List of Syrian monarchs

The region of Syria

The title King of Syria and Queen of Syria appeared in the second century BC in referring to the Seleucid kings who ruled the entirety of the region of Syria. It was also used to refer to Aramean kings in the Greek translations of the Old Testament; mainly indicating the kings of Aram-Damascus.

Following the defeat of the (Ottoman Empire) in World War I, the region came under the rule of France, United Kingdom and prince Faisal of Hejaz who was proclaimed King of Syria on 8 March 1920. Faisal's reign lasted a few months before he was overthrown by France and the title fell out of use.

Kings and Queens of Syria

Background

The term Syria was first applied by Herodotus in the 5th century BC to indicate a region generally extending between Anatolia and Egypt.[1][2] With the advent of the Hellenistic period, Greeks and their Seleucid dynasty used the term "Syria" to designate the region between the Mediterranean and the Euphrates.[3] The usage of the name in referring to the region during the Iron Age (ended 586 BC) is a modern practice.[1][4]

Seleucid dynasty

The Seleucid king Antiochus III the Great defeated the Ptolemaic Kingdom in the Battle of Panium (200 BC); he annexed the Syrian lands controlled by Egypt and united them with his Syrian lands, thus gaining control of the entirety of Syria.[5] Starting from the 2nd century BC, ancient writers, such as Polybius and Posidonius, began referring to the Seleucid ruler as the king of Syria.[6][7] The evidence for this title's usage by the kings is provided by the inscription of Antigonus son of Menophilus, who described himself as the "admiral of Alexander, king of Syria" (Alexander refers either to Alexander I Balas or Alexander II Zabinas).[7]

Portrait Monarch
(and lifespan)		 Reign Consort
(and tenure)		 Parents, co-regents, and notes
Antiochus III the Great
(c. 241–187 BC)		 200–187 BC Laodice III
(200–187 BC)
Euboea
(191–187 BC)
  • Son of Seleucus II Callinicus and Laodice II.[8][9] He appointed his eldest son Antiochus, who preceded him in death, as co-king.[note 1]</ref>[10]
  • Antiochus III's second wife is attested in the hostile work of Polybius and the story is debated.[note 2] Seleucid monarchs did not engage in polygamy and even the most hostile accounts, aside from the propagandistic work of Polybius, do not accuse Antiochus III with the act.[11] Paul J. Kosmin suggests a solution for the problem of Antiochus' second wife; according to Polybius, Euboea was a name given by Antiochus to his second wife and it is the name of her island.[11] Hence, in the view of Kosmin, by marrying this girl, Antiochus signified that he was marrying the island which the girl became its symbol.[11]</ref>[11]
Seleucus IV Philopator
(c. 218–175 BC)		 187–175 BC Laodice IV
(187–175 BC)
  • Son of Antiochus III and Laodice III.[12] He married Laodice IV, his brother Antiochus' widow.[13]
Antiochus
(c. 180–170 BC)		 175–170 BC
  • Son of Seleucus IV and Laodice IV.[14] The minister Heliodorus held real power,[14] then Antiochus was made co-king by his uncle Antiochus IV.[note 3] Heliodorus might have killed Seleucus IV,[14] before being removed by Antiochus IV who kept his nephew as co-king before killing him in 170 BC.[15]</ref>[15]
Antiochus IV Epiphanes
(c. 215–164 BC)		 175–164 BC Laodice IV
(c. 175–c. 164 BC)
  • Son of Antiochus III and Laodice III.[16] Married his brother's widow.[13]
Antiochus V Eupator
(172–161 BC)		 164–162 BC Unmarried
  • Son of Antiochus IV Epiphanes and possibly Laodice IV.[17] His regent Lysias held actual power.[18]
Demetrius I Soter
(187–150 BC) 		162–150 BC
Alexander I Balas
( -145 BC)		 150–145 BC Cleopatra Thea
(150–145 BC)
  • Claimed to be a son of Antiochus IV.[22][23] He could have been an illegitimate son of Antiochus by a concubine named Antiochis.[note 4][25]
Demetrius II Nicator
( –125 BC)		 145–138 BC
(first reign)		 Cleopatra Thea
(145-138 BC)
  • Son of Demetrius I and possibly Laodice V.[26]
  • First reign; Ptolemy VI Philometor of Egypt divorced his daughter Cleopatra Thea from Alexander I and married her to Demetrius.[22]
Antiochus VI Dionysus
(148 BC-142/141 BC)		 144–142/141 BC
  • Son of Alexander I and Cleopatra Thea.[27] Was proclaimed king against Demetrius II by general Diodotus Tryphon who held actual power and eventually killed Antiochus.[note 5] However, the last coins struk in Antiochus' name date to the year142/141 BC indicating that he was murdered around that time.[28]</ref>[27]

