QF 3-inch 20 cwt

QF 3 inch 20 cwt anti-aircraft gun

Aboard HMS Royal Oak in World War I
Type Anti-aircraft gun
Place of origin United Kingdom
Service history
In service 1914—46[1]
Used by United Kingdom
Australia
Canada
Finland
Ireland
Wars World War I World War II
Production history
Designer Vickers
Variants Mk I, Mk I*, Mk IB, Mk 1C, Mk 1C*, Mk IE, Mk SIE, Mk II, Mk III, Mk IV, Mk IVA[2]
Specifications
Weight Gun & breech : 2,240 lb (1,020 kg)
Total on 2 wheel platform : 5.99 tons[3]
Barrel length Bore: 11 ft 4 in (3.45 m) (45 cal)
Total: 11 ft 9 in (3.58 m)[3]
Crew 11[4]
Shell Fixed QF HE[5]
1914: 12.5 lb (5.7 kg);
1916: 16 lb (7.3 kg)
Calibre 3 inch (76.2 mm)
Breech semi-automatic sliding block[6]
Recoil 11 inches. hydro spring, constant[3]
Carriage high-angle wheeled, static or lorry mounting
Elevation -10° – 90°[3]
Traverse 360°
Rate of fire 16-18 rpm[7]
Muzzle velocity 2,500 ft/s (760 m/s) (12.5 lb shell)
2,000 ft/s (610 m/s) (16 lb shell)[8]
Effective firing range 16,000 ft (4,900 m)[7]
Maximum firing range 23,500 ft (7,200 m) (12.5 lb shell)[3]
22,000 ft (6,700 m)
(16 lb shell)[7]

The QF 3 inch 20 cwt anti-aircraft gun became the standard anti-aircraft gun used in the home defence of the United Kingdom against German airships and bombers and on the Western Front in World War I. It was also common on British warships in World War I and submarines in World War II. 20 cwt referred to the weight of the barrel and breech, to differentiate it from other "3 inch" guns (1 cwt = 1 hundredweight = 112 lb, hence the barrel and breech together weighed 2250 lb). While other AA guns also had a bore of 3 inches, the term "3 inch" was only ever used to identify this gun in the World War I era, and hence this is what writers are usually referring to by "3 inch AA gun".

Design and development

The gun was based on a prewar Vickers naval 3-inch (76 mm) QF gun with modifications specified by the War Office in 1914. These (Mk I) included the introduction of a vertical sliding breech-block to allow semi-automatic operation. When the gun recoiled and ran forward after firing, the motion also opened the breech, ejected the empty cartridge case and held the breech open ready to reload, with the striker cocked. When the gunner loaded the next round, the block closed and the gun fired.[6]

The early 12.5-pound (5.7 kg) shrapnel shell at 2,500 ft/s (760 m/s) caused excessive barrel wear and was unstable in flight. The 1916 16-pound (7.3 kg) shell at 2,000 ft/s (610 m/s) proved ballistically superior and was better suited to a high explosive filling.[7]

The Mark I* had different rifling. The Mark II lost the semi-automatic action. The Mk III of 1916 reverted to a 2-motion screw breech to suit available manufacturing capability, and Mk IV had a single-tube barrel and single-motion screw breech;[1] a Welin breech block with an Asbury breech.[9]

A US Army report on anti-aircraft guns of April 1917 reported that this gun's semi-automatic loading system was discontinued because of difficulties of operation at higher angles of elevation, and replaced by "the standard Vickers-type straight-pull breech mechanism", reducing rate of fire from 22 to 20 rds/minute.[10] Routledge quotes a rate of fire of 16-18 rounds per minute, in the context of the 16 pounder shell of 1916.[7] This would appear to be the effective rate of fire found to be sustainable in action.

Guns on 4-wheeled trailers with Vickers Predictor at left, Australia c. 1937

Beginning in 1930, a new towed 4-wheeled sprung trailer platform was introduced to replace the obsolete lorries still used as mounts from World War I, together with modern new barrels, and equipment to connect the guns to the new Vickers No. 1 Predictor.[11] 8 more Mks followed between the World Wars.[1] By 1934 the rocking-bar deflection sights had been replaced by Magslip receiver dials which received input from the Predictor, with the layers matching pointers instead of tracking the target.[12] Predictor No. 1 was supplemented from 1937 by Predictor No. 2, based on a US Sperry AAA Computer M3A3. This was faster and could track targets at 400 mph (640 km/h) at heights of 25,000 ft (7,600 m), both Predictors received height data, generally from the Barr & Stroud UB 7 (9 feet base) instrument.[13]

The 3 inch 20 cwt gun was superseded by the QF 3.7 inch AA gun from 1938 onwards, but numbers of various Marks remained in service throughout World War II. In Naval use it was being replaced in the 1920s by the QF 4 inch Mk V on HA (high-angle) mounting.

