Seberang Perai

Seberang Perai
Municipality
Other transcription(s)
 • English Province Wellesley
 • Chinese 威省
 • Tamil செபராங் பிறை

Clockwise from top: Port of Penang, a Penang Ferry, Perda City Mall, Seberang Perai Municipal Council Headquarters in Bukit Mertajam

Seal

Seberang Perai (red) in Penang (left) and West Malaysia (right)
Coordinates: 5°24′N 100°28′E / 5.400°N 100.467°E / 5.400; 100.467
Country  Malaysia
State  Penang
Establishment 1800
British crown colony 1 April 1867 - 31 August 1957
Japanese occupation 19 December 1941 - 3 September 1945
Granted municipality status 15 December 1976[1]
Seat Bukit Mertajam
Largest town Butterworth
Government
 • Local Government Seberang Perai Municipal Council
 • President Rozali Mohamud
Area
 • Total 751 km2 (290 sq mi)
Population (2010)
 • Total 818,197
 • Density 1,089.5/km2 (2,822/sq mi)
Time zone MST (UTC+8)
 • Summer (DST) Not observed (UTC)
Postal code 12xxx to 14xxx
Area code(s) +6043, +6045
Vehicle registration P
Website mpsp.gov.my

Seberang Perai, also known as Province Wellesley, is a narrow hinterland on the Malay Peninsula opposite Penang Island, which, together with the island, forms the Malaysian state of Penang. It borders Kedah to the north and east, and Perak to the south. Its principal town is Butterworth, while its local authority, the Seberang Perai Municipal Council, is centred near Bukit Mertajam. As of 2010, Seberang Perai had a population of 815,767, making it the second most populous local government area in Malaysia.[2][3]

Originally a part of Kedah, the hinterland was ceded to the British East India Company towards the end of the 18th century. Named after a British officer, Province Wellesley was acquired to provide more agricultural land and as a defensive bulwark against any cross-strait invasion from the mainland. Since then, it has become part of Penang, which was made a British crown colony in 1867.

Seberang Perai has witnessed substantial economic development in the decades after Malaya's independence.[4][5] Massive industrial estates have been established within Seberang Perai, while the relocation of the Port of Penang's core operations to Butterworth in 1974 has also boosted the town's economy. Improvements in connectivity and transportation were facilitated by several major projects, such as the constructions of the North–South Expressway, the Penang Bridge and the Second Penang Bridge. Today, Seberang Perai forms part of Greater Penang, the second largest conurbation in Malaysia.[6]

Etymology

Seberang Perai was originally named Province Wellesley after Richard Wellesley, 1st Marquess Wellesley, who served as the Governor of Madras and Governor-General of Bengal between 1797 and 1805.

The term 'Seberang Perai' was believed to be derived from a local phrase used to refer to the northern banks of the Perai River.[7] The name of Perai originated from the Thai word, plāy (Thai: ปลาย), which meant the end. When Province Wellesley was acquired by the British East India Company in 1800, the Perai River served as the original boundary between British Province Wellesley and the Siamese-influenced Kedah to the north. Hence, the locals called the northern banks of the river Seberang Perai, in reference to the Siamese territory across the river.

History

Early history

Earliest records of the history of Seberang Perai can be traced back to the prehistoric times with evidence of human settlement in Guar Kepah to the south of the Muda River about 5,000 to 6,000 years ago. Seberang Perai is located between two main important archaeological sites, Bujang Valley and Sungai Selinsing. Human remains, seashells and other artefacts have been found at the site, indicating the settlement of the area by nomadic Melanesians from the Pacific during the Neolithic era.[8][9]

Seberang Perai was also part of the Bujang Valley civilisation. The Cherok Tok Kun megalith in Bukit Mertajam, discovered in 1845, contains Pali inscriptions, implying that an early Hindu-Buddhist political entity in what is now Kedah had established control over parts of Seberang Perai sometime between the 5th and 6th centuries.[10]

Henceforth, for much of Seberang Perai's history, the area formed part of Kedah. It was only with the advent of British colonialism in the 18th century that the modern history of Seberang Perai would begin.

British acquisitions

Sir George Alexander William Leith acquired Province Wellesley for the British East India Company in 1800.
Province Wellesley can be seen in the horizon in this 1818 drawing of George Town.

In 1786, Francis Light of the British East India Company had landed on Penang Island, which at the time was also part of Kedah.[11] After brokering an agreement with the then Sultan of Kedah, Sultan Abdullah Mukarram Shah, regarding the cession of Penang Island to the British East India Company, Light returned to the island on 11 August that year and claimed it "in the name of His Britannic Majesty, King George III".[11][12]

However, the British East India Company was slow to realise the importance of the hinterland across the Penang Strait from Penang Island (then named the Prince of Wales Island). Merchant vessels traversing the Penang Strait were often threatened by pirates originating from the Perai River.[13] In addition, Kedah was being invaded by Siam and Sultan Abdullah, disgruntled by the lack of military aid as promised by Light, assembled his army in Seberang Perai in 1790 to retake the Prince of Wales Island.[11] The planned amphibious assault was thwarted by the British East India Company, which launched night attacks on Kedah's forts.

