Darwin (operating system)

Darwin is an open-source Unix operating system released by Apple Inc. in 2000. It is composed of code developed by Apple, as well as code derived from NeXTSTEP, BSD, Mach, and other free software projects.

Darwin forms the core set of components upon which macOS (previously OS X and Mac OS X), iOS, watchOS, and tvOS are based. It is mostly POSIX-compatible, but has never, by itself, been certified as compatible with any version of POSIX. Starting with Leopard, macOS has been certified as compatible with the Single UNIX Specification version 3 (SUSv3).^{[2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]}

History

Simplified history of Unix-like operating systems.

The heritage of Darwin began with NeXT's NeXTSTEP operating system (later, since version 4.0, known as OPENSTEP), first released in 1989. After Apple bought NeXT in 1997, it announced it would base its next operating system on OPENSTEP. This was developed into Rhapsody in 1997, Mac OS X Server 1.0 in 1999, Mac OS X Public Beta in 2000, and Mac OS X 10.0 in 2001. In 2000, the core operating system components of Mac OS X were released as open-source software under the Apple Public Source License (APSL) as Darwin; the higher-level components, such as the Cocoa and Carbon frameworks, remained closed-source.

Up to Darwin 8.0.1, Apple released a binary installer (as an ISO image) after each major Mac OS X release that allowed one to install Darwin on PowerPC and Intel x86 systems as a standalone operating system. Minor updates were released as packages that were installed separately. Darwin is now only available as source code,^[11] except for the ARM variant, which has not been released in any form separately from iOS. The older versions of Darwin have still been available from opensource.apple.com in binary form until recently,^[12] and a hobbyist developer winocm took the official Darwin source code and ported it to ARM.^[13]

Design

Kernel

The kernel of Darwin is XNU, a hybrid kernel that combines a heavily modified version of the Mach 3.0 kernel (Apple does not use Mach as a microkernel but as part of a hybrid kernel), various elements of BSD (including the process model, network stack, and virtual file system),^[14] and an object-oriented device driver API called I/O Kit.^[15] The hybrid kernel design leverages the flexibility of a microkernel and the performance of a monolithic kernel.

Hardware and software support

Darwin currently includes support for the 64-bit x86-64 variant of the Intel x86 processors used in Macs and the 64-bit ARM processors used in the iPhone 5S and later, the 6th generation iPod Touch and later, the iPad Air and iPad Pro, and the fourth generation Apple TV, as well as the 32-bit ARM processors used in the iPhone 5C and older, earlier generations of the iPod Touch, the iPad up to the fourth generation, and the second and third generation Apple TV. An open-source port of the XNU kernel exists that supports Darwin on Intel and AMD x86 platforms not officially supported by Apple, although it does not appear to have been updated since 2009.^[16] An open-source port of the XNU kernel also exists for ARM platforms.^[17] Older versions supported some or all of 32-bit PowerPC, 64-bit PowerPC, and 32-bit x86.

It supports the POSIX API by way of its BSD lineage and a large number of programs written for various other UNIX-like systems can be compiled on Darwin with no changes to the source code.

Darwin does not include many of the defining elements of macOS, such as the Carbon and Cocoa APIs or the Quartz Compositor and Aqua user interface, and thus cannot run Mac applications. It does, however, support a number of lesser known features of macOS, such as mDNSResponder, which is the multicast DNS responder and a core component of the Bonjour networking technology, and launchd, an advanced service management framework.

License

In July 2003, Apple released Darwin under version 2.0 of the Apple Public Source License (APSL), which the Free Software Foundation (FSF) classifies as a free software license incompatible with the GNU General Public License.^[18] Previous versions were released under an earlier version of the APSL license, which did not meet the FSF definition of free software, although it did meet the requirements of the Open Source Definition.^[19]

Release history

The following is a table of major Darwin releases with their dates of release and their corresponding macOS releases.^[20] Note that the corresponding macOS release may have been released on a different date; refer to the macOS pages for those dates.

The jump in version numbers from Darwin 1.4.1 to 5.1 with the release of Mac OS X v10.1.1 was designed to tie Darwin to the Mac OS X version and build numbering system, which in turn is inherited from NeXTSTEP. In the build numbering system of macOS, every version has a unique beginning build number, which identifies what whole version of macOS it is part of. Mac OS X v10.0 had build numbers starting with 4, 10.1 had build numbers starting with 5, and so forth (earlier build numbers represented developer releases).^[28]

The command uname -r in Terminal will show the Darwin version number, and the command uname -v will show the XNU build version string, which includes the Darwin version number.

Derived projects

Due to the free software nature of Darwin, there are many projects that aim to modify or enhance the operating system.

OpenDarwin

GNOME running on OpenDarwin.