Non-dynastic

Diodotus Tryphon who opposed Demetrius II by raising Antiochus VI to the throne killed his protege and declared himself king ruling until 138 when the Seleucids unified Syria again.[22]

Portrait Monarch
(and lifespan)		 Reign Consort
(and tenure)		 Parents, co-regents, and notes
Diodotus Tryphon
( -138 BC)		 142/141-138 BC
  • Last coins date to 138 BC but his reign might have lasted into early 137 BC.[29]

Seleucid dynasty

Portrait Monarch
(and lifespan)		 Reign Consort
(and tenure)		 Parents, co-regents, and notes
Antiochus VII Sidetes
( -129 BC)		 138–129 BC Cleopatra Thea
(138-129 BC)
  • Son of Demetrius I and possibly Laodice V.[30] Married his brother's wife after Demetrius II was captured by the Parthians.[22]
Demetrius II Nicator
( –125 BC)		 129–125 BC
(second reign)		 Cleopatra Thea
(129–125 BC)
  • Was released by the Parthians and regained his throne and wife following Antiochus VII's death in a battle against Parthia.[22]
Antiochus VIII Grypus
( -96 BC)		 128 BC
(first reign)
  • Son of Demetrius II and Cleopatra Thea.[31] He was elevated as king by his mother in an attempt to establish her authority.[32]
Alexander II Zabinas
( -123 BC)		 128–123 BC
  • Claimed to be of Seleucid heritage.[note 6][33] Declared himself king in opposition to Demetrius II.[34]

Ptolemaic dynasty

Portrait Monarch
(and lifespan)		 Reign Consort
(and tenure)		 Parents, co-regents, and notes
Cleopatra Thea
(c. 165-121 BC)		 125-121 BC
  • Daughter of Ptolemy VI and Cleopatra II of Egypt.[35]
  • Cleopatra Thea assumed power in her own right; she abandoned her husband Demetrius II and arranged his murder in 125 BC.[31]

Seleucid dynasty

Portrait Monarch
(and lifespan)		 Reign Consort
(and tenure)		 Parents, co-regents, and notes
Seleucus V Philometor
( -125 BC)		 125 BC
  • Son of Demetrius II and Cleopatra Thea.[36]
  • He declared himself king following his father's murder against the wishes of his mother who killed him.[37]
Antiochus VIII Grypus
( -96 BC)		 125-96 BC
(second reign)		 Tryphaena
(124-111 BC)
Cleopatra Selene I
(103-96 BC)
  • Due to the discontent arising from her becoming a queen regnant, Cleopatra Thea elevated Antiochus VIII as co-king.[note 7] he married Tryphaena who was murdered in 111 BC by Antiochus IX.[38][39] By 103 BC, he married Tryphaena's sister Cleopatra Selene I.[40]</ref>[41]
Antiochus IX Cyzicenus
( -95 BC)		 114–95 BC Cleopatra IV
(114-112 BC)
Cleopatra Selene I
(96-95 BC)
  • Son of Antiochus VII and Cleopatra Thea.[39]
  • He rose against Antiochus VIII with the help of Cleopatra IV.[42]
Antiochus VIII died in 96 BC and Antiochus IX followed him in 95 BC;[43] the country became embroiled in a civil war in which Antiochus VIII's five sons and the descendants of Antiochus IX fought between themselves.[44] The chronology of all those monarchs is problematic and is specially vague regarding Seleucus VI's successors.[45]
Demetrius III Eucaerus
( -88 BC)		 96–88 BC
Seleucus VI Epiphanes
( -94/93 BC)		 96–94/93 BC
  • Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena.[21] Defeated Antiochus IX but was soon killed.[47]
Antiochus X Eusebes
( -92)		 95–92 BC Cleopatra Selene I
(95–92 BC)
  • Son of Antiochus IX and a first wife whose name is lost.[21]
  • Avenged his father and killed Seleucus VI.[note 8][46] He married his step-mother.[49]
Antiochus XI Epiphanes
( -93 BC) 		94–93 BC
  • Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena.[21] Killed by Antiochus X.[50]
Philip I Philadelphus
( -83 BC) 		94–84/83 BC
  • Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena.[21] Took the throne with his twin Antiochus XI.[note 9][50]
Antiochus XII Dionysus
( -84 BC)		 87–84/83 BC
  • Son of Antiochus VIII and Tryphaena.[21] Ruled only in Damascus.[53]
Tigranes II, the king of Armenia, invaded Syria; the year of the invasion is up to debate and is traditionally given as 83 BC based on the account of Appian.[51] The date of the invasion might actually be later, around 74 BC.[54] The Armenian king was forced by the Romans to evacuate Syria in 69 BC.[55]
Seleucus VII Philometer
( -c. 58 BC)		 83–69 BC Unmarried during reign
Antiochus XIII Asiaticus
( -64 BC)		 69–64 BC
Philip II Philoromaeus
( -64 or 56 BC)		 65–64 BC Unmarried