In 1800, the first Lieutenant-Governor of the Prince of Wales Island, Sir George Leith, gained a 189.3 km2 (73.1 sq mi) strip of Seberang Perai from Sultan Abdullah and renamed it Province Wellesley.[11][14] The newly-acquired land covered an area south of the Perai River.[7] Thus, at that point, the Perai River became the international border between the British-controlled Province Wellesley and Kedah. At the time, Province Wellesley was heavily forested and sparsely populated, with a total population of only 5,000.[14]

Province Wellesley was subsequently expanded twice. After Siam conquered Kedah in 1821, the British and the Siamese agreed to demarcate the southernmost Siamese border with Province Wellesley along the Muda River; the British in effect enlarged Province Wellesley to include the area between the Muda River to the north and the Perai River to the south.[7][15] Later, in 1874, the Pangkor Treaty, which included a clause on the demarcation of the Province Wellesley-Perak border along the Kerian River, was signed.[14][16] As a result of the treaty, the borders of Province Wellesley was extended to roughly its present-day limits.

British rule

A ship anchored off Nibong Tebal in the 1900s.

Ever since the British acquisition of Province Wellesley in 1800, the strip of hinterland has been part of the Settlement (and now the State) of Penang.[17] The acquisition of Province Wellesley gave the British East India Company full control of the Penang Strait, as well as an agricultural hinterland and a buffer zone to protect the Prince of Wales Island from any cross-strait military invasion.[11][13] it also allowed the British to suppress the pirates at the mouth of the Perai River.

In 1826, both Province Wellesley and the Prince of Wales Island, along with Singapore and Malacca, were amalgamated into the Straits Settlements, with George Town on the island made as the capital. However, the capital of the Straits Settlements was then relocated to Singapore in 1832.[18] The Straits Settlements was later made a British crown colony under the direct governance of the Colonial Office in London in 1867. As a British crown colony, Province Wellesley was administered by a district officer directly under the Lieutenant-Governor (later Resident Councillor) of Penang, who in turn was subordinate to the Governor of the Straits Settlements based in Singapore.

Meanwhile, Province Wellesley continued to witness continuing growth under the British. With its population increasing due to the influx of Malay refugees from Siamese-occupied Kedah, Province Wellesley became the rice bowl of Penang.[19][20] Other than rice and vegetables, other cash crops, such as sugar, coconut and tapioca, were also cultivated in Province Wellesley.[20][21] Due to the abundance of land in Province Wellesley, it became the only area in Penang where rubber and palm oil estates were established as well.

Other than agriculture, Province Wellesley also began to serve as Penang's transportation hub, a role it continues to play to this day. Butterworth, directly opposite George Town across the Penang Strait, was developed in the mid-19th century to serve Penang's logistical needs. Ferry services were established between Butterworth and George Town towards the end of the 19th century; these became the predecessor to the present-day Penang Ferry Service. When the pan-Malayan railway was extended into Province Wellesley in the 1900s, both Butterworth and Bukit Mertajam further inland also became important rail termini, leading to the construction of the Butterworth and Bukit Mertajam train stations.[22][23]

The growth of the towns of Butterworth and Bukit Mertajam also convinced the British colonial authorities to establish and regulate local governments in Province Wellesley. In 1913, four local boards were set up within Province Wellesley - three rural district boards for the Northern, Central and Southern districts, as well as the Butterworth Town Board.[14] These local boards were upgraded into local councils in 1952; the Bukit Mertajam Town Council was also established in the following year.[24][25][26]

World War II

During the early days of the Japanese invasion of Malaya in December 1941, the Royal Air Force and the Royal Australian Air Force units stationed at RAF Butterworth struggled to counter Japanese air raids over Penang and took heavy casualties. With RAF Butterworth itself heavily damaged, these Allied units had to withdraw southwards by 15 December.[27]

The Imperial Japanese Army subsequently invaded Province Wellesley from the north, with the 25th Army capturing RAF Butterworth on 20 December 1941. As with Penang Island, the period of Japanese occupation brought much hardship to civilians in Province Wellesley; especially notorious was the Sook Ching massacres implemented against the Chinese populace.[28]

Province Wellesley was liberated by the British in September 1945 and was placed under military administration for one year.

Post-war era

Skyline of Butterworth

In 1946, the Straits Settlements was abolished, and the now separate Crown Colony of Penang was to be merged into the Malayan Union. The Malayan Union was subsequently replaced by the Federation of Malaya in 1948 and full independence was granted in 1957.

After Malaya gained independence in 1957, Province Wellesley was renamed Seberang Perai. The Butterworth and Bukit Mertajam town councils were merged into the surrounding rural district councils in 1961, and between 1973 and 1976, the remaining three rural district councils were amalgamated into the Seberang Perai Municipal Council. Following this latest amalgamation of the local councils, all of Seberang Perai are administered under a single local government, making the Seberang Perai Municipal Council the biggest local government in Malaysia in terms of land size.

