Pushkin, Saint Petersburg

Pushkin (in English)
Пушкин (Russian)
-  Municipal town[1]  -

Catherine Palace
Pushkin
Location of Pushkin in Russia
Coordinates: 59°44′N 30°23′E / 59.733°N 30.383°E / 59.733; 30.383Coordinates: 59°44′N 30°23′E / 59.733°N 30.383°E / 59.733; 30.383
Coat of arms
Flag
Municipal town Day June 24
Administrative status
Country Russia
Federal subject Saint Petersburg
Municipal status
Representative body Municipal Urban Council[1]
Statistics
Area 201 km2 (78 sq mi)
Population (2010 Census) 92,889 inhabitants[2]
Density 462/km2 (1,200/sq mi)[3]
Time zone MSK (UTC+03:00)[4]
Founded 1710 (1808)
Postal code(s)[5] 196600
Dialing code(s) +7 812
Official website
Pushkin on Wikimedia Commons

Pushkin (Russian: Пу́шкин) is a municipal town in Pushkinsky District of the federal city of St. Petersburg, Russia, located 24 kilometers (15 mi) south from the center of St. Petersburg proper,[6] and its railway station, Tsarskoye Selo, is directly connected by railway to the Vitebsky Rail Terminal of the city. Population: 92,889 (2010 Census).[2]

Pushkin was founded in 1710 as an imperial residence named Tsarskoye Selo and received status of a town in 1808. The first public railways in Russia, Tsarskoye Selo Railways, were opened here in 1837 and connected the town to the capital St. Petersburg. After the October Revolution, the town was renamed to Detskoye Selo (meaning Children's Village). Its name was further changed in 1937 to Pushkin to commemorate the 100th anniversary of the death of the Russian poet Alexander Pushkin. The town contains an ensemble of the 18th century "Tsarskoye Selo". This museum complex includes the Catherine Palace, Alexander Palace and other buildings and associated parks; it is a major tourist attraction of the area and is included in the list of monuments protected by the UNESCO.[7]

Geology

The town is located on the Neva Lowland, on the left bank of the river Neva. The landscape is quite varied and contains hills, ridges and terraces intermixed with valleys, plains, forests and farmland. Numerous springs give rise to streams and feed ponds. In the Paleozoic era, 300–400 million years ago, the area was covered by a sea. Sediments of that time form a layer thicker than 200 metres (660 feet) on top of the Baltic Shield consisting of granite, gneiss and diabase. The modern topography was shaped by the glacier retreat some 12,000 years ago which created the Littorina Sea. About 4,000 years ago the sea receded and formed the valley of the Neva River which has not changed much over the last 2,500 years.[8]

Climate

The climate Pushkin is temperate and wet, it is transitional between oceanic and continental. The length of the day varies from 5 hours and 51 minutes in the winter solstice to 18 hours and 50 minutes in the summer solstice. Summer is short and moderately warm, whereas winter is long and uneven, with frequent thaws. Air temperatures above 0 °C (32 °F) prevail from early April to mid-November. The coldest month is February. Winds mostly blow southward and frequently change air mass above the city. Summer is dominated by westerly and northwesterly winds, and the wind direction changes to westerly and southwesterly in winter. The cloudiest months are November, December and January, and the least cloudy are May, June and July. There are at least 240 sunny days per year. Between May 25 and July 16, white nights are observed when the sun only briefly goes over the horizon and the day lasts nearly 19 hours. The area is mostly fed by surface and ground waters.[9][10]

