Chagres River
| Chagres River (Spanish: Río Chagres) | |
 The Chagres River as seen from the highway between Panama City and Colon | |
| Country | Panama |
|---|---|
| Source | |
| - location | Chagres National Park, Panamá Province, Panama |
| - coordinates | 9°24′N 79°17′W / 9.400°N 79.283°W |
| Mouth | |
| - location | Chagres, Colón Province, Panama |
| - coordinates | 9°19′N 80°0′W / 9.317°N 80.000°WCoordinates: 9°19′N 80°0′W / 9.317°N 80.000°W |
| Length | 120 mi (193 km), east to west [1] |
| Basin | 1,259.5 sq mi (3,262 km2) |
The Chagres River (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈtʃaɣɾes]), in central Panama, is the largest river in the Panama Canal's watershed.[2] The river is dammed twice, and the resulting reservoirs—Gatun Lake and Lake Alajuela—form an integral part of the canal and its water system. Although the river's natural course runs northwest into the Caribbean Sea, its waters also flow, via the canal's locks, into the Gulf of Panama to the south, entitling the Chagres to the unusual claim of drainage into two oceans.
Upper Chagres River to Madden Dam
The upper Chagres River, its watershed, and the watershed of several tributaries lie within the Chagres National Park, created in 1985 to preserve the flow of water into the canal. The terrain of the upper Chagres watershed is rugged, with its mountain slopes exceeding 45 degrees in 90 percent of its territory.[3] Some 98 percent of the park consists of old-growth tropical forest.[2]
The upper Chagres and its seven tributaries flow into Lake Alajuela (formerly Madden Lake), the reservoir created by the Madden Dam. As these rivers contribute 45 percent of the total water for the canal,[4] the lake is an essential part of the watershed of the canal zone. The lake has a maximum level of 76 metres (250 ft) above sea level, and can store one third of the canal's annual water requirements for the operation of the locks. Unlike Gatun Lake, Lake Alajuela is not part of the navigational route, so there are fewer restrictions on its water level. Water from the reservoir is also used to generate hydroelectric power and to supply Panama City's fresh water.
Gatun Dam and Gatun Lake
At 3.2 kilometres (2.0 mi) from the river's mouth lies the Gatun Dam, which created Gatun Lake and provides hydroelectricity. Created in 1913 by the damming of the Chagres River, Gatun Lake is an essential part of the Panama Canal, which forms a water passage between the Atlantic Ocean and the Pacific Ocean, permitting ship transit in both directions. The lake is essential to the canal's water supply, as it provides the millions of gallons of water at the high level needed for the locks to function correctly. The lake is also part of the navigational canal and provides drinking water for Panama City and Colon.
At the time it was formed, Gatun Lake was the largest man-made lake in the world. The impassable rainforest around Gatun Lake has been the best defense of the Panama Canal. Today, these areas have endured practically unscathed by human interference and are one of the few accessible areas on earth that various native Central American animal and plant species can be observed undisturbed in their natural habitat. World famous Barro Colorado Island, which was reserved for scientific study when the lake was formed and is today operated by the Smithsonian Institution, is the largest island on Gatun Lake. Many of the most important groundbreaking scientific and biological discoveries of the tropical animal and plant kingdom originated here. Gatun Lake encompasses approximately 470 square kilometres (180 sq mi), a vast tropical ecological zone part of the Atlantic Forest Corridor, and eco-tourism on Gatun Lake has become a worthwhile industry for Panamanians.
Angling is one of the primary recreational pursuits on Gatun Lake. It is suspected that the Cichla pleiozona species of peacock bass was introduced by accident to Gatun Lake by a Panamanian aquarist and doctor in 1958. Locally called Sargento, these bass are not a native game fish of Panama but originate from the Amazon, Rio Negro, and Orinoco River basins of South America, where they are called Tucanare or Pavon and are considered a premier game fish. Since 1958, the Cichla pleiozona species has flourished and become the dominant game fish in Gatun Lake. It hits topwater lures, subsurface lures imitating bait fish, and a variety of fly patterns, and when hooked they fight energetically. They are unusual for preferring to feed during daylight hours.
History
The commander Diego Cueto and his helmsman, Pedro de Umbria, visited the region in 1506.[5]
The Chagres River was explored in 1527 by Hernando de la Serna, who founded the town of Chagres at its mouth and built the fortress of San Lorenzo. Goods were transported on foot from Panama City to the town of Cruces on the rio Chagres, and from there by sailboats on the river all the way to its mouth. This path, called Camino de Cruces, was very popular until the 18th century.
Henry Morgan traveled the Chagres River to attack Panama City in 1670–71.
It wasn't until the late 19th century that attention was once again focused on the river, this time as part of the planning of the Panama Canal. The Chagres River is the Panama Canal's chief source of water.
The river's upper basin is covered by dense tropical forests. To protect that ecosystem, Panama created Chagres National Park in 1985.
References
- ↑ Peter L. Weaver and Gerald P. Bauer. "The San Lorenzo Protected Area: A Summary of Cultural and Natural Resources" (PDF). United States Department of Agriculture Forest Service, International Institute of Tropical Forestry. p. 63. Archived from the original (PDF) on 10 July 2007. Retrieved 1 November 2012.
- 1 2 Building Knowledge Bridges for a Sustainable Water Future (PDF), Panama City, Panama: UNESCO, 2011, p. 168, retrieved July 27, 2012
- ↑ Building Knowledge Bridges for a Sustainable Water Future (PDF), Panama City, Panama: UNESCO, 2011, p. 44, retrieved July 27, 2012
- ↑ Fundación Parque Nacional Chagres. "Parque Nacional Chagres: Hidrología". Archived from the original on 9 May 2012. Retrieved 28 July 2012.
- ↑ http://www.pananole.org/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=92&Itemid=2 FSU Panama's student newspaper, The Pananole, July 2008
Further reading
- The Chagres: River of Westward Passage by John Easter Minter (part of the Rivers of America Series. Rinehart & Company; 1948)