In the decades that followed, the Penang state government opened massive industrial estates in Seberang Perai, such as in Perai, Mak Mandin, Bukit Mertajam and Nibong Tebal.[7][19][29][30] In addition, the Port of Penang, which had been located in George Town, was shifted to Butterworth in 1974. The completion of the North-South Expressway, the Penang Bridge and the Second Penang Bridge by the Malaysian federal government, along with several state-built expressways such as the Butterworth Outer Ring Road, has improved connectivity between the towns in Seberang Perai and with Penang Island.

These developments have boosted the economy of Seberang Perai and led to the rapid urbanisation of the municipality. These have also been complemented by the growth of new residential townships, such as Seberang Jaya and Juru. In recent years, Batu Kawan, where the mainland end of the Second Penang Bridge is located, has emerged as a new growth centre, spurred by a number of major projects and millions of investment funds being poured into the town.[19][31]

Aerial view of George Town. The city is physically separated from Butterworth (bottom) by the Penang Strait.

Geography

Seberang Perai refers to the mainland portion of the State of Penang. It is physically separated from Penang Island to the west by the Penang Strait. To its north, the Muda River forms the Penang-Kedah border, while a short section of the Kerian River marks the southern boundary between Penang and Kedah. The Penang-Perak border also runs to the west of the Penang-Kedah-Perak border tripoint in the Kerian River.

Aman Island

With a land area of 751 km2 (290 sq mi), Seberang Perai is nearly 2.6 times the size of Penang Island and slightly larger than the total landmass of the Republic of Singapore. Seberang Perai is mostly flat. Its highest peak is Bukit Mertajam Hill, looming over the eponymous town of Bukit Mertajam at 451 m (1,480 ft) above sea level. The hill is considered a prominent landmark, as it can be seen from Penang Island; conversely, one can view Penang Island from its peak.[32]

The rivers and coastline of Seberang Perai are lined with mangrove swamps.[33] Examples of the mangrove forests include the mouth of the Perai River and the Muda River basin.[34]

Gedung Island

Outlying islets

Two offshore islets, Aman and Gedung islands, are situated off the southern coast of Seberang Perai, within the South Seberang Perai District. Of the two islets, only Aman Island is sparsely populated.

Urban and suburban areas

The largest town within Seberang Perai is Butterworth, approximately 3 km (1.9 mi) east of George Town, Penang's capital city. Other major towns in Seberang Perai include Bukit Mertajam, Perai, Nibong Tebal and Batu Kawan.

Drainage system

The major rivers in Seberang Perai include the Muda River, Perai River and Kerian River. Off all the rivers in Seberang Perai, the Muda River, which forms the northern border with Kedah, is arguably the most vital; Penang obtains up to 80% of its water supply from this river alone.[35] Thus, illegal logging activities that have been carried out upstream in Kedah have periodically generated concerns about Penang's water supply.[36][37]

Penang
Climate chart (explanation)
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
69
 
 
32
23
 
 
72
 
 
32
24
 
 
146
 
 
32
24
 
 
221
 
 
32
24
 
 
203
 
 
32
24
 
 
178
 
 
31
24
 
 
192
 
 
31
23
 
 
242
 
 
31
23
 
 
356
 
 
30
23
 
 
383
 
 
30
23
 
 
232
 
 
30
23
 
 
114
 
 
31
23
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Source: Bayan Lepas Regional Meteorological Office

Climate

Like the rest of Malaysia, Seberang Perai has a tropical rainforest climate under the Köppen climate classification (Af), although it also borders on a tropical monsoon climate. Seberang Perai does experience slightly drier conditions between December and February of the following year. It sees on average around 2,477 millimetres (97.5 in) of precipitation annually with the lowest being 60 millimetres (2.4 in) in February while the highest was around 210 millimetres (8.3 in) between August and October.[38]

Penang's proximity to the island of Sumatra, Indonesia makes it susceptible to dust particles carried by wind from the perennial but transient forest fires, creating a yearly phenomenon known as the Southeast Asian haze.[39][40] The haze season typically occurs between July and October.

Weather forecasts for Seberang Perai is served by the Bayan Lepas Regional Meteorological Office on Penang Island, which acts as the primary weather forecast facility for northern Peninsular Malaysia.[41]

Climate data for Penang
Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year
Average high °C (°F) 31.6
(88.9)		 32.2
(90)		 32.2
(90)		 31.9
(89.4)		 31.6
(88.9)		 31.4
(88.5)		 31.0
(87.8)		 30.9
(87.6)		 30.4
(86.7)		 30.4
(86.7)		 30.7
(87.3)		 31.1
(88)		 31.3
(88.2)
Daily mean °C (°F) 26.9
(80.4)		 27.4
(81.3)		 27.6
(81.7)		 27.7
(81.9)		 27.6
(81.7)		 27.3
(81.1)		 26.9
(80.4)		 26.8
(80.2)		 26.5
(79.7)		 26.4
(79.5)		 26.5
(79.7)		 26.7
(80.1)		 27.0
(80.6)
Average low °C (°F) 23.2
(73.8)		 23.5
(74.3)		 23.7
(74.7)		 24.1
(75.4)		 24.2
(75.6)		 23.8
(74.8)		 23.4
(74.1)		 23.4
(74.1)		 23.2
(73.8)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.3
(73.9)		 23.4
(74.1)		 23.5
(74.4)
Average rainfall mm (inches) 68.7
(2.705)		 71.7
(2.823)		 146.4
(5.764)		 220.5
(8.681)		 203.4
(8.008)		 178.0
(7.008)		 192.1
(7.563)		 242.4
(9.543)		 356.1
(14.02)		 383.0
(15.079)		 231.8
(9.126)		 113.5
(4.469)		 2,407.6
(94.787)
Average rainy days (≥ 1.0 mm) 5 6 9 14 14 11 12 14 18 19 15 9 146
Mean monthly sunshine hours 248.8 233.2 235.3 224.5 203.6 202.4 205.5 188.8 161.0 170.2 182.1 209.0 2,464.4
Source: NOAA[42]

Government and politics

Local government

The seat of the Seberang Perai Municipal Council is located at Bandar Perda near Bukit Mertajam.

