Quaternary ammonium cation

Quaternary ammonium cation. The R groups may be the same or different alkyl or aryl groups. Also, the R groups may be connected.

Quaternary ammonium cations, also known as quats, are positively charged polyatomic ions of the structure NR+
4, R being an alkyl group or an aryl group.[1] Unlike the ammonium ion (NH+
4) and the primary, secondary, or tertiary ammonium cations, the quaternary ammonium cations are permanently charged, independent of the pH of their solution. Quaternary ammonium salts or quaternary ammonium compounds (called quaternary amines in oilfield parlance) are salts of quaternary ammonium cations.

Synthesis

Quaternary ammonium compounds are prepared by the alkylation of tertiary amines (which may be obtained by the Eschweiler–Clarke reaction) with a halocarbon. In older literature this is often called a Menshutkin reaction, however modern chemists usually refer to it simply as quaternization.[2] The reaction can be used to produce a compound with unequal alkyl chain lengths; for example when making cationic surfactants one of the alkyl groups on the amine is typically longer than the others.[3] A typical synthesis is for benzalkonium chloride from a long-chain alkyldimethylamine and benzyl chloride:

CH3(CH2)nN(CH3)2 + ClCH2C6H5 → [CH3(CH2)nN(CH3)2CH2C6H5]+Cl−

Reactions

Quaternary ammonium cations are unreactive toward even strong electrophiles, oxidants, and acids. They also are stable toward most nucleophiles. The latter is indicated by the stability of the hydroxide salts such as tetramethylammonium hydroxide and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide. Because of their resilience, many unusual anions have been isolated as the quaternary ammonium salts. Examples include tetramethylammonium pentafluoroxenate, containing the highly reactive pentafluoroxenate (XeF−
5) ion. Permanganate can be solubilized in organic solvents, when deployed as its NBu+
4 salt.[4][5]

With exceptionally strong bases, quat cations degrade. They undergo Sommelet–Hauser rearrangement[6] and Stevens rearrangement,[7] as well as dealkylation under harsh conditions. Quaternary ammonium cations containing N–C–C–H units can also undergo the Hofmann elimination and Emde degradation.

Applications

Quaternary ammonium salts are used as disinfectants, surfactants, fabric softeners, and as antistatic agents (e.g. in shampoos). In liquid fabric softeners, the chloride salts are often used. In dryer anticling strips, the sulfate salts are often used. Spermicidal jellies also contain quaternary ammonium salts.

As antimicrobials

Quaternary ammonium compounds have also been shown to have antimicrobial activity.[8] Certain quaternary ammonium compounds, especially those containing long alkyl chains, are used as antimicrobials and disinfectants. Examples are benzalkonium chloride, benzethonium chloride, methylbenzethonium chloride, cetalkonium chloride, cetylpyridinium chloride, cetrimonium, cetrimide, dofanium chloride, tetraethylammonium bromide, didecyldimethylammonium chloride and domiphen bromide. Also good against fungi, amoebas, and enveloped viruses,[9] quaternary ammonium compounds are believed to act by disrupting the cell membrane. Quaternary ammonium compounds are lethal to a wide variety of organisms except endospores, Mycobacterium tuberculosis and non-enveloped viruses.

Quaternary ammonium compounds are cationic detergents, as well as disinfectants, and as such can be used to remove organic material. They are very effective in combination with phenols. Quaternary ammonium compounds are deactivated by anionic detergents (including common soaps). Also, they work best in soft waters. Effective levels are at 200 ppm. They are effective at temperatures up to 100 °C (212 °F).

Quaternary ammonium salts are commonly used in the foodservice industry as sanitizing agents.

As phase transfer catalysts

In organic chemistry, quaternary ammonium salts are employed as phase transfer catalysts (PTCs). Such catalysts accelerate reactions between reagents dissolved in immiscible solvents. The highly reactive reagent dichlorocarbene is generated via PTC by reaction of chloroform and aqueous sodium hydroxide.