Combat use

World War I

Demonstration of towing on 2-wheeled travelling platform
Demonstration of deployment for action on cruciform travelling platform with wheels removed
Mk I gun on Mk IV mounting on Peerless 4 ton lorry, WWI
On HMAS Australia, December 1918

Britain entered World War I with no anti-aircraft artillery. When war broke out and Germany occupied Belgium and North-east France, it was realised that key installations in England could be attacked by air. As a result, a search for suitable anti-aircraft guns began. The Navy provided the initial 3-inch (76 mm) guns from its warships, approximately 18 by December 1914, for the defence of key installations in Britain, manned by RNVR crews, until the new specialised anti-aircraft version began production and entered service.[14] It was from then onwards operated by Royal Garrison Artillery crews, with drivers and crew for motor lorries provided by the Army Service Corps. However, the Mobile Anti-Aircraft Brigade based at Kenwood Barracks in London, continued to be manned by the RNVR, although under the operational control of the Army.[15]

Other earlier anti-aircraft guns based on the existing 13 pounder and 18 pounder guns proved inadequate, apart from the QF 13 pounder 9 cwt but even that could not reach high altitudes and fired a fairly light shell. The 3 inch 20 cwt with its powerful and stable in flight[16] 16 lb (7.3 kg) shell and fairly high altitude was well suited to defending the United Kingdom against high-altitude Zeppelins and bombers. The 16 pound shell took 9.2 seconds to reach 5,000 ft (1,500 m) at 25° from horizontal, 13.7 seconds to reach 10,000 ft (3,000 m) at 40°, 18.8 seconds to reach 15,000 at 55°.[8] This means that the gun team had to calculate where the target would be 9 – 18 seconds ahead, determine the deflection and set the correct fuze length, load, aim and fire accordingly. Deflection was calculated mechanically and graphically using an optical height & rangefinder to provide data for the two piece Wilson-Dalby 'predictor', with the fuze length read off a scale mounted on the gun.

British time fuzes, required for airburst shooting, were powder burning (igniferous). However, the powder burning rate changed as air pressure reduced, making them erratic for the new vertical shooting. Modified fuzes reduced the variability but did not cure the problem. Britain lagged behind Germany in developing clockwork time fuzes. In addition, experience showed that the percussion mechanism in time fuzes, which burst the shrapnel shell on impact if the timer failed, had to be removed because AA shells could land among friendly troops and nearby civilians.[17] Igniferous fuzes had to have a gaine in order to detonate HE shells.

The carriage's short recoil of 11 inches (280 mm) allowed a higher rate of fire than for AA guns based on long-recoil field guns such as the QF 13 pounder 9 cwt.[18]

By June 1916, 202 3 inch 20 cwt were deployed in the air defence of Britain, of a total of 371 AA guns.[4]

The first guns arrived on the Western Front in November 1916 and by the end of 1916 it equipped 10 sections out of a total of 91.[19] An AA section consisted of 2 guns and became the standard organizational unit.

By the end of World War I, 257 (out of a total of 402 AA guns) were in land service in England on static and lorry mountings, and 102 (out of a total of 348) were in service on the Western Front[20] mounted on heavy lorries, typically the Peerless 4 Ton. In addition, many were mounted on Royal Navy ships.