Antonia dynasty

Name
(and lifespan)		 Reign Consort Notes
Ptolemy Philadelphus
(36-29 BC)		 34-31 BC Unmarried

Hashemite dynasty

Royal standard of the king of Syria

Following the partitioning of the Ottoman Empire in the aftermath of World War I, Faysal bin Hussein of the House of Hashim was proclaimed King of the Kingdom of Syria on 8 March 1920 in Damascus, following the Arab revolt against the Ottomans of 1916–1918.

His accession was not recognized by France or the United Kingdom who became the new imperial powers in the region, and on 23 July 1920, the French moved 9,000 troops towards Damascus, resulting in the Battle of Maysalun. Faisal was expelled from Syria on 25 July and went into exile in the United Kingdom. On 10 August, the Treaty of Sèvres divided the region into League of Nations mandates governed by France and the United Kingdom.

Portrait Name
(and lifespan)		 Reign Consort
(and reign)		 Notes
Faisal
(20 May 1885-8 Sept 1933)		 8 Mar 1920 – 24 July 1920 Huzaima bint Nasser
(8 March 1920 – 24 July 1920)

Biblical usage for Aramean kings

In the first translation of the Old Testament into Greek written during the third century BC (called the Septuagint),[61] Aram and Arameans were often translated as Syria and the Syrians;[62][63] hence the king was referred to as the king of Syria,[64] or the king of the Syrians,[65] and this was carried on by many English translations.[62] Aram in the Hebrew Old Testament and Syria in the translation indicated the kingdom of Aram-Damascus most of the times.[62][66] Occasionally, other Aramean regions were also referred to as Syria;[61][66] an example is the character known as "the Syrian of Paddan Aram, the sister of Laban the Syrian" where Syria does not designate Aram-Damascus but rather Paddan Aram in Mesopotamia.[67][68]

According to W. Edward Glenny, the rendering of Aram by Syria might be explained by an anti-Syrian bias, since at the time of the translation, Syria belonged to the Seleucids; the Jews' main enemy. Aram-Damascus was the Jews' enemy during its Iron Age prime in the 9th century BC.[69]

Aramean kings referred to as "kings of Syria"

Portrait Name Reign Notes
Rezon the Syrian 10th century BC Equated by 19th century scholars with another Biblical figure: Hezion.[70] Known only from the Old Testament.[71]
Ben-Hadad I Known only from the Old Testament.[72]
Ben-Hadad II Equated by many Biblical scholars with Adad-Idri who was mentioned in Assyrian sources.[72]
Hazael c. 842–800 BC[73]
Ben-Hadad III The only king mentioned by the name "Ben-Hadad" both in the Old Testament and extra biblical sources.[72]
Rezin 750s-733 BC Known in Assyrian inscription as Raqyan.[74]

See also

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Monarchs of Syria.