Fabric softeners

In the 1950s, distearyldimethylammonium chloride (DHTDMAC), was introduced as a fabric softener. This compound was discontinued because the cation biodegrades too slowly. Contemporary fabric softeners are based on salts of quaternary ammonium cations where the fatty acid is linked to the quaternary center via ester linkages; these are commonly referred to as betaine-esters or ester-quats and are susceptible to degradation, e.g., by hydrolysis.[10] Characteristically, the cations contain one or two long alkyl chains derived from fatty acids linked to an ethoxylated ammonium salt.[11] Other cationic compounds can be derived from imidazolium, guanidinium, substituted amine salts, or quaternary alkoxy ammonium salts.[12]

Osmolytes

Quaternary ammonium compounds are present in osmolytes, specifically glycine betaine, which stabilize osmotic pressure in cells.[13]

Glycine betaine is a naturally occurring quaternary ammonium cation. Its degradation product, trimethylamine, is responsible for the odor of spoiled fish.

Plant growth retardants

Cycocel (chlormequat chloride) reduces plant height by inhibiting the production of gibberellins, the primary plant hormones responsible for cell elongation. Therefore, their effects are primarily on stem, petiole and flower stalk tissues. Lesser effects are seen in reductions of leaf expansion, resulting in thicker leaves with darker green color.[14]

Health effects

Quaternary ammonium compounds can display a range of health effects, amongst which are mild skin and respiratory irritation [15] up to severe caustic burns on skin and gastrointestinal lining (depending on concentration), gastrointestinal symptoms (e.g., nausea and vomiting), coma, convulsions, hypotension and death.[16]

They are thought to be the chemical group responsible for anaphylactic reactions that occur with use of neuromuscular blocking drugs during general anaesthesia in surgery.[17] Quaternium-15 is the single most often found cause of allergic contact dermatitis of the hands (16.5% in 959 cases)[18]

Possible reproductive effects in laboratory animals

Quaternary ammonium-based disinfectants (Virex and Quatricide) were tentatively identified as the most probable cause of jumps in birth defects and fertility problems in caged lab mice.[19][20]

Quantification

The quantification of quaternary ammonium compounds in environmental and biological samples is problematic using conventional chromatography techniques because the compounds are highly soluble in water. While analyzing them by liquid chromatography coupled tandem mass spectrometry it has been found that they follow an exception rule. Under standard electrospray ionization (ESI) conditions, mono- and di-quaternary ammonium compounds form molecular ions with the formula of mq/zq rather than m + z/z. Formation of mq/2 is observed for di-quaternary ammonium compounds (like diquat) as precursor ion and mq/1 as product ion due to the loss of one of the quaternary charge during CID. In di-quaternary ammonium compounds, this process can also result in the formation of fragment ions with higher mass as compared to their precursor ion. Hydrophilic interaction liquid chromatographic separation has been reported to demonstrate a successful separation of quaternary ammonium compounds for their quantification in ESI-MS/MS with higher precision.[21]

