Din Daeng–Sathon
AGT  MRL  Gold Line Krung Thonburi–Wat Anongkaram

Development is divided into three stages, in addition to those lines already open or under construction:[13]

overview as of November 2016
In service 110.29 kilometres (68.53 mi) 19.43%
Under construction 128.84 kilometres (80.06 mi) 22.71%
Planned* 567.34 kilometres (352.53 mi) 100.00%

Note: * Exclude BMA Monorail

Rolling stock

State Railway of Thailand

BTS Skytrain

Rolling stock of BTS Skytrain

The BTS Skytrain uses two variations of Electric Multiple Unit rolling stock. All operate on 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in) track gauge (standard gauge). All trains have 4 doors on each side per car, an air-conditioning unit, and LCD monitors for public announcement and advertising. The power supply for all trains is at 750 V DC from the third rail.

Bangkok MRT

The MRT Purple Line Train.

The Bangkok MRT consists of two lines: the Blue Line and Purple Line: each train consists of two motor cars and a centre trailer car.[14]

Rolling stock of SRT Airport Rail Link

Siemens supplied nine Desiro Class 360/2 trainsets. The only significant difference from the UK units is a much larger air-conditioning pod on the roof, providing extra power to cope with the Thai climate. City services is operated by five three-car trains, and the Express services by four trainsets with a fourth car for check-in baggage. The first trains left Germany in September 2007, and testing in Bangkok began in March 2008.[15] On 15 May 2012 the Thai Cabinet approved a budget of 5.2 billion baht for the SRT to order 7 new, 4 car sets of Siemens Desiro rolling stock to be delivered by 2014.[16] However, as of June 2013 no order for new rolling stock had yet been placed. The Ministry of Transport was considering purchasing cheaper Chinese (CNR) or Spanish (CAF) rolling stock which would require changing the Siemens closed signalling system to an open system.[16]

Infrastructure

Tracks

Khun Tan Tunnel, Khun Tan Railway Station
MRT Purple Line under construction in December 2013

Most existing SRT lines use metre gauge, although standard gauge is used of rapid transit lines. As of 2013, approximately 4,346 km (2,700 mi) of track was in use throughout Thailand:

Railway stations

About 450 stations.[17]

Bridges

About 1,000 bridges.[18]

Level crossings

The Thai rail network has 2,624 level crossings nationwide (2016). Many have no crossing barriers, making them common and frequent sites of accidents.[19]

Tunnels

There are seven railway tunnels in Thailand, amounting to a total length of 3.63 km (2.26 mi).

Level crossings

The Thai rail network has 2,624 level crossings nationwide (2016). Many have no crossing barriers, making them frequent sites of accidents.[20]

Signalling

SRT uses colour light signals and semaphore signal

Future Plans

Mass transit routes in Bangkok are also set to be expanded. Excluding the already under construction extensions to the Skytrain, the Bangkok Metropolitan Government is planning a northern as well as western expansion of the Skytrain. The Central Government, through the State Railway of Thailand and Mass Rapid Transit Authority of Thailand are also planning to build several new rapid transit routes.

The Thai Government also has double tracking projects including a double tracking project in the works between Laem Chabang deep sea port and the Lad Krabang ICD. Also, in line with the Government's policy of reducing overall logistics costs in Thailand, there are plans to completely double track all the main lines in the country as well as upgrade track quality. The Government is also mulling a restructuring of the State Railway of Thailand and granting operating concessions to private freight operators. An international rail link has opened to Vientiane in Laos via Nong Khai and the Thai-Lao Friendship Bridge. The 6 km 'missing link' on the Eastern line between Aranyaphratet and Poipet (Cambodia) is also being rebuilt with construction starting in late 2013 for completion in 900 days.[21]

New SRT lines

There are also plans to construct new railway routes:

Thailand high-speed railways

Thailand high-speed rail
Overview
Type High-speed rail
Status Preliminary
Operation
Operator(s) State Railway of Thailand
Technical
Track gauge 1,435 mm (4 ft 8 1⁄2 in)
Operating speed 250 km/h (155 mph) max

In October 2010, the Thai parliament approved initial proposals for a high speed rail (HSR) network. Five lines capable of handling 250 km/h speeds would radiate from Bangkok.[22]

In March 2013, the transport minister revealed that only one company would be selected to run all high-speed train routes, scheduled to be operational between 2018 and 2019.[23] The first 86 km section from Bang Sue to Ayuthaya was planned to be tendered in late-2013. However, a seven-month-long political crisis involving the dissolution of parliament and an annulled February 2014 election culminated in a military coup in May 2014. Subsequently, in July 2014 the new military administration deferred all HSR plans until the next civilian government is installed.

