Qasar

Qasar (also spelled Hasar or Khasar, and also known as Jo'chi Qasar; Mongolian: Хасар) was one of Genghis Khan's three full brothers. According to the Jami' al-Tawarikh, his given name was Jo'chi and he got the nickname Khasar after his distinguished bravery. He was also called Habutu Hasar (Хавт Хасар, Hasar the Skillful (archer)) because he was skilled with a bow.

Early life

Hasar, as a child, was thrown out of the Borjigin tribe along with the rest of the family by the Taichud warlord Targhutai Hiriltug. Food was scarce and Behter, his older half-brother, and the eldest of all the sons of the late Yesugei, stole or kept food from his mother and siblings. Hasar and his brother Temüjin killed their half-brother Behter as he returned from a fresh hunt. After the defeat of Temüjin at Khalakhaljid Sands (1203), Hasar was lost and hid himself, along with his sons and followers, in the forest. Temüjin then gathered new adherents among the Mongols, tricked his rival Ong Khan with a fake message of surrender from his missing brother Hasar, and crushed the Keraites in late 1203.

Military career

Granted territories by the khan, Genghis Khan's full brothers Qasar, Khajiun, and Temuge formed the Left Wing of the Mongol Empire in the eastern edge of Inner Mongolia, while Genghis Khan's three sons, Jochi, Chaghatai, and Ögedei, made up the Right Wing in the western edge. The Right Wing saw a significant expansion to the west but the Left Wing did not have so much land to be conquered.

Qasar did conquer what would later be known as Manchuria, Korea and territories that are presently controlled by Russia (north of Korea).^[1]

Hasar's mother, Hoelun defended him against accusations of disloyalty stemming from Teb Tengri, a shaman. Stiffened by his mother Hoelun and wife Börte, who saw Teb Tengri as threat to the dynastic succession, Genghis allowed Khasar and Temüge to kill Teb Tengri in a wrestling match.

Unlike the Right Wing where properties were equally divided, Temüge was favored over Khasar and Khachiun in the Left Wing. Hasar's ulus (people and secondarily, territory) was significantly smaller than Temüge's. His original territory was located to the west of the Khingan Mountains and was surrounded by the Ergune and Hailar rivers, and the Külün Mountain. After the conquest of China, Hasarid princes had at least two additional territories in Shandong and Jiangxi, respectively.

Ancestry

Descendants

Genealogy of the Kassar Dynasty (Pakistan)

The princely houses of Hasar, Hachiun, and Temüge tended to coordinate with the five powerful clans: the Jalayir, Khunggirad, Ikires, Uruud, and Mangghud. They were usually led by princes from Temüge's house. At Arigh Bukha's rebellion, the three princely houses supported Khubilai (Genghis Khan's grandson) under leadership of Temüge's grandson, Ta'achar.

Among Hasarid princes, the third family head Yesüngge is probably the most famous. He was a son of Hasar and succeeded his brother Yegü. He is the hero of the Yesüngge Inscription (formerly known as the Genghis Stone). The princely house was succeeded by Yesüngge's son, Esen Emügen, and then Emügen's son, Shigdür. Although Shigdür joined the rebellion against Khubilai led by Temüge's great-great-grandson Nayan, the princely house survived without confusion. The sixth head, Babusha, was given the title of Qi Wang by Khayishan Külüg Khan in 1307. Sources show that Qasarid princes continued to hold the title even after the empire retreated from China. Hasar's descendants were effective in other parts of Mongol Empire. For example, Togha Temür, a descendant of Hasar, was the last powerful claimant to the throne of the Ilkhanate in the mid-14th century. It is also claimed that one Qasarid prince was killed in order to protect the last Great Khan Toghogan-Temur from Ming troops.

It is not clear what happened to Hasarid princes from the late Yuan Dynasty to the middle 15th century because of the confusion caused by the Mongols' withdrawal from China. Mongolian chronicles compiled from the 17th century to the early 18th century contain some records on Hasar's descendants but they are considered mostly unhistorical by historians. In particular, Altan Tobchi by Mergen Gegeen (not to be confused with Lubsandanjin's Altan Tobchi) exaggerated the influence of Hasarid princes as the author himself descended from Khasar. The Oirat ruler Esen Tayisi deported a body of the Horchin to Western Mongolia in 1446 and they became the Khoshuds.^[2]

It is widely accepted that Hasar's descendant Bolunai was a historical figure since his existence is confirmed in contemporary Chinese sources of 1463, 1467, and 1470. Mongolian chronicles say that Bolunai's brother Unubold killed Muulihai of the Ongliud, a descendant of Genghis Khan's half brother Belgütei. Another famous story about Unubold tells that he proposed to Mandukhai Khatun, a widow of Manduulun Khan, but that she chose the Genghisid infant Batu Möngke (Dayan Khan) over him.

Bolunai led the Horchin Mongols. His descendants ruled the Horchin, Jalayid, Do'rbed, and Gorlos of the Jirim League, the Aru Khorchin of the Juu Uda League, and the Dörben Heühed, Muu Mingghan, and Urad of the Ulaanchab League in the Manchu Qing Dynasty's administration. Among them, Horchin princes established matrimonial relationship with the imperial family of Aisin Gioro at the early stage of the Manchu rise to power, and held top-ranking princely titles (hošoi cin wang) throughout the Qing Dynasty. The Dorbeds in Heilongjiang province submitted to the Qing in 1624, and they were organized into a banner in Jirim league ruled by descendants of Hasar. The Gorlos banners were also ruled by descendants of Hasar.

See also

• Mughal Kassar
• Mughal (tribe)

References

• Sugiyama Masaaki 杉山正明: Mongoru teikoku no genzō モンゴル帝国の原像, Mongoru teikoku to Daigen urusu モンゴル帝国と大元ウルス (The Mongol Empire and Dai-ön Ulus), pp. 28–61, 2004.
• Sugiyama Masaaki 杉山正明: Babusha no reiji yori 八不沙の令旨より, Mongoru teikoku to Daigen urusu モンゴル帝国と大元ウルス (The Mongol Empire and Dai-ön Ulus), pp. 187–240, 2004.
• Okada, Hidehiro 岡田英弘: The Descendants of Jöchi Khasar in Altan Tobchi of Mergen Gegen 墨爾根格根所撰『黄金史綱』中之拙赤合撒兒世系, Ya-chou tsu-p'u hsüeh-shu yen-t'ao-hui hui-i chi-lu 亞洲族譜學術研討會會議記錄, No.6, pp. 45–57, 1993.
• Чулууны Далай - Монголын түүх 1260 - 1388. Хуудас 142.