See also

References

  1. ↑ IUPAC, Compendium of Chemical Terminology, 2nd ed. (the "Gold Book") (1997). Online corrected version:  (2006–) "quaternary ammonium compounds".
  2. ↑ Smith, Michael B.; March, Jerry (2001), Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structure (5th ed.), New York, NY: Wiley-Interscience, ISBN 0-471-58589-0
  3. ↑ Kosswig, K. (2005), "Surfactants", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.a25_747
  4. ↑ Herriott, Arthur W. (1977). "Purple benzene: Solubilization of anions in organic solvents". J. Chem. Educ. 54 (4): 229. doi:10.1021/ed054p229.1.
  5. ↑ Doheny, Anthony J., Jr.; Ganem, Bruce (1980). "Purple benzene revisited". J. Chem. Educ. 57 (4): 308. doi:10.1021/ed057p308.1.
  6. ↑ Brasen, W. R.; Hauser, C. R. (1963). "2-Methylbenzyldimethylamine". Org. Synth.; Coll. Vol., 4, p. 585
  7. ↑ Pine, Stanley H. (2011). "The Base-Promoted Rearrangements of Quaternary Ammonium Salts". Organic Reactions. ISBN 0471264180. doi:10.1002/0471264180.or018.04.
  8. ↑ Jia, Zhishen; Shen, Dongfeng; Xu, Weiliang (2001). "Synthesis and antibacterial activities of quaternary ammonium salt of chitosan". Carbohydrate Res. 333 (1): 1–6. PMID 11423105. doi:10.1016/S0008-6215(01)00112-4.
  9. ↑ Abedon, Stephen T. "Specific Antimicrobials". Ohio State University. Retrieved December 2008. Check date values in: |access-date= (help)
  10. ↑ Hellberg, Per-Erik; Bergström, Karin; Holmberg, Krister (January 2000). "Cleavable surfactants". J. Surfact. Deterg. 3 (1): 81–91. doi:10.1007/s11743-000-0118-z.
  11. ↑ "Henkel Consumer Info". Henkelconsumerinfo.com. Retrieved 2009-06-04.
  12. ↑ Smulders, E.; Sung, E. (2005), "Laundry Detergents, 2. Ingredients and Products", Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry, Weinheim: Wiley-VCH, doi:10.1002/14356007.o15_013
  13. ↑ Sleator, Roy D.; Wouters, Jeroen; Gahan, Cormac G. M.; Abee, Tjakko; Hill, Colin (2001). "Analysis of the Role of OpuC, an Osmolyte Transport System, in Salt Tolerance and Virulence Potential of Listeria monocytogenes". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 67: 2692–2698. PMC 92926 Freely accessible. PMID 11375182. doi:10.1128/AEM.67.6.2692-2698.2001.
  14. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on September 25, 2011. Retrieved July 19, 2012. Wageningen Agricultural University, The Netherlands
  15. ↑ Bello, Anila; Quinn, Margaret M.; Perry, Melissa J.; Milton, Donald K. (2009). "Characterization of occupational exposures to cleaning products used for common cleaning tasks-a pilot study of hospital cleaners". Environmental Health. 8: 11. PMC 2678109 Freely accessible. PMID 19327131. doi:10.1186/1476-069X-8-11.
  16. ↑ Quaternary ammonium (PIM G022)
  17. ↑ Harper, N. J.; Dixon, T.; Dugué, P.; Edgar, D. M.; Fay, A.; Gooi, H. C.; Herriot, R.; Hopkins, P.; Hunter, J. M.; Mirakian, R.; Pumphrey, R. S.; Seneviratne, S. L.; Walls, A. F.; Williams, P.; Wildsmith, J. A.; Wood, P.; Nasser, A. S.; Powell, R. K.; Mirakhur, R.; Soar, J.; Working Party of the Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain & Ireland (2009). "Suspected anaphylactic reactions associated with anaesthesia". Anaesthesia. 64 (2): 199–211. PMC 3082210 Freely accessible. PMID 19143700. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2044.2008.05733.x.
  18. ↑ Warshaw, E. M.; Ahmed, R. L.; Belsito, D. V.; Deleo, V. A.; Fowler, J. F., Jr.; Maibach, H. I.; Marks, J. G., Jr.; Toby Mathias, C. G.; Pratt, M. D.; Rietschel, R. L.; Sasseville, D; Storrs, F. J.; Taylor, J. S.; Zug, K. A.; North American Contact Dermatitis Group (2007). "Contact dermatitis of the hands: Cross-sectional analyses of North American Contact Dermatitis Group Data, 1994-2004". J. Am. Acad. Dermatol. 57 (2): 301–314. PMID 17553593. doi:10.1016/j.jaad.2007.04.016.
  19. ↑ Hunt, P (June 2008). "Lab disinfectant harms mouse fertility. Patricia Hunt interviewed by Brendan Maher". Nature. 453 (7198): 964. PMID 18563110. doi:10.1038/453964a.
  20. ↑ Melin VE, Potineni H, Hunt P, Griswold J, Siems B, Werre SR, Hrubec TC (2014). "Exposure to common quaternary ammonium disinfectants decreases fertility in mice". Reprod. Toxicol. 50: 163–70. PMC 4260154 Freely accessible. PMID 25483128. doi:10.1016/j.reprotox.2014.07.071.
  21. ↑ Velpandiana, Thirumurthy; Nirmala, Jayabalan; Aroraa, Beauty; Ravia, Alok Kumar; Kotnalaa, Ankita (October 2012). "Understanding the Charge Issues in Mono and Di-Quaternary Ammonium Compounds for Their Determination by LC/ESI-MS/MS". Anal. Lett. 45 (16): 2367–2376. doi:10.1080/00032719.2012.693140.
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