OpenDarwin was a community-led operating system based on the Darwin system. It was founded in April 2002 by Apple Inc. and Internet Systems Consortium. Its goal was to increase collaboration between Apple developers and the free software community. Apple benefited from the project because improvements to OpenDarwin would be incorporated into Darwin releases; and the free/open source community benefited from being given complete control over its own operating system, which could then be used in free software distributions such as GNU-Darwin.^[29]

On July 25, 2006, the OpenDarwin team announced that the project was shutting down, as they felt OpenDarwin had "become a mere hosting facility for Mac OS X related projects," and that the efforts to create a standalone Darwin operating system had failed. They also state: "Availability of sources, interaction with Apple representatives, difficulty building and tracking sources, and a lack of interest from the community have all contributed to this."^[30] The last stable release was version 7.2.1, released on July 16, 2004.

PureDarwin

In 2007, the PureDarwin project was launched to continue where OpenDarwin left off. PureDarwin is currently working to produce a release based on Darwin 14.5. available based on Darwin 10.10.5. This release will have X11, DTrace,^[31] PureDarwin nano is another release of PureDarwin that is intended to be a minimalistic CLI-only build with networking.

Other

• MacPorts (formerly DarwinPorts), Fink, and Homebrew are well known projects to port UNIX programs to the Darwin operating system and provide package management. In addition, several standard UNIX package managers—such as RPM, pkgsrc, and Portage—have Darwin ports. Some of these operate in their own namespace so as not to interfere with the base system.
• GNU-Darwin is a project that ports packages of free software to Darwin.
• The Darwine project is a port of Wine that allows one to run Microsoft Windows software on Darwin.
• SEDarwin is a port of TrustedBSD mandatory access control framework and portions of the SELinux framework to Darwin.^[32] It was incorporated into Mac OS X 10.5.^[33]
• The Darbat project is an experimental port of Darwin to the L4 microkernel family. It aims to be binary compatible with existing Darwin binaries.^[34]
• There are various projects that focus on driver support: e.g., wireless drivers,^[35][36] wired NIC drivers^[37][38][39] modem drivers,^[40] card readers,^[41] and the ext2 and ext3 file systems.^[42][43]

See also

• A/UX
• mkLinux

References

External links

• Hexley, the Darwin mascot
• PureDarwin.org
• Darwin Releases at Apple Developer Connection
• Darwin Build Number List

macOS
History · Architecture · Components · Technologies · Server · Software
Versions	Server 1.0 Hera Public Beta Kodiak 10.0 Cheetah 10.1 Puma 10.2 Jaguar 10.3 Panther 10.4 Tiger 10.5 Leopard 10.6 Snow Leopard 10.7 Lion 10.8 Mountain Lion 10.9 Mavericks 10.10 Yosemite 10.11 El Capitan 10.12 Sierra 10.13 High Sierra
Applications	Automator Calculator Calendar Chess Contacts Dashboard Dictionary DVD Player FaceTime Finder Game Center Grapher iTunes (version history) Launchpad Mac App Store Mail Messages Notes Notification Center Photo Booth Photos Preview QuickTime Reminders Safari (version history) Stickies TextEdit Time Machine Discontinued Front Row iChat iPhoto iSync Sherlock
Utilities	Activity Monitor AirPort Utility AppleScript Editor Archive Utility Audio MIDI Setup Bluetooth File Exchange Boot Camp ColorSync Configurator Console Crash Reporter DigitalColor Meter Directory Utility DiskImageMounter Disk Utility Font Book Grab Help Viewer Image Capture Installer Keychain Access Migration Assistant Network Utility ODBC Administrator Screen Sharing System Preferences System Information Terminal Universal Access VoiceOver Discontinued Software Update Remote Install Mac OS X
Technology and user interface	AirDrop Apple File System Apple menu Apple Push Notification Service AppleScript Aqua Audio Units Bonjour CloudKit Cocoa ColorSync Command key Core Animation Core Audio Core Data Core Foundation Core Image Core OpenGL Core Text Core Video CUPS Cover Flow Darwin Dock FileVault Fonts Gatekeeper Grand Central Dispatch icns iCloud Inkwell I/O Kit Kernel panic Keychain launchd Mach-O MacRuby Menu extra Metal Mission Control OpenCL Option key Preference Pane Property list Quartz QuickTime Quick Look Smart Folders Speakable items Spotlight Stacks System Integrity Protection Uniform Type Identifier Universal binary WebKit XNU XQuartz Deprecated Carbon Discontinued BootX Brushed metal Classic Environment Rosetta Spaces Xgrid

Operating systems by Apple Inc.
Apple II/III/Lisa	Apple II series Apple DOS ProDOS GS/OS Apple III SOS Lisa Lisa OS MacWorks
Macintosh (overview)	Classic Mac OS System 1 System 2, 3, and 4 System 5 System 6 System 7 Mac OS 8 Mac OS 9 Mac OS X/OS X/macOS History NeXTSTEP OpenStep Rhapsody Public Beta Core Darwin Desktop 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 10.5 10.6 10.7 10.8 10.9 10.10 10.11 10.12 10.13 Server 1.0 macOS Server Other projects Shipped A/ROSE A/UX MAE MkLinux Cancelled Star Trek Taligent Copland
iPod/iPhone/iPad	iPod Software iOS 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
Other devices	Newton Newton OS Apple Watch watchOS Apple TV Apple TV Software tvOS
Italics indicate discontinued products · List · Category