Climate data for Pushkin
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Record high °C (°F) 8.6
(47.5)		 10.2
(50.4)		 14.9
(58.8)		 25.3
(77.5)		 30.9
(87.6)		 34.6
(94.3)		 35.3
(95.5)		 33.5
(92.3)		 30.4
(86.7)		 21.0
(69.8)		 12.3
(54.1)		 10.9
(51.6)		 35.3
(95.5)
Average high °C (°F) −2.3
(27.9)		 −1.4
(29.5)		 4.1
(39.4)		 9.2
(48.6)		 16.1
(61)		 20.5
(68.9)		 22.2
(72)		 20.6
(69.1)		 14.6
(58.3)		 8.5
(47.3)		 1.8
(35.2)		 −0.7
(30.7)		 9.4
(48.9)
Daily mean °C (°F) −6.5
(20.3)		 −6.0
(21.2)		 −1.4
(29.5)		 4.4
(39.9)		 10.9
(51.6)		 15.8
(60.4)		 17.7
(63.9)		 16.4
(61.5)		 11.0
(51.8)		 5.6
(42.1)		 −0.1
(31.8)		 −3.9
(25)		 5.2
(41.4)
Average low °C (°F) −7.9
(17.8)		 −7.7
(18.1)		 −2.9
(26.8)		 1.6
(34.9)		 7.1
(44.8)		 11.9
(53.4)		 14.0
(57.2)		 13.0
(55.4)		 8.0
(46.4)		 3.7
(38.7)		 −2.1
(28.2)		 −5.5
(22.1)		 2.8
(37)
Record low °C (°F) −35.9
(−32.6)		 −35.2
(−31.4)		 −29.9
(−21.8)		 −21.8
(−7.2)		 −6.6
(20.1)		 0.1
(32.2)		 4.9
(40.8)		 1.3
(34.3)		 −3.1
(26.4)		 −12.9
(8.8)		 −22.2
(−8)		 −34.4
(−29.9)		 −35.9
(−32.6)
Average precipitation mm (inches) 40
(1.57)		 31
(1.22)		 35
(1.38)		 33
(1.3)		 38
(1.5)		 64
(2.52)		 78
(3.07)		 77
(3.03)		 67
(2.64)		 65
(2.56)		 56
(2.2)		 49
(1.93)		 633
(24.92)
Source: [9][11]

Soil, vegetation and wildlife

Prior to the founding of the town the area was covered by temperate coniferous forests (mostly pine and fir) with an admixture of broad-leaved trees and fens. The soils were mostly podzol, combined with peat and gleysols. Intensive economic activities changed the original forest landscape to agricultural land with small groves of aspen, birch, alder and willow. In the 18–19th centuries, a large park area of 704 hectares has been created in and around the city.[12] Owing to the parks and environment-friendly policies, the Pushkin area has relatively low level of pollution.[13] There is a large number of birds, reptiles and invertebrates; also common are hare and muskrat.[14]
Moscow gate Gostiny Dvor Sadovaya Street Church of St. Sergius

History

Establishment of a settlement

Three-ruble memorial coin of the Bank of Russia

In 1609–1702, on the place of Catherine Palace stood a Swedish estate Sarskaya Manor (Russian: Сарская мыза, Finnish: Saari mojs, Swedish: Sarishoff meaning "high place").[15] It was a small estate, which consisted of a wooden house, household annexes, and a modest garden divided by two perpendicular avenues into four squares. This estate originated from an earlier settlement, which was mentioned in church inventories of 1501 and marked on maps drawn for Boris Godunov as Saritsa (Russian: Сарица). This name later transformed to Sarskaya Manor, then to Saar Village, and finally became the Tsarskoye Selo (meaning "Tsar's Village" in Russian).[16][17]

After the expulsion of the Swedes from the area Peter the Great gave the manor to Alexander Menshikov. Later, by an official decree of 13 June 1710[18] the whole area including 43 villages was assigned to Marfa Skavronskaya, wife of Peter who later became Empress Catherine I. This date of 13 June 1710 is considered as the founding date of the city. In 1717–1724 the architect Johann Braunstein built here a two-storied stone palace surrounded by ancillary buildings, and Y. V. Roozen created a garden with two ponds at the palace.[6] Because of the growing number of servants, a separate village and a wooden Uspenskaya Church (1716) were built nearby. Around then the Sarskaya Mansion transformed into Tsarskoye Selo. The first street of the city, Perednyaya Street (meaning "Front Street", now Sadovaya Street) was established in 1720. Construction of the Znamenskaya Church, the oldest stone building in the city, started in 1734.[16]

