Radial tire

A cross-section of a tire. Number 12 indicates the radial-ply. Numbers 14 and 16 are bias-plies.

A radial tire (more properly, a radial-ply tire) is a particular design of vehicular tire. In this design, the cord plies are arranged at 90 degrees to the direction of travel, or radially (from the center of the tire). Radial tire construction climbed to 100% market share in North America, following Consumer Reports finding the superiority of the radial design in 1968.^{[1] [2]}

History

First car designed with radial tires standard from launch: 1948 Citroën 2CV

First American car fitted with radial tires standard: 1970 Lincoln Continental Mark III

Radial Tire Structure

The first radial tire designs were patented in 1915 by Arthur W. Savage, a tire manufacturer (1915-1919), and inventor in San Diego, CA.^[3][4] Savage's patents expired in 1949.

Michelin in France designed, developed, patented, and commercialized the radial tire.^[5] There is no evidence that Michelin had knowledge of Arthur Savage's earlier work. The first Michelin X radial tire for cars was developed in 1946 by Michelin researcher Marius Mignol.^[5] Michelin owned the leading automaker Citroën, so it was quickly able to introduce its new design, including on the new 1948 Citroën 2CV model.^[6] In 1952, Michelin developed a radial truck tire.^[7]

Because of its significant advantages in durability and fuel economy,^[8] this technology spread quickly in Europe and Asia in the 1950s and 1960s.^[5][9][1]

In 1968, Consumer Reports, an influential American magazine, acknowledged the superiority of the radial tire design, documenting its longer tread life, better steering characteristics, and less rolling resistance, which increases gas mileage.^[10][11]

In 1970, Ford Motor Company produced the first American-made vehicle with radial tires as standard equipment, Michelin tires fitted to the Lincoln Continental Mark III.^[12]

In 1974, Charles J. Pilliod, Jr., the new CEO of Goodyear Tire and Rubber Company, faced a major investment decision regarding retooling for the radial tire, following the 1973 oil crisis. Despite heavy criticism at the time, Pilliod invested heavily in new factories and tooling to build the radial tire.^[13] Today, only Goodyear, Cooper, Titan and Specialty Tires of America remain independent among US tire manufacturers, and the radial has a market share of 100%.^[1] Sam Gibara, who headed Goodyear from 1996 to 2003, has noted that without the action of Pilliod, Goodyear "wouldn't be around today." ^[13]

In 1974, Leopoldo Pirelli created the wide radial tire in Italy, upon a request from the Lancia rally racing team for a tire sufficiently strong enough to withstand the power of the new Lancia Stratos. At that time, racing tires were either slick tires made with the cross ply technique (very wide tires with a reduced sidewall height), or radial tires, which were too narrow to withstand the Stratos' power and did not provide enough grip. Both were unusable for the Lancia Stratos, as the radials were destroyed within 10 km, and the slicks too stiff. Lancia asked Pirelli for a solution, and in the succeeding year Pirelli also made a wide tire with a reduced sidewall height like a slick, but with a radial structure.

Radial technology is now the standard design for essentially all automotive tires.^[1]

Bias tires are still used on trailers due to their weight carrying ability and resistance to swaying when towed.^[14]

For aircraft, the transition is happening more slowly - tires are certified along with the airframe. A radial has less material in the sidewall, so it weighs less, runs cooler and lasts longer.^[15] For smaller planes, bias tires afford more stability at higher speeds and have stronger sidewalls.^[16]

Construction

A series of plies of cord reinforces a tire. Without this, a tire would be flexible and weak. The network of cords that gives the tire strength and shape is called the carcass. Since the 1960s, all common tires have a carcass of cords of polyester, steel, or other textile materials, inlaid with several layers of rubber.

In the past, the fabric was built up on a flat steel drum, with the cords at angles of about +60 and −60 degrees from the direction of travel, so they criss-crossed over each other. They were called cross ply or bias ply tires. The plies were turned up around the steel wire beads and the combined tread/sidewall applied. The green (uncured) tire was loaded over a curing bladder and shaped into the mold. This shaping process caused the cords in the tire to assume an S-shape from bead to bead. The angle under the tread, the crown angle, stretched down to about 36 degrees. In the sidewall region the angle was 45 degrees, and in the bead it remained at 60 degrees. The low crown angle gave rigidity to support the tread and the high sidewall angle gave comfort. To increase strength, the manufacturer would increase the number of plies, and the heat buildup in the tire.^[17]

By comparison, radial tires lay all of the cord plies at 90 degrees to the direction of travel (that is, across the tire from lip to lip). This design avoids having the plies rub against each other as the tire flexes, reducing the tire's rolling friction. This allows vehicles with radial tires to achieve better fuel economy than with bias-ply tires. It also accounts for the slightly "low on air" (bulging) look that radial tire sidewalls have, especially when compared to bias-ply tires.

With only radial cords, a radial tire would not be sufficiently rigid at the contact with the ground. To add further stiffness, the entire tire is surrounded by additional belts oriented closer to the direction of travel, but usually at some "spiral" angle. These belts can be made of steel (hence the term steel-belted radial), polyester, or Aramid fibers such as Twaron or Kevlar.

In this way, low radial tires separate the tire carcass into two separate systems:

• The radial cords in the sidewall allow it to act like a spring, giving flexibility and ride comfort.
• The rigid steel belts reinforce the tread region, giving high mileage and performance.

Each system can then be individually optimized for best performance.

Application

Radial tires have different characteristics of springiness from those of bias-ply tires, and a different degree of slip while steering. A benefit was that cars could now be made lighter because they would not have to make up for the deficiencies of bias-ply tires.^[18]

However, motorists were not accustomed to the feel, hence the suspension systems of cars had to be modified. Ford Motor Company engineer Jack Bajer experimented in the 1960s on a Ford Falcon, by giving it less tight steering, and adding both isolators to the drive shaft and bushings to the suspension, the latter being to absorb the thump of riding over asphalt expansion joints in a concrete roadway. Radial tires have occasionally found application on bicycles, used on the 1980s Miyata touring bicycle; models 1000 and 610,^[19] and more recently in 2009 on the Maxxis Radiale.^[20] Panaracer radial tires were also standard on the Jamis Gentry model bicycle in 1985.

The steel wires in radial tires become magnetized with use, so as they rotate, an alternating magnetic field is created. It is quite measurable with an EMF meter close to the wheel well when the wheel is rotating, and is rich in harmonics up to several hundred hertz.

Features

The advantages of radial tires over bias ply tires:^[21]

• Flexible sidewalls
• Reduced fuel consumption due to less rolling resistance
• A softer ride because of the layout of the tire's plies and because of the flex of the sidewalls more stable contact with the road service.
• Steel Belted – Results in tougher overall construction
• Longer Tread Life
• Wider Footprint
• Less ground compaction and damage
• Reduction in tire replacement due to less heat generated by the tire.^[22]
• Reduced machine maintenance costs.

See also

• Firestone 500 Radial tread separation/recall

References

External links

• Michelin AG - Comparison of Bias vs Radial
• ClassicCar.com: Usage of Radial and Bias-ply Tires on Older Vehicles