Notes

  1. ↑ Antiochus son of Antiochus III was made co-king in 209 BC and died in 193 BC.<ref name='FOOTNOTEGera1998[https://books.google.com/books?id=KDaM1XPv3zYC,<span>,&,</span>,pg=PA283 283]'>Gera 1998, p. 283.
  2. ↑ There is no reason to believe that Laodice III fell from grace as she survived her husband and was honoured throughout his and his successors reigns.<ref name='FOOTNOTEKosmin2014[https://books.google.com/books?id=9UWdAwAAQBAJ,<span>,&,</span>,pg=PA137 137]'>Kosmin 2014, p. 137.
  3. ↑ Antiochus was a child of 4 or 5 years when he ascended the throne.<ref name='FOOTNOTECook2004[https://books.google.com/books?id=vIWZDOzfik0C,<span>,&,</span>,pg=PA220 220]'>Cook 2004, p. 220.
  4. ↑ Appian called Balas Alexandros Nothos (Alexander the bastard); this bastardy could have been the reason for the doubts ancient writers showed regarding Alexander's paternity.[24]
  5. ↑ Josephus placed Antiochus' murder after the end of Demetrius II's first reign and Diodorus Siculus placed the usurpation of Diodotus Tryphon in the consular year 138 BC.<ref name='FOOTNOTEAtkinson2016[https://books.google.com/books?id=SrfMDAAAQBAJ,<span>,&,</span>,pg=PA41 41]'>Atkinson 2016, p. 41.
  6. ↑ Alexander fabricated a genealogy that presented him as the son of Alexander I Balas according to Poseidonius, or the adopted son of Antiochus VII according to Justin.[33]
  7. ↑ In 124/123 BC,<ref name='FOOTNOTEBrijder2014[https://books.google.com/books?id=x-zoBQAAQBAJ,<span>,&,</span>,pg=PA60 60]'>Brijder 2014, p. 60.
  8. ↑ His reign might have actually ended in 89/88 BC.[48]
  9. ↑ Philip's death date is unknown but traditionally assumed to be the year 84 or 83 BC.[51] Although there is a possibility that he ruled until 75 BC.[52]

References

Citations

  1. 1 2 Trevor Bryce (2009). The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: From the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire. p. 680. ISBN 9780415394857.
  2. ↑ Herodotus; George Rawlinson (1862). History of Herodotus, Volume 1. p. 126.
  3. ↑ Daniel Pipes (1992). Greater Syria: The History of an Ambition. p. 13. ISBN 9780195363043.
  4. ↑ Margreet L. Steiner; Ann E. Killebrew (2014). The Oxford Handbook of the Archaeology of the Levant: c. 8000-332 BCE. p. 94. ISBN 9780191662546.
  5. ↑ Kosmin 2014, p. 122.
  6. ↑ Nigel Wilson (2013). Encyclopedia of Ancient Greece. p. 652. ISBN 9781136788000.
  7. 1 2 Kosmin 2014, p. 112.
  8. ↑ Bunbury 1872, p. 719.
  9. ↑ Alten 2017, p. 27.
  10. ↑ Gera 1998, p. 283.
  11. 1 2 3 4 Kosmin 2014, p. 137.
  12. ↑ Vehlow 2013, p. 145.
  13. 1 2 Ogden 2017, p. 241.
  14. 1 2 3 Gera 1998, p. 110.
  15. 1 2 Gera 1998, p. 115.
  16. ↑ Georganas 2016, p. 106.
  17. ↑ Iossif & Lorber 2007, p. 68.
  18. ↑ Hazel 2002, p. 20.
  19. 1 2 Hoover 2000, p. 107.
  20. ↑ Hazel 2002, p. 73.
  21. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Chrubasik 2016, p. XXIV.
  22. 1 2 3 4 5 Kosmin 2014, p. 22.
  23. ↑ Chrubasik 2016, p. 162.
  24. ↑ Wright 2011, p. 43.
  25. ↑ Ogden 1999, pp. 45-46.
  26. ↑ Atkinson 2016, p. 29.
  27. 1 2 Hazel 2002, p. 21.
  28. ↑ Atkinson 2016, p. 41.
  29. ↑ Atkinson 2016, p. 43.
  30. ↑ Hoover 2000, p. 108.
  31. 1 2 Atkinson 2012, p. 114.
  32. ↑ Houghton 1993, pp. 88.
  33. 1 2 Shayegan 2003, p. 96.
  34. ↑ Kosmin 2014, p. 23.
  35. ↑ Burstein 2007, p. 78.
  36. ↑ Schürer 2014, p. 133.
  37. ↑ Mcauley 2017, p. 90.
  38. ↑ Whitehorne 2002, p. 165.
  39. 1 2 Downey 2015, p. 129.
  40. ↑ Whitehorne 2002, p. 166.
  41. ↑ Atkinson 2012, p. 114, 115.
  42. ↑ Whitehorne 2002, p. 165, 167.
  43. ↑ Whitehorne 2002, p. 167.
  44. ↑ Kosmin 2014, p. 243.
  45. ↑ Hoover 2007, pp. 284, 289.
  46. 1 2 Downey 2015, p. 133.
  47. ↑ Hoover 2007, pp. 288.
  48. ↑ Hoover 2007, pp. 294.
  49. ↑ Whitehorne 2002, p. 168.
  50. 1 2 Houghton 1987, pp. 79.
  51. 1 2 Hoover 2007, p. 296.
  52. ↑ Hoover 2007, p. 298.
  53. ↑ Hoover 2007, pp. 298, 299.
  54. ↑ Hoover 2007, p. 297.
  55. ↑ Hoover 2007, p. 299.
  56. ↑ Manaseryan, Ruben (1985). "Տիգրան Բ [Tigran II]". Armenian Soviet Encyclopedia (in Armenian). 11. Yerevan: Armenian Encyclopedia Publishing. pp. 697–698.
  57. 1 2 "Cleopatra Selene queen of Syria".
  58. ↑ Cicero, In C. Verrem II 4.61, Appian, Syriaca VIII 49, XI 70, Justin, Historiarum Philippicarum T. Pompeii Trogi XL 2.2 (says Antiochus IX was his father). See also: C.J. Bennett, art. Cleopatra Selene queen of Syria, in Egyptian Royal Genealogy, 2002-2008 (n. 28).
  59. ↑ Cicero, In Verrem actio 4.61-68
  60. ↑ David Konstan (2006). Greeks on Greekness: Viewing the Greek Past Under the Roman Empire. p. 6. ISBN 9780906014288.
  61. 1 2 Paul V.M. Flesher; Bruce D. Chilton (2011). The Targums: A Critical Introduction. p. 339. ISBN 9789004217690.
  62. 1 2 3 Bruce M. Metzger; Michael David Coogan (1993). The Oxford Companion to the Bible. p. 44. ISBN 9780199743919.
  63. ↑ James Strong; John McClintock (1867). Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, and Ecclesiastical Literature, Volume 1. p. 353.
  64. ↑ Adam Clarke (1851). The Holy Bible Containing the Old and New Testaments: the Text Printed from the Most Correct Copies of the Present Authorized Translation, Including the Marginal Readings and Parallel Texts: Genesis to Esther. p. 843.
  65. ↑ Gerard Gertoux (2015). Kings David and Solomon: Chronological, Historical and Archaeological Evidence. p. 103. ISBN 9781329698109.
  66. 1 2 Thomas Nelson (2014). NIV, The Chronological Study Bible. p. 622. ISBN 9781401680138.
  67. ↑ Thomas Nelson (2013). KJV Study Bible: Second Edition. p. 52. ISBN 9781418589141.
  68. ↑ Brian Schultz (2009). Conquering the World: The War Scroll (1QM) Reconsidered. p. 191. ISBN 9004168206.
  69. ↑ Edward Glenny (2009). Finding Meaning in the Text: Translation Technique and Theology in the Septuagint of Amos. p. 152. ISBN 9789047429821.
  70. ↑ Ronald F. Youngblood (2014). Nelson's Illustrated Bible Dictionary: New and Enhanced Edition. p. 1099.
  71. ↑ Trevor Bryce (2012). The World of The Neo-Hittite Kingdoms: A Political and Military History. p. 178.
  72. 1 2 3 Richard D. Nelson (2014). Historical Roots of the Old Testament (1200–63 BCE). p. 109.
  73. ↑ David Noel Freedman; Allen C. Myers (31 December 2000). Eerdmans Dictionary of the Bible. Amsterdam University Press. p. 84. ISBN 978-90-5356-503-2.
  74. ↑ Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan (2016). Neo-Assyrian Historical Inscriptions and Syria-Palestine: Israelite/Judean-Tyrian-Damascene Political and Commercial Relations in the Ninth-Eighth Centuries BCE. p. 125.

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