Imperial residence

Empress Elizabeth of Russia in Tsarskoye Selo (Eugene Lanceray, gouache, 1905)

During the reign of Elizabeth, Tsarskoye Selo became the imperial residence. In 1740-50s the modest palace of Catherine I was rebuilt into a luxurious summer residence, the Catherine Palace. Between 1751 and 1756 the reconstruction was led by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli,[6] and the present look of the palace has not changed much since then. In 1755, the Amber Room was moved from the Winter Palace to the Catherine Palace. The gardens were extended and decorated with sculptures and pavilions. A canal was dug from Vittolovsky Springs (6 kilometres (4 miles) from the Tsarskoye Selo) to provide water for the park ponds, and several stone houses were built on the Perednyaya Street.[19]

The inflow of people to the area in the 1770s urged Catherine II to separate the Tsarskoye Selo from the urban area. By the decree of January 1780 she established a town Sofia nearby with a separate administration.[6] Further construction works without imperial orders were banned in Tsarskoye Selo and most merchants and clergy were moved to Sofia. The town was divided into rectangular districts with a vast open place in the center. A wooden church of Saints Constantine and Helen and then the stone Sophia Cathedral (1788) were raised in the town center.[19] According to Johann Gottlieb Georgi, in 1794, Sofia was mostly populated by the palace workers and peasants. It had a number of stone buildings, a church resembling Hagia Sophia of Constantinople, and a factory in the suburbs producing paper for state bank notes. The town prospered owing to the proximity of St. Petersburg and imperial attention.[20]

Town

Map of the Tsarskoye Selo area (1858)
Tsarskoye Selo, postcard of 1904
Nicholas II meets deputies after the consecration of the Fyodor Cathedral (1912)

A new park which later became Alexander Park was established in the 1770s to the west of the Catherine Palace, and in 1792–1795 Giacomo Quarenghi built the Alexander Palace at the north-eastern border of the park for the future emperor Alexander I.[19] In 1808, Alexander I merged the Tsarskoye Selo with Sofia and proclaimed it a town and the seat of Tsarskoselsky Uyezd.[6][16] In 1808, he appointed William Heste as the town architect, which post he held until his death in 1832. Heste compiled a master plan for Tsarskoye Selo, with division into quarters and associated gardens and orchards. Most residents moved from Sofia to Tsarskoye Selo and the former was converted to a residence of a military regiment.[21] By 1817, Tsarskoye Selo had 15 streets, 354 buildings and a population of 4,000.[22]

The Catherine Palace suffered from the fire of 1820 and was reconstructed by the architect Vasily Stasov. He also designed several buildings in classical style, namely the Manezh, Stable Building and Grand Orangery. Between 1811 and 1843 a wing of the Catherine Palace hosted the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum where Aleksandr Pushkin studied between 1811 and 1817.[6][17] Several historical objects were created in those decades including the iron Egyptian gates by Adam Menelaws.[23]

The first public railway in the Russian Empire,[24] Tsarskoselskaya Railway, was laid in 1837 and connected Tsarskoye Selo with the capital St. Petersburg.[17] Its length was about 22.5 km (14.0 mi) and the journey time about 40 minutes.[25][26] The prominent Catherine Cathedral was built in 1840. The town was expanding and by 1855 had 44 streets, 10 churches, 400 houses, 8 military barracks, 3 hospitals and a female seminary.[22] Tsarskoye Selo was one of the most developed cities of Russia. In 1887 it became the first fully electrified town in Europe, and by the end of the 19th century had a telephone network.[23]

In 1905, the Alexander Palace became the main residence of the Nicholas II. Here the royal family was held under house arrest after the February Revolution.[6] In 1902–1908 the town was equipped with the most advanced by the time water system with a separate sewer network and a water purification station.[23] By 1909 the town had 30,000 residents and 19 schools. In 1910, an Imperial garrison camp was established to the north of the Catherine Palace, on the border of Alexander Park and the city. It had a separate cathedral (Fedorovskiy Cathedral), a dining hall, and two hospitals, one for officers and one for soldiers. The first bus route was opened in 1911, and in 1914 a powerful for the time 300-kilowatt wireless telegraphy station was built in the city.[6] Léon Theremin worked at that station in 1918–1919.[23]