Local administration of Seberang Perai, including Butterworth, is under the purview of the Seberang Perai Municipal Council, an agency of the Penang state government. Headquartered near Bukit Mertajam, the municipal council is responsible for urban planning, heritage preservation, public health, sanitation, waste management, traffic management, environmental protection, building control, social and economic development, and general maintenance of urban infrastructure.

The President is appointed by the Penang state government for two years, while each of the 24 councillors is appointed for a one-year term. The current President of the Seberang Perai Municipal Council is Rozali Mohamud, who took office in 2017.[43]

Districts

Seberang Perai is also divided into three administrative districts - North, Central and South. Each district contains a lands and district office headed by a district officer. The lands and district office deals with land administration and revenue; thus it differs from the municipal council, which oversees the provision and maintenance of urban infrastructure.

State and federal constituencies

For the unicameral Penang State Legislative Assembly, Seberang Perai is divided into 21 state constituencies, more than half of the 40 seats in the entire state. The State Assemblymen are elected into office via Penang-level elections, which by convention is held simultaneously with the Malaysian General Elections every five years.

Penang Island is also represented by seven Members of Parliament in the Parliament of Malaysia. The Members of Parliament are elected via the Malaysian General Elections, which is held every five years.

The current State Assemblymen and Members of Parliament for Seberang Perai are as listed below.

Federal constituency Party Member of Parliament State constituency Party State Assemblyman
Kepala Batas (P041) BN Reezal Merican Naina Merican Penaga (N01) BN Mohd Zain Ahmad
Bertam (N02) BN Shariful Azhar Othman
Pinang Tunggal (N03) BN Roslan Saidin
Tasek Gelugor (P042) BN Shabudin Yahaya Permatang Berangan (N04) BN Omar Haji Abd Hamid
Sungai Dua (N05) BN Muhamad Yusoff Mohd Noor
Telok Ayer Tawar (N06) BN Jahara Hamid
Bagan (P043) DAP Lim Guan Eng Sungai Puyu (N07) DAP Phee Boon Poh
Bagan Jermal (N08) DAP Lim Hock Seng
Bagan Dalam (N09) DAP Tanasekharan Autherapady
Permatang Pauh (P044) PKR Wan Azizah Wan Ismail Seberang Jaya (N10) PKR Afif Bahardin
Permatang Pasir (N11) PAS Mohd Salleh Man
Penanti (N12) PKR Norlela Ariffin
Bukit Mertajam (P045) DAP Steven Sim Chee Keong Berapit (N13) DAP Ong Kok Fooi
Machang Bubok (N14) PKR Lee Khai Loon
Padang Lalang (N15) DAP Chong Eng
Batu Kawan (P046) DAP Kasthuriraani Patto Perai (N16) DAP Ramasamy Palanisamy
Bukit Tengah (N17) PKR Ong Chin Wen
Bukit Tambun (N18) PKR Law Choo Kiang
Nibong Tebal (P047) PKR Mansor Othman
Jawi (N19) DAP Soon Lip Chee
Sungai Bakap (N20) PKR Maktar Shapee
Sungai Acheh (N21) BN Mahmud Zakaria

Judiciary

There are three Magistrates Courts within Seberang Perai, one each for every district. The Butterworth Magistrates Court has jurisdiction for the Northern District, the Bukit Mertajam Magistrates Court over the Central District and the Jawi Magistrates Court handles cases within the Southern District.[44]

Demographics

Juru's Auto-City, within the Central District, at night.

Population distribution by districts (2010)

  North (35.28%)
  Central (44.33%)
  South (20.39%)

As of 2010, Seberang Perai was populated by 818,197 residents, making it the second most populous local government area in Malaysia after the federal capital city, Kuala Lumpur.[45][46] This also meant that, by 2010, Seberang Perai was home to over 53.6% of Penang's population, slightly outnumbering the population of Penang Island, Malaysia's second largest city. The population of Seberang Perai was estimated to have increased to 891,300 by 2013.[47]

Most of Seberang Perai's population is concentrated within the Central District, while the Southern District is least populated.[48] This is due to the recent urbanisation of the more industrialised Central District, which includes Perai, Bukit Mertajam, Bukit Tengah and Bukit Minyak, and the district's greater economic activity.[47] On the other hand, the ongoing development of the Southern District, specifically around Batu Kawan, has led to its more rapid population growth rate compared to the Northern and Central districts.