Following the military coup of May 2014 and his elevation to the office of prime minister, Gen Prayut Chan-o-cha proposed connecting Bangkok to two popular resort cities, Pattaya and Hua Hin, by high-speed rail. The Transport Ministry's Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning had earlier conducted studies on both routes. They assumed that, for the Bangkok-Pattaya line, trains would run through Chachoengsao, Chonburi, and Pattaya, terminating in Rayong, a total distance of 193.5 km. Construction costs were estimated at 152 billion baht with an economic internal rate of return (EIRR) of 13 percent. Construction would take about 54 months. The route to Hua Hin would be 209 km in length with an investment cost of about 98 billion baht and EIRR of 8.1 percent. The office concluded that these routes would be of little interest to private investors due to the high investment required, coupled with a low rate of return.[24]

Bangkok–Chiang Mai Shinkansen

Japan has proposed Shinkansen technology for a high-speed rail link between Bangkok and the northern city of Chiang Mai.

In August 2016, according to the Transport Minister Arkom Termpittayapaisith, Thailand and Japan discussed a high-speed train to link Bangkok and Chiang Mai. Japan agreed to use the Shinkansen as its bullet train model.[25]

Sino-Thai railways

China's dream is to construct a 3,000 km railway from Kunming to Singapore, traversing Laos, Thailand, and Malaysia. That plan is in jeopardy in the near-term.[26]

In November 2014, Thailand and China signed a memorandum of understanding agreeing to construct the Thai portion of the transnational railway running from Kunming, China to the Gulf of Thailand. In November 2015, both parties agreed to a division of labour. Under the framework, a joint venture would be set up to run the project. China would conduct feasibility studies, design the system, construct tunnels and bridges, and lay track. Thailand would conduct social and environmental impact studies, expropriate land for construction, handle general civil engineering and power supply, and supply construction materials.

Once built, China would operate and maintain the system for the first three years of operation. Between the third and the seventh years, both countries would share responsibility. Later Thailand would take on responsibility with China as adviser. China would train Thai personnel to operate and maintain the system.

Dual standard-gauge tracks would be laid throughout the project. In Thailand, two routes would diverge at a junction in Kaeng Khoi District in Saraburi Province. One to connect Bangkok to Kaeng Khoi. The other route to connect Kaeng Khoi with Map Ta Phut of Rayong Province. From Kaeng Khoi tracks would lead north to Nakhon Ratchasima and on to Nong Khai Province. Construction would be divided into four sections: Bangkok-Kaeng Khoi, Map Ta Phut-Kaeng Khoi, Kaeng Khoi-Nakhon Ratchasima, Nakhon Ratchasima-Nong Khai.

Construction of Thailand's 873-kilometre-long portion of the railway system was expected to start in mid-2016 and take three years. It would connect to a 417 km line from Vientiane to the northern Lao border and a 520 km line from the Lao border to Kunming.[27] Both the Thai and Lao portions of the route are on hold due to conflicts with the Chinese over funding and land disbursements.[26]

High-speed routes

High-speed corridor Route Speed (km/h) Length (km) Network Projected operation Status
Bangkok–Phitsanulok high-speed railway Bangkok–Ayutthaya–Phitsanulok 250 384 Japan 2021 (est.) Proposed[28]
Phitsanulok–Chiang Mai high-speed railway Phitsanulok–Uttaradit–Lampang–Chiang Mai 250 292 Japan Unknown Proposed[28]
Bangkok–Nakhon Ratchasima high-speed railway Bangkok–Ayutthaya–Saraburi–Nakhon Ratchasima 250 250 China 2019 (est.) Construction start Sep 2016[29]
Nakhon Ratchasima–Vientiane railway Nakhon Ratchasima–Khon Kaen–Udon Thani–Nong Khai–Vientiane Unknown 380 China Unknown Planning Stage
Bangkok–Hua Hin high-speed railway Bangkok–Nakhon Pathom–Ratchaburi–Phetchaburi–Hua Hin 250 211[30] Thai privatized Unknown EIA awaiting approval[30]
Bangkok–Rayong high-speed railway Bangkok–Chachoengsao–Chonburi–Rayong 250 193.5[30] Thai privatized 2021 (est.) EIA underway[30]