Soviet period

Catherine Park (1939)

In 1918, after the October Revolution, the palace and park complex was declared as museum and national property. On 7 November 1918 it was renamed to Detskoye Selo (Russian: Детское Село, "Children's Village"), because of the large number of children's institutions established in the area, and due to a general trend to rename Tsar-related geographical names. On 10 February 1937, on the occasion of the 100-year anniversary of the death of Aleksandr Pushkin, the town was given his name. On 10 June 1939, the Catherine Cathedral was demolished by the Soviet authorities.[6][16][17]

After the start of World War II, on 17 September 1941, the town was occupied by the German troops. Several buildings of the palace complex were destroyed or damaged[17] and many artworks were abducted, including the entire inner decoration of the Amber Room. The town was liberated on 24 January 1944 as a result of the Krasnoye Selo–Ropsha Offensive.[6][16]

Restoration of the palace complex was initiated already during the war. Public access was gradually re-established to the parks (1946), lyceum (1949) and six palace halls (1959). The Amber Room was restored only by 2003.[16] The town was rebuilt in 1950-1960s. Several factories were established in the eastern part of Pushkin and in Sofia and two prominent monuments were raised in 1960, to Vladimir Lenin (sculptor Zair Azgur) and Ernst Thälmann (sculptor Arnold).[16] In 1975, the town was equipped with a new water system and modern sewage treatment facilities, which were upgraded in 1999–2005 within a joint Russian-Finnish-Swedish project.[27]

Post-Soviet period

Since the early 1990s Pushkin became a luxury housing development area. Notable festivals are conducted every year on the weekend after the City Day (24 June).[13] International carnivals are conducted in the town from 1995 and from 2000 Pushkin is a member of the Federation of European Carnival Cities.[28] Large scale cleanup and reconstruction of the town was conducted before the celebration of the 300th anniversary of the town (24 June 2010).[29][30] In April 2004 vandals pushed the monument of Lenin from its pedestal breaking the statue. The reconstruction of the Catherine Cathedral began on the place of the monument on 7 December 2006.[31][32] Another monument of Lenin was heavily damaged on 6 December 2010 in an explosion staged by an unknown group.[33]

Coat of arms

Coat of arms of Pushkin (Tsarskoye Selo)

The coat of arms of Tsarskoye Selo was adopted on 12 March 1831 as a crowned monogram of Catherine I. It was however not the emblem of the city, but only of the imperial residence.[34] Two town emblems were proposed by Baron Bernhard Karl von Koehne, one in 1859 and another in 1882, but neither was accepted.[35]

In Soviet times the town had no coat of arms. In 1990, the coat of arms of 1831 was registered as the emblem of Museum "Tsarskoye Selo" and for this reason could not be approved as a symbol of the city. The Decree of Pushkin City Council of 15 March 2001 approved the following coat of arms. It featured an oval shield with the monogram of Catherine I on red background. The shield was topped with a golden crown and had golden laurel branches underneath.[36] On 25 March 2010, Pushkin Municipal Council approved the current four-panel coat of arms. Two of its panels feature identical crowned monograms of Catherine I on red background, and the other two parts depict a black double-headed eagle of the Catherine II era on a purple background. The eagle has a red tongue, golden beaks and claws and three crowns. In its right paw the eagle holds a silver torch burning with gold flame and in the left paw it has a two-legged silver anchor without a cross bar. The eagle's breast is covered with a blue oval shield with a silver cross on it; the rim of the shield is formed by a snake biting its tail. This 4-part coat is named as "extended" or "big" (Russian: большой) whereas its one part with the Catherine I monogram is called "small" (Russian: малый) and is also an official coat of arms of Pushkin.[37]

Population trend of Pushkin

Population

Working-age population makes 63% of the total, 13% are younger and 24% are older than the working age. The number of children born in 2008 was 1278; this is 137 more than in 2007, yet this about half of the value required for population replacement; 285 children were born by unmarried mothers. 1471 marriage and 742 divorce acts were registered in 2009. The fraction of women in the total population is 54%, and the difference is especially large (2700 women per 1000 men) for citizen outside of working age. The average age of residents is 40 years and is increasing. During 11 months of 2009, 19,316 foreign nationals were registered in Pushkin, that is 3,500 more than in 2008.[23][38]

Population of Pushkin[39]
Year 1817 1897 1910 1926 1939 1959 1970 1979 1989 1991 1996 2002 2007 2010
Population 4,000[22] 22,400 30,880[40] 19,300 56,000 46,000 70,000 90,000 95,415[41] 95,300[17] 93,600 84,628[42] 96,000[23] 92,889[2]

Layout and architecture of the town

The modern layout of Pushkin was developed in the early 20th century, it consists of two main parts. The northeastern part (old Tsarskoye Selo) contains the oldest streets of the city, such as Sadovaya, Srednyaya and Malaya, and has the Cathedral Square in its center. At the request of Alexander I this part was surrounded by the Catherine and Alexander parks from the south and west and by the October and Sofia boulevards from the east and north. Yet, this part of the town has been constantly expanding, to the east up to the railroad and to the north up to Detskoselskiy boulevard. The southern part of the town is the former town of Sofia, planned by Catherine II and centered at the Sofia Square. To the north, east and west of this part lie the Catherine, Babolovo and Otdelny parks. The railroad to Pavlovsk and Vitebsk runs through the eastern border of the city.[43][44]

The major attractions of the town are described below.

State Museum-Reserve "Tsarskoye Selo"

This palace and park ensemble of 18th–19th centuries served as the royal residence and was converted into a museum after the nationalization in March 1918. It received its current status of museum-reserve in 1992. Restoration of the museum is partly supported by the World Bank; about US$4 million has been spent by 2008 and some US$3.2 million more is required to complete the restoration.[45] The museum-reserve includes:

Catherine Park

The park is named in honor of the Empress Catherine I of Russia. It occupies an area of 107 hectares and consists of the regular Old Garden (1717–1720) and an English garden (1760–1796, architect Vasily Neyelov) separated by large ponds.[6][16] The park includes numerous pavilions of significant architectural and historical value. Most of them have been restored.

Catherine Park
Catherine Palace Pavilion Hermitage Cameron's Gallery Admiralty

Catherine Palace

Lyceum

The original palace of 1717–1723 was rebuilt in 1743–1756, first by Mikhail Zemtsov, A. V. Kvasov and Savva Chevakinsky and then by Francesco Bartolomeo Rastrelli.[6] Rastrelli was the primary author of the architectural design and lush sculptural decoration of the façade, in the style of Russian Baroque; he also designed the interior layout and decoration. The main courtyard is facing west and has a gilded wrought-iron fence and gates. The palace is surrounded by a few buildings added in the late 18th century. One of them is a four-story outhouse to the south, which hosted the Tsarskoye Selo Lyceum and was then converted into a museum, a branch of the All Russian Pushkin Museum. Lyceum is connected with the palace by an arch over Sadovaya Street (architect I. Neelov). Other attachments to the palace include Zubovsky wing on the southern side (architect Y. M. Felton) and Cameron's Gallery, cold saunas and a hanging garden to the southeast.[6] One of the most famous rooms of the palace is the Amber Room.[16]

Alexander Park

The park occupies an area of 120 hectares next to the main entrance. It consists of a regular part (the New Garden, 1740s, N. Girard) and the Landscape Park (1790s) with three ponds and artificial mounds. River Kuzminka, partitioned by a dam, flows in the western part of the park. Unfortunately, most monuments in the park are in a deteriorating condition.

Alexander Park
Alexander Park Chinese Village Pavilion Arsenal Pavilion "White Tower"

Alexander Palace

This classical palace was built in 1792–1796 by Giacomo Quarenghi for Alexander I. The palace is an elongated two-storey building with double wings on either side and a two-row colonnade on the northern side. Next to the palace is a vast park with a lake.[16]

Panoramic view of Alexander Palace in 2010

Other points of interest
Reserve Palace Gostiny Dvor
Postcard. 1904		 Palace of Princess Olga Paley Memorial Museum of A. Pushkin Emperor railway station in Pushkin town
Tsar Nicholas II Car Garages Racing Car Mural Tsar Nicholas II Car Garages Kegresse track 1914-18 at Tsar Nicholas II Car Garages Kegresse track 1914-18 at Tsar Nicholas II Car Garages

Economy

As of January 1, 2010, there were 741 companies in Pushkin, including 165 in foodservice, 358 in trade and 53 in small retail sales, 162 in household services, as well as 8 supermarkets and one market. Large retail chains of the town include such as "Pyatyorochka", "Magnit" and "RiOMAG".[50][51]

Mechanical engineering is the core industry of Pushkin. It is represented by such enterprises as plant "Sophia" (railway equipment), Pushkin's Engineering Works (road construction equipment), NGOs STIGMASH (boiler equipment), plant "Astra" and "DVT" (woodworking machinery). Several companies produce medical equipment.[52][53][54][55] The town has an asphalt plant, a stone processing plant Medved' ("Bear"),[56] and several woodworking and furniture production factories.[57][58] The town has well-developed food industry which produced prefabricated frozen meat ("Daria"), beer (Tinkoff brewery is part of Anheuser-Busch InBev – the biggest beer producer in Russia), bread ("Tsarskoselsky bread"), among other products.[59][60][61] The factory "СЛАВЯНСКИЙ" is one of the largest Russian producers of frame-panel houses.

The Sofia are of Pushkin hosts a military garrison with several aircraft and artillery units and a military cooks school No. 228.[62] Outside the town there is military airfield and an aircraft repair plant, which is part of Forces of central subordination of the Russian Air Force.

Social institutions and well-being

Transportation

Railway station Tsarskoye Selo

Pushkin region has a well-developed system of commuter trains and buses, with 24 municipal and 17 commercial bus routes. A major railway line St. Petersburg – Vitebsk passes through the city.[63] Saint Petersburg Ring Road and three major international highways run near Pushkin, namely M10 E105, M20 E95 and M11 E20.[44] Pushkin is connected with St. Petersburg via Pulkovo, Moscow and Vitebsk highways.

Museums
Museum of History and Literature Museum of Pavel Chistyakov Museum "Tsarskoselskaya Collection" Museum exhibition "Anna Akhmatova. Tsarskoye Selo"

Education and research

Pushkin has 14 secondary schools, 24 kindergartens and nurseries, a boarding school, a high school, gymnasium, art school, music school, several foreign languages schools, cadet school, College of Traditional Culture and the St. Petersburg Railway College. Higher education is provided by the St. Petersburg State Agrarian University, Pushkin Leningrad State University, Institute of Law and Business, Naval Engineering Institute and a Military Institute of the Mozhaysky Military Space Academy.[65]

The town is a major center of agricultural science hosting a number of research centers and laboratories. They include the Northwestern Scientific Center of Russian Academy of Agricultural Sciences, All-Russian Scientific Research Institute of Genetics and Breeding of Farm Animals, All-Russian Research Institute of Plant Protection, All-Russian Research Institute for Agricultural Microbiology, Institute of Plant Industry, Research Institute of Chemical Soil Reclamation and many others.[23][51]

Religion

Fyodorovsky Cathedral in winter

The town has a large number of churches and chapels. Most of them are Orthodox and are objects of cultural heritage, and only a few are listed below:

Sophia Cathedral

The town has several churches of other denominations. Their construction is due to the fact that the town was the imperial residence, which always hosted non-Orthodox believers. Currently active are the Church of St. John the Baptist (Roman Catholic cathedral in the classical style)[66] and an Evangelical Lutheran Church built in Gothic Revival style.[67] The Church of Evangelical Christian Baptists is being restored.[68] In addition, there is a Stake of The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church). There are two cemeteries: Kazan (area 28.83 hectares) and Kuzminskoye (4.6 hectares).[69]

Sports

From 1947 to 2010 the town has raised 3 Honored Master of Sports, 19 International Masters of Sports and 62 Masters of Sports.[23] There is a large number of clubs for all major sports, two swimming pools, and a town stadium for 1,500 spectators.[51][70] The stadium holds track and field athletics competitions and hosts the local football club "Tsarskoye Selo" founded in 2009.[71]

Media

Pushkin has cable television which is also used, from 1991, for broadcasting the local radio station "Tsarskoye Selo".[72] The local newspapers include[23] "Tsarskoselskaya Newspaper" (published since 1906), which focuses on culture, international relations, government and district events; "Municipal Vestnik" reports the activities of the Pushkin Municipal Council; "Gorodok-info"[73] is a small advertising and information newspaper distributed by hand; "Gazeta + TV"[74] is weekly news advertising edition, and "Nash Pervyi" is a local advertising magazine.

Twin towns – sister cities

Pushkin is twinned with the following sister cities:[75]

References

  1. 1 2 "MUNICIPAL FORMATION – TOWN of PUSHKIN". Pushkin municipal urban council and Administration of the municipal formation. Retrieved September 1, 2012.
  2. 1 2 3 Russian Federal State Statistics Service (2011). "Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года. Том 1" [2010 All-Russian Population Census, vol. 1]. Всероссийская перепись населения 2010 года (2010 All-Russia Population Census) (in Russian). Federal State Statistics Service. Retrieved June 29, 2012.
  3. ↑ The value of density was calculated automatically by dividing the 2010 Census population by the area specified in the infobox. Please note that this value may not be accurate as the area specified in the infobox does not necessarily correspond to the area of the entity proper or is reported for the same year as the population.
  4. ↑ Правительство Российской Федерации. Федеральный закон №107-ФЗ от 3 июня 2011 г. «Об исчислении времени», в ред. Федерального закона №271-ФЗ от 03 июля 2016 г. «О внесении изменений в Федеральный закон "Об исчислении времени"». Вступил в силу по истечении шестидесяти дней после дня официального опубликования (6 августа 2011 г.). Опубликован: "Российская газета", №120, 6 июня 2011 г. (Government of the Russian Federation. Federal Law #107-FZ of June 31, 2011 On Calculating Time, as amended by the Federal Law #271-FZ of July 03, 2016 On Amending Federal Law "On Calculating Time". Effective as of after sixty days following the day of the official publication.).
  5. ↑ Почта России. Информационно-вычислительный центр ОАСУ РПО. (Russian Post). Поиск объектов почтовой связи (Postal Objects Search) (in Russian)
  6. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Пушкин (город в Ленинградской обл.), Great Soviet Encyclopedia on-line (in Russian)
  7. ↑ Historic Centre of Saint Petersburg and Related Groups of Monuments – UNESCO World Heritage Centre. Whc.unesco.org. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.
  8. ↑ Darinskii, pp. 12–18
  9. 1 2 Darinsky, pp. 21–29
  10. ↑ Atlas of Leningrad Oblast. Moscow: GUGK USSR CM. 1967. pp. 20–24.
  11. ↑ "Weather & Climate". pogoda.ru.net. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
  12. ↑ Darinskii, pp. 45–49
  13. 1 2 "Пушкинский район в 2008 году, основные итоги экономического и социального развития (Pushkin region in 2008, main results of the economic and social development)". Administration of St. Petersburg. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
  14. ↑ "Охотничье-промысловые звери, птицы и рыбы (Animals, poultry and fish)". Atlas of the Leningrad Region. Moscow: GUGK USSR CM. 1967. pp. 36–37.
  15. ↑ Maps of St. Petersburg-Petrograd-Leningrad. Ingermanlandia Map: Ivangorod, Yama, Koporye, Noteborga. 1676
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Schwarz W. (1967). The suburbs of Leningrad. St. Petersburg, Moscow: Искусство. pp. 123–189.
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Pushkin, Encyclopædia Britannica on-line
  18. ↑ All dates are in the New Style
  19. 1 2 3 Serpokryl, S. M., ed. (1973). Leningrad: Travel Guide. St. Petersburg: Lenizdat. pp. 199–206.
  20. ↑ Johann Gottlieb Georgi (1996). Описание российско-императорского столичного города САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГ и достопримечательностей в окрестностях оного, с планом (Description of Russian imperial capital of St. Petersburg and attractions in the vicinity thereof, with a plan). St. Petersburg.: Лига. pp. 496–504.
  21. ↑ "Гесте Вильям (Василий Иванович) (William Hastie) (1763 (?) – 1832)". 300online. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
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  24. ↑ Railways were used earlier for transporting ore at Nizhny Tagil mines, Возникновение и совершенствование вагонов
  25. ↑ Margovenko, A (2004). "Дороги царей (Roads of Emperors)". Урал. 10.
  26. ↑ Ian McNeil (1 June 2002). An Encyclopedia of the History of Technology. Taylor and Francis. pp. 575–. ISBN 978-0-203-19211-5. Retrieved 8 March 2011.
  27. ↑ Отведение и очистка сточных вод СПб. / Гос. унитар. предприятие Водоканал Санкт-Петербурга; Karmazinov FV (ed.). St. Petersburg, 2002. pp. 359—364
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  29. ↑ Program for the 300 anniversary Administration of St. Petersburg
  30. ↑ Decree on the preparation for the 300 anniversary of Tsarskoye Selo (Pushkin). Office of the Russian President (in Russian)
  31. ↑ The reconstruction of the Cathedral of St. Catherine
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  33. ↑ В Пушкине взорвали памятник Ленину (ФОТО, ВИДЕО) – Санкт-Петербург, происшествия – БалтИнфо.ru. Baltinfo.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.
  34. ↑ Rogulin NG (2008). "Гербы Софии и Царского Села от Нового Константинополя к императорской резиденции (Coats of arms of Sofia and the Tsarkoe Selo from Novy Constantinople to the royal residence". Almanac Екатерининский собор. St. Petersburg. 2: 69–70.
  35. ↑ "г.Пушкин (Санкт-Петербург)". Russian Centre of Vexillology and Heraldry. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
  36. ↑ "Город со своим лицом (Town with his face)". Царскосельская Газета. 32 (9207). 22 March 2001.
  37. ↑ "Об утверждении официальных символов муниципального образования город Пушкин (On approval of the official symbols of municipal formation town of Pushkin)". Пушкинский муниципальный Совет. 25 March 2010.
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  39. ↑ "Pushkin". The People's Encyclopedia of Russian cities and regions "My City". Retrieved 2010-02-28.
  40. ↑ "Chronicle of Catherine Cathedral in Tsarskoye Selo". Foundation for Restoration of the Catherine Cathedral in Tsarskoye Selo. Retrieved 2010-02-28.
  41. ↑ Demoscope Weekly (1989). "Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 г. Численность наличного населения союзных и автономных республик, автономных областей и округов, краёв, областей, районов, городских поселений и сёл-райцентров" [All Union Population Census of 1989: Present Population of Union and Autonomous Republics, Autonomous Oblasts and Okrugs, Krais, Oblasts, Districts, Urban Settlements, and Villages Serving as District Administrative Centers]. Всесоюзная перепись населения 1989 года [All-Union Population Census of 1989] (in Russian). Институт демографии Национального исследовательского университета: Высшая школа экономики [Institute of Demography at the National Research University: Higher School of Economics]. Retrieved August 9, 2014.
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  44. 1 2 Atlas of Saint-Petersburg. St. Petersburg.: FSUE Aerogeodesy. 2003. pp. 190–193.
  45. ↑ Business Petersburg with reference to BIA (26 May 2008). "World Bank will continue to finance the restoration of Tsarskoye Selo". ISSN 1606-1829.
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  48. ↑ Таицкий водовод :: Энциклопедия Санкт-Петербурга. Encspb.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.
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  57. ↑ Деревообработка, лесоматериалы. GorodPushkin.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.
  58. ↑ Мебель-производство. GorodPushkin.ru. Retrieved on 2011-03-11.
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Bibliography

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