Ethnic composition of Seberang Perai (2010)[48]
Ethnicities / Nationality Percentage
Malays
  
 48.96%
Other Bumiputeras
  
 0.33%
Chinese
  
 34.21%
Indians
  
 10.56%
Others
  
 0.30%
Non-Malaysians
  
 5.64%

Ethnicities

As of 2010, ethnic Malays constituted nearly 49% of Seberang Perai's population, with most Malays being concentrated in the Northern District.[48] The Chinese made up 34% of the population; while most reside within the Central District, the Southern District has a larger proportion of ethnic Chinese. Another 10.5% of Seberang Perai's population comprised ethnic Indians, the third largest ethnic community.

However, in recent years, there has been an influx of foreign workers in the Central District, and as a result, the population of foreigners in this particular district has outstripped that of the Indians.[47]

Economy

While the economy of Seberang Perai has traditionally been driven by agriculture, since the mid-20th century, the municipality has become heavily industrialised.[47] The first industrial estate was established in Mak Mandin, near Butterworth, in the 1950s under the leadership of the then Chief Minister of Penang, Wong Pow Nee.[30][49][50] The relocation of the Port of Penang to Butterworth in 1974 and the completion of several expressways have also boosted the growth of manufacturing as one of the economic mainstays of Seberang Perai, by facilitating the ease of transportation of goods and services.[19][51][52]

The resulting rapid urbanisation of Seberang Perai has fueled the municipality's housing market; in particular, the Central District has benefited the most in terms of newly-built housing units due to its greater industrial activity and the location of the Penang Bridge's terminus within the said district.[53]

In recent years, Batu Kawan, within the Southern District, has witnessed massive transformation, with an industrial park, an international technology hub and several other mixed-development projects being planned for the town.[19][31][54][55]

Manufacturing

The main industrial zones within Seberang Perai are located in Mak Mandin, Perai, Bukit Mertajam and Nibong Tebal.[7][19][29][49] There has been a higher concentration of manufacturing activities within the Central District, which encompasses Perai and Bukit Mertajam, making it the most industrialised district within Seberang Perai.

In particular, several multinational corporations and Malaysian manufacturing giants, including Honeywell Aerospace, Sony, Mattel, Pensonic, Chevron and Malayawata Steel are based in Perai, due to its proximity to the Port of Penang.[7] Smaller industries, such as foodstuff and textiles, are concentrated in inland areas like Mak Mandin and Nibong Tebal, while Bukit Tengah near Bukit Mertajam has a significant engineering industry that includes international names like Blaupunkt and Schlumberger.

The Batu Kawan Industrial Park is another upcoming manufacturing zone, attracting multinational companies such as VAT, Bose Corporation, Boston Scientific and Robert Bosch GmbH.[19][56]

Entrepôt trade

View of the Port of Penang and George Town in the background.

The Port of Penang was relocated from George Town to Butterworth in 1974, in order to expand its container and cargo services.[19][51][52] To date, the Port of Penang operates six cargo and container terminals around Butterworth.[57] This has led to the manufacturing boom in Seberang Perai, as the Port of Penang has facilitated the ease of export from the factories in Perai.[7][19]

The Port of Penang handled more than 1.1 million TEU of cargo in 2010, the second highest amount in Malaysia.[58] In 2013, that amount increased to over 1.2 million TEU.[59] The Port's strategic location allowed it to service not just northern Malaysia, but also southern Thailand.

Agriculture

In terms of land usage, agriculture remains the dominant economic sector in Seberang Perai, with about 12,000 hectares (30,000 acres) of land being utilised for agricultural purposes in both the Northern and Southern districts.[47] Seberang Perai has historically served as an agricultural rice bowl for Penang, as the inherent lack of land on Penang Island necessitated the choice of the mainland for plantations and paddy fields.[20][21] In addition, Bukit Mertajam was once well-known as a production centre for rubber, cloves and nutmegs.[19]

However, within the State of Penang, the agricultural sector has been declining. This sector has contributed a mere 2.2% of Penang's GDP as of 2014, while only 2.7% of Penang's workforce was employed in agriculture-related occupations in the fourth quarter of that year.[60]

Services

Seberang Perai has also witnessed a growing services sector; while the municipality is not as well-known as Penang Island as a tourist destination of choice, it does have a developing retail scene. Eco-tourism is another sub-sector that has been recently promoted within Seberang Perai, taking advantage of the municipality's mangrove forests.[34]

More recently, Batu Kawan has emerged as a potential growth centre for technological services and the shared services outsourcing sub-sector, with the Penang International Technology Park in the works.[19][47][56]

Design Village in Batu Kawan, the biggest outlet mall in Malaysia

Retail

At the time of writing, among the major shopping malls within Seberang Perai are Megamal Pinang in Perai, Sunway Carnival Mall in Seberang Jaya and The Summit Bukit Mertajam Plaza in Bukit Mertajam.[61] As of 2017, another shopping mall, GEM Mall in Butterworth, is under construction; it has been touted as the largest shopping mall in northern Malaysia.[62]

In 2016, Design Village, Malaysia's largest outlet mall, was opened in Batu Kawan, offering various international fashion and accessory brands such as Gap, Pierre Cardin, Padini, Adidas and Levi's.[63][64] Spanning a total area of 37,161 m2 (400,000 sq ft), Design Village is also the first outlet mall in northern Malaysia.