Performance

The following table[21] compares the gun's performance with the other British World War I anti-aircraft guns:-

Gun m/v ft/s Shell (lb) Time to 5,000 ft (1,500 m) at 25° (seconds) Time to 10,000 ft (3,000 m) at 40° (seconds) Time to 15,000 ft (4,600 m) at 55° (seconds) Max. height (ft)[22]
QF 13 pdr 9 cwt 1990 12.5 10.1 15.5 22.1 19,000
QF 12 pdr 12 cwt 2200 12.5 9.1 14.1 19.1 20,000
QF 3 inch 20 cwt 1914 2500 12.5 8.3 12.6 16.3 23,500
QF 3 inch 20 cwt 1916 2000 16 9.2 13.7 18.8 22,000[23]
QF 4 inch Mk V naval gun 2350 31 4.4?? 9.6 12.3 28,750

World War II

303rd Battery, 99th Anti-Aircraft Regiment, Hayes Common, Kent, May 1940

At the beginning of World War II in 1939, Britain possessed approximately 500 of these guns. Initially most were in the heavy anti-aircraft (HAA) role until replaced by the new 3.7 inch gun. Some were deployed as light anti-aircraft guns (LAA) for airfield defence, being transferred to the RAF Regiment when this was formed in 1942, until more 40mm Bofors guns arrived[24] However, it was discovered at mobilization that the 233 guns in HAA reserve were missing various parts and predicted fire instruments.[25] 120 were in France with the British Expeditionary Force in November 1939, compared with 48 of the modern QF 3.7 inch AA gun.[26]

In 1941, 100 of the obsolete guns were converted to become the 3 inch 16 cwt anti-tank gun, firing a 12.5 lb (5.7 kg) armour-piercing shell.[27] They appear to have been mainly deployed in home defence. Some were mounted to Churchill tanks to become the Gun Carrier, 3-inch, Mk I, Churchill (A22D)

Churchill Gun Carrier in Dorset, 25 March 1943
On a U-class submarine, April 1943

In World War II the gun was carried by S class, U class and V class submarines.

It was also fitted to older destroyers, A to I classes during refits in 1940, replacing a set of torpedo tubes, to increase their AA capabilities. Some smaller warships used this gun as well. In 1939 it was estimated the RN had 553 Mk I, 184 Mk II, 27 Mk III and 111 Mk IV guns in service.[2]

Finnish use

Britain supplied 24 Mk 3 guns and 7 M/34 mechanical fire control computers to Finland during the Winter War of 30 November 1939 – March 1940 but they arrived too late to be used. They were used during the Continuation War of 1941 – 1944.[28]

World War I ammunition
Mk I 12.5 lb Shrapnel round 1914
Mk I 12.5 lb Shrapnel shell 1914
No. 84 Time & Percussion Fuze for shrapnel shells
No. 80/44 Time Fuze with No. 2 Gaine (left) and 44/80 Gaine (right) for high-explosive shells

World War II ammunition

See also

Weapons of comparable role, performance and era

Surviving examples

References

  1. 1 2 3 Hogg & Thurston 1972, page 78
  2. 1 2 Campbell, Naval Weapons of WWII, p.61-62.
  3. 1 2 3 4 5 Hogg & Thurston 1972, page 79
  4. 1 2 Farndale 1988, page 397
  5. ↑ Routledge 1994, page 9, 13
  6. 1 2 Routledge 1994, page 12
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 Routledge 1994, page 13
  8. 1 2 Routledge 1994, page 9
  9. ↑ Navweaps.com
  10. ↑ Notes on Anti-Aircraft Guns. April 1917, page 22
  11. ↑ Routledge 1994, page 43
  12. ↑ Routledge 1994, page 50
  13. ↑ Routledge 1994, page 50-51
  14. ↑ Routledge 1994, page 4-5
  15. ↑ Rawlinson, Alfred, Sir, The defence of London, 1915-1918, 1923 (p.57)
  16. ↑ Routledge 1994, page 24
  17. ↑ Hogg & Thurston 1972, page 220
  18. ↑ Hogg & Thurston 1972, page 68
  19. ↑ Farndale 1986, page 364
  20. ↑ Routledge 1994, page 27. Farndale 1988, page 342 quotes 56 in service in France (meaning Western Front) at the Armistice.
  21. ↑ Routledge 1994, Page 9
  22. ↑ Hogg & Thurston 1972, Page 234-235
  23. ↑ Routledge 1994, Page 13
  24. ↑ Routledge 1994, page 50.
  25. ↑ Routledge 1994, page 371
  26. ↑ Routledge 1994, page 125
  27. ↑ Nigel F Evans,BRITISH ARTILLERY IN WORLD WAR 2. ANTI-TANK ARTILLERY
  28. ↑ Jaeger Platoon: Finnish Army 1918 - 1945 Antiaircraft Guns Part 3: Heavy Guns
  29. ↑ "Fortress Dover | English Heritage". www.english-heritage.org.uk. Retrieved 2017-01-11.

Bibliography

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