See also

References

  1. ↑ "Trains in Siam". Railway Wonders of the World. 22 November 1935. Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  2. ↑ "Railway of Thailand History". State Railway of Thailand (SRT). Retrieved 14 July 2016.
  3. ↑ Promlerd, Paparorn; Niamvanichkul, Nodhwarang (2015-03-21). "Thai-Chinese standard-gauge rail network will be in use by 2018, PM says". National News Bureau of Thailand (NNT). Retrieved 22 Mar 2015.
  4. ↑ Chantanusornsiri, Wichit (23 January 2012). "State railway to finally account for assets and liabilities". Bangkok Post.
  5. ↑ Mahitthirook, Amornrat; Marukatat, Saritdet (22 December 2010). "Getting on track needs strong political will". Bangkok Post.
  6. ↑ Bowring, Philip (23 October 2009). "Thailand's Railways: Wrong Track". Asia Sentinel. Asia Sentinel. Retrieved 22 August 2012.
  7. ↑ Janssen, Peter (2 November 2016). "Thailand takes a long-term gamble on Isaan region". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 3 November 2016.
  8. ↑ Janssen, Peter (23 January 2017). "Thailand's expanding state 'threatens future growth'". Nikkei Asian Review. Retrieved 23 January 2017.
  9. ↑ "Neighbours to the west get closer | Bangkok Post: news". Bangkok Post. 2012-02-28. Retrieved 2012-08-13.
  10. ↑ Rujopakarn, Wiroj (October 2003). "Bangkok transport system development: what went wrong?". Journal of the Eastern Asia Society for Transportation Studies. 5: 3302–15.
  11. ↑ "Developer puts Bangkok on track for nation's first monorail". Bangkok Post. March 7, 2010. Retrieved December 25, 2011.
  12. ↑ โมโนเรลแกรนด์คาแนลส่อวืด. Thansettakij (in Thai) (2628). 21–23 April 2011. Archived from the original on 19 April 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
  13. ↑ ความก้าวหน้าโครงการ. Mass Rapid Transit Master Plan in Bangkok Metropolitan Region website (in Thai). Office of Transport and Traffic Policy and Planning. Retrieved 16 January 2012.
  14. ↑ "Bangkok's first underground metro open". International Railway Journal. July 2004. Retrieved 2008-08-30.
  15. ↑ "Bangkok Desiro deliveries begin". Railway Gazette International. September 10, 2007.
  16. 1 2 "แอร์พอร์ตลิงก์ชงบอร์ดซื้อรถใหม่ 7 ขบวน 4.2พันล้าน เตรียมเข็นล็อตแรกปี′57". ประชาชาติธุรกิจ. 16 May 2012. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  17. ↑ Railway stations in Thailand
  18. ↑ "Railway bridges in Thailand records (Thai)".
  19. ↑ Mahitthirook, Amornrat (2016-04-05). "SRT eyes rail crossing danger spots". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  20. ↑ Mahitthirook, Amornrat (2016-04-05). "SRT eyes rail crossing danger spots". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 5 April 2016.
  21. ↑ "คมนาคมเร่งโปรเจ็กต์ ทางรถไฟเชื่อม"เขมร" หนุนการค้า-ท่องเที่ยว". ประชาชาติธุรกิจ. 2013-05-26. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  22. ↑ "Thailand to negotiate with China on high-speed proposal". International Railway Journal. 2010-10-30. Archived from the original on 1 November 2010. Retrieved 2010-10-30.
  23. ↑ "Transport Minister: One firm will run all high-speed train routes". Thai Financial Post. 2013-03-21. Archived from the original on 2 February 2014.
  24. ↑ "Difficulty in implementing high-speed train to resort provinces". Mass Communication Organization of Thailand (MCOT). 2015-02-14. Retrieved 15 Feb 2015.
  25. ↑ Mahitthirook, Amornrat (2016-08-07). "Thailand plumps for Japanese bullet train model". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 2016-08-09.
  26. 1 2 "China's Silk Road ambitions face obstacles". Bangkok Post. Reuters. 5 Jun 2016. Retrieved 6 June 2016.
  27. ↑ Jikkham, Patsara (2015-11-17). "Sino-Thai railway responsibilities set". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 18 November 2015.
  28. 1 2 Mahitthirook, Amornrat (2016-06-24). "Japan splits up high-speed rail plan". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  29. ↑ "Construction of Bangkok-Nakhon Ratchasima high speed train to begin in Sept". National News Bureau of Thailand. 16 June 2016. Retrieved 15 July 2016.
  30. 1 2 3 4 Theparat, Chatrudee (9 Jun 2016). "High-speed rail routes chosen for PPP fast track". Bangkok Post. Retrieved 15 July 2016.

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