Another famous component of Seberang Perai's retail sub-sector is Juru's Auto-City. An entertainment and retail precinct in Juru, it not only contains several automobile showrooms, but also a varied assortment of retail outlets, eateries and other services. Some of the international names at Juru Auto-City include Audi, Ferrari, Fiat, Porsche, Nando's, Starbucks, Secret Recipe and Subway.[65]

In 2016, IKEA, the world's largest furniture retailer, announced that it will open a store in Batu Kawan by 2018, making it the first IKEA outlet in northern Malaysia.[66]

Transport

Since the latter half of the 20th century, several infrastructural projects have been completed in Seberang Perai, boosting the municipality's connectivity with Penang Island, as well as the rest of Peninsular Malaysia. Seberang Perai is connected to Penang Island via a ferry service, the Penang Bridge and the Second Penang Bridge, the latter of which is the longest bridge in Southeast Asia. The feasibility of more cross-strait links are being explored at the time of writing.[67]

Malaysia's North–South Expressway, part of Asian Highway 2, runs through Seberang Perai, as is Penang's sole section of inter-state rail track operated by the Malayan Railway.

Land

A signboard along the North–South Expressway near Butterworth, depicting the Asian Highway 2 sign.
Butterworth railway station, one of the major train stations in Peninsular Malaysia, has services into Thailand as well.
Aerial view of the Penang Bridge, with Perai visible in the horizon.

The North-South Expressway is the main highway that runs across the more developed western Peninsular Malaysia; the expressway forms part of Asian Highway 2, as it is connected to Thailand's Phet Kasem Road at its northern end and the Singapore Causeway at its southern end. This expressway runs through Seberang Perai, thus connecting major towns, such as Butterworth, Seberang Jaya, Perai, Juru, Batu Kawan and Nibong Tebal, with other cities and towns along western Peninsular Malaysia, southern Thailand and Singapore.

Other major roads and expressways within Seberang Perai include the Butterworth Outer Ring Road (BORR) and the Butterworth–Seberang Jaya Toll Road. The BORR was constructed in the 2000s to alleviate traffic congestion along the North–South Expressway, providing drivers from Butterworth with an alternative route to Perai to the south. The Prai River Bridge was also built for this purpose, traversing the Perai River that separates Butterworth and Perai. In addition, the BORR is linked to the Butterworth–Seberang Jaya Toll Road, which was completed in 2007.

The Second Penang Bridge (as seen from Penang Island in this picture) is currently the longest bridge in Southeast Asia.

Aside from roads and expressways, rail transportation has historically played a vital role in Seberang Perai's economy. The first railway tracks were laid in the 1900s, connecting the area with the rest of Malaya for the first time, and facilitating the transportation of agricultural and mining commodities for export via the Port of Penang.[22][23] Today, about 34.9 km (21.7 mi) of rail track stretches within Seberang Perai as part of the Malayan Railway's West Coast Route. Out of the six train stations in Seberang Perai, the two major stations are in Butterworth and Bukit Mertajam, with the former offering services by both the Malayan Railway and the State Railway of Thailand; the Butterworth rail station is also one of the major stops of the Eastern and Oriental Express between Bangkok and Singapore. Domestically, the Malayan Railway runs the inter-state Electric Train Service along much of its West Coast Route, allowing train commuters from Penang to travel to Kuala Lumpur in as little as four hours.[68]

Penang Sentral in Butterworth as of March 2017

The two bridges that connect Seberang Perai with Penang Island are the Penang Bridge and the Second Penang Bridge. The Penang Bridge links Perai and Gelugor, a southern suburb of Penang's capital city, George Town, and was completed in 1985. At the time of its opening, the bridge was the longest in Southeast Asia. In 2013, it was superseded by the 24 km (15 mi)-long Second Penang Bridge to the south, which runs between Batu Kawan and Batu Maung near the southeastern tip of Penang Island.

A major transportation hub, Penang Sentral, is being constructed in Butterworth, and the first phase of the project, which consists of an inter-city bus terminal, is slated for completion in 2017.[69] Penang Sentral is strategically located next to Butterworth's Sultan Abdul Hamid Ferry Terminal and the Butterworth rail station. Overall, there are eight phases of the Penang Sentral project, which aims to integrate all bus, rail and ferry services under a single mixed complex that will also incorporate commercial, residential and retail elements, akin to Kuala Lumpur Sentral.[70]

Public transportation

The ground public transportation needs within Seberang Perai are currently being met by Rapid Penang, the primary public transit bus brand in Penang. At the time of writing, Rapid Penang operates 19 public transit routes within Seberang Perai, three cross-strait BEST shuttle bus services towards Penang Island, and four interstate routes towards neighbouring Kedah and Perak.[71] Most public transit bus routes originate and terminate in Butterworth, linking it with other towns such as Perai, Bukit Mertajam, Nibong Tebal and Simpang Ampat, while other routes operate specifically within each of the three districts of Seberang Perai.

Other than Rapid Penang, the only other public transit bus operator is Cityliner, which handles a handful of routes within Seberang Perai as well.[72]

Sea

A ship at the Port of Penang in Butterworth
A Penang Ferry in Butterworth

In 1974, the Port of Penang shifted its cargo and container operations from George Town on Penang Island to Butterworth.[19] Currently the most important harbour within northern Malaysia and one of the largest in the country, the Port of Penang now operates the following facilities around Butterworth.[73]

The Port of Penang handled more than 1.1 million TEU of cargo in 2010, the second highest amount in Malaysia.[74] In 2013, that figure increased to over 1.2 million TEU.[75] The Port's strategic location enabled it to serve not just northern Malaysia, but also southern Thailand.

The cross-strait Penang Ferry Service, which links Butterworth and George Town, is also operated by the Penang Port Commission.[76] It commenced operations in 1920, making it the oldest surviving ferry service in Malaysia. At the time of writing, four ferries ply the Penang Strait between the Sultan Abdul Hamid Ferry Terminal in Butterworth and George Town daily.[77]

Shopping

Healthcare

Public hospitals

Private hospitals

Sports

Education

There are several higher learning institutions located in Seberang Perai but the most prominent are Universiti Sains Malaysia Engineering Campus located in Nibong Tebal; Universiti Teknologi MARA (UiTM) with branches in Penang and Bertam; and Politeknik Seberang Perai (PSP). Both are situated in the district of Permatang Pauh.

Tourism

Penang Bird Park in Seberang Jaya boasts a collection of over 300 species of birds with enormous walk-in aviaries and is the first and largest bird park of its kind in Malaysia. Popular among bird enthusiasts, the park was built in a garden landscaping concept with natural ponds and a vast collection of flora and several other wildlife including mousedeer, giant alaipaima fish, phytons and monitor lizards.[78]

A popular recreational park among locals and outsiders alike, the Bukit Mertajam Recreational Forest in Cherok Tok Kun, Bukit Mertajam is a tropical rain forest reserve sprawls over 37 hectars of hilly terrain including the Bukit Mertajam hill. The forest contains indigenous rain forest trees that could be over a hundred years old such as the Meranti Seraya (Shorea curtisii) and Meranti Rambai Daun (Shorea acuminate). For the adventurous hikers, there are numerous jungle trail branching out towards the peak and also accessible by jeep and cycling. Other activities include picnicking, swimming by the waterfall and camping.[79]

A small village of Mengkuang Titi provides homestay programmes for foreign tourists which is the opportunity to live with the local Malay family while experiencing Malay culture and the laid-back lifestyle of rural living. Among the activities during the programme were fruit picking in the orchard, visiting a handicraft centre, Mengkuang-mat-weaving demonstration, a trip cottage industry factories(Malaysian Muffins),bedak sejuk (traditional beauty powder made from rice flour) and soy bean products), visiting the Mengkuang Dam vicinity and the Air Itam Dalam mangrove reserve, a cultural performance, a stroll through a rubber plantation and an oil palm plantation.[80]

Bukit Tambun, a small tranquil fishing village located in the South Seberang Perai district, remains a seafood heaven for local and foreign tourists alike. It consists of seafood restaurants dotting along the river mouth with the dining area hovering over the water, serving local delicacies which are fresh daily catch from the sea.[81]

Pulau Aman is an island off-coast of Bukit Tambun located at the south-east of Penang island. It consists of a quaint Malay fishing village. The island is accessible to the public via ferry boat from the Batu Musang jetty in Batu Kawan. There is an old well, Telaga Emas (Golden Well) located right next to the sea.[82]

One of the highlights in the town of Nibong Tebal include the firefly watching along the river of Sungai Krian. This can be done late in the evening by boat as visitors can have the opportunity to enjoy the dazzling display of fireflies in the mangrove swamp.[83]

In fact one of the major events in Seberang Perai is the St. Anne's Novena and Feast which is held end of July annually at the St. Anne's Church, Bukit Mertajam which attract nearly over 100,000 pilgrims from all over the country and as far as neighbouring countries such as Philippines, Russia, Singapore and Australia.

Recently, the North Seberang Perai Local Plan 2020 Draft have developed several heritage trails, namely the Archeo-Tourism Trail, Heritage Trail and Beach Recreation Trail. The Archeo-Tourism Trail would cover an old fort at Kota Kuala Muda, an archaeology complex in Sungai Emas, the Langkasuka ruins in Kota Aur, an early archaeology site in Guar Kepah, a candi (temple) in Permatang Pasir, the Merdeka Bridge-cum-fort in Bumbung Lima and a border cornerstone in Ekor Kucing. Besides that, The Heritage Trail would commence from the Butterworth railway station through the Sultan Abdul Halim ferry terminal, a traditional blacksmith shop in Permatang Benuan, the Capal Jago chapal maker's shop in Kepala Batas and terminates at the whispering market in the Kuala Muda fishing village. Aside from that, the Beach Recreation Trail would cover the Pantai Bersih beach, Bagan Ajam beach, Pantai Teluk Molek (Robina Park) beach, Teluk Air Tawar recreation park, Kuala Bekah beach, Pantai Penaga, Sungai Muda sanctuary park, Pantai Kamloon recreation park, Bertam Vision Park, Padang Cempedak recreation park and Air Hitam Dalam recreation park.[84]

Furthermore, the Central Seberang Perai Local Plan 2020 draft would include the upgrade of the Penang Bird Park, the Seberang Jaya Expo, proposals of rural homestay project in Sama Gagah, Pematang Pasir and Kampung Kubang Semang, promoting education-based tourism with MICE facilities in Prai and eco-tourism in Mengkuang Dam and Cherok Tok Kun.[84]

References

  1. ↑ "Butterworth remains the Ugly Duckling".
  2. ↑ "Laporan Kiraan Permulaan 2010". Jabatan Perangkaan Malaysia. p. 34. Retrieved 31 January 2011.
  3. ↑ "Key summary statistics for Local Authority areas, Malaysia, 2010" (PDF). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  4. ↑ Goh Ban Lee. "Seberang Perai: The adopted child matures". Retrieved 2017-02-10.
  5. ↑ "The Mainland Awakens". Penang Monthly. 2016-09-01. Retrieved 2017-02-10.
  6. ↑ http://www.zairil.com/tag/stepchild/
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 "P 01. A brief history of Prai". butterworthguide.com.my. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  8. ↑ "Penang to seek Unesco heritage status for Guar Kepah neolithic site - Nation | The Star Online". Retrieved 2017-04-29.
  9. ↑ "Prehistoric human skeleton found at Penang neolithic site". Retrieved 2017-04-29.
  10. ↑ Habibu, Sira. "Lembah Bujang covers a larger area - Nation | The Star Online". Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  11. 1 2 3 4 5 III, Administrator. "History of Penang". www.visitpenang.gov.my. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  12. ↑ Simon Richmond (2010). Malaysia, Singapore & Brunei. Lonely Planet. pp. 177–. ISBN 978-1-74104-887-2.
  13. 1 2 Goh Ban Lee. "Seberang Perai: The adopted child matures". Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  14. 1 2 3 4 "History". www.mpsp.gov.my. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  15. ↑ "Kedah - Siam Relations, 1821-1905" (PDF). |first1= missing |last1= in Authors list (help)
  16. ↑ "Documents Archive | Empire in Asia". www.fas.nus.edu.sg. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  17. ↑ Mahani Musa, 2011. Sejarah Awal Pulau Pinang, p. 5-61. USM Penang. ISBN 978-983-861-356-9
  18. ↑ "Singapore becomes admin centre of the Straits Settlements - Singapore History". eresources.nlb.gov.sg. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  19. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 "The Mainland Awakens". The Mainland Awakens, Seberang Perai,Bagan Market, Icon City, Auto City,BFF, Think City, Bukit Mertajam, Batu Kawan. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  20. 1 2 3 "Penang Heritage Trust". www.pht.org.my. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  21. 1 2 "The untold Seberang Perai story - anilnetto.com". anilnetto.com. 2014-11-14. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  22. 1 2 "The history of Bukit Mertajam Part I – From agrarian village to economic hub". The history of Bukit Mertajam Part I – From agrarian village to economic hub,. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  23. 1 2 Khoo, Salma Nasution (2005). Kinta Valley: Pioneering Malaysia's Modern Development. Penang: Areca Books. ISBN 9789834211301.
  24. ↑ "The history of Bukit Mertajam, Part II:From rural board to town council". The history of Bukit Mertajam, Part II:From rural board to town council,. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
  25. ↑ "The Penang Island City agenda". www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
  26. ↑ "Penang". Penang. Retrieved 2017-04-29.
  27. ↑ Barber, Andrew (2010). Penang At War: A History of Penang During and Between the First and Second World Wars 1914-1945. AB&B.
  28. ↑ "Old Penang: Suzuki, the 'hippy' executioner (Updated) - anilnetto.com". anilnetto.com. 2013-10-06. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  29. 1 2 "The rise of mainland Penang". www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  30. 1 2 Chin, Christina. "The ‘Father of Penang’ - Nation | The Star Online". Retrieved 2017-05-10.
  31. 1 2 "Penang developers plan mega projects - Business News | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  32. ↑ "Bukit Mertajam Recreational Forest".
  33. ↑ "P 05. Prai River and mangrove forests". butterworthguide.com.my. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  34. 1 2 "Penang seeks to charm eco-travellers to Seberang Perai with natural assets". 2015-12-14. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  35. ↑ "Safeguarding Penang’s water supply". Safeguarding Penang’s water supply,. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  36. ↑ "Penang CM proposes solutions to raw water supply issue". www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  37. ↑ "Gazette Ulu Muda as most important catchment for NCER, Kedah told" (PDF). Malaysiakini. 14 March 2017.
  38. ↑ Tijs Neutens; Philippe de Maeyer (16 October 2009). Developments in 3D Geo-Information Sciences. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 206–. ISBN 978-3-642-04791-6.
  39. ↑ "Why is South-East Asia's annual haze so hard to deal with?". The Economist. 7 July 2013. ISSN 0013-0613. Retrieved 15 October 2016.
  40. ↑ "Sumatra haze blankets northern Malaysia". Planet Ark. 23 September 2002. Retrieved 19 July 2008.
  41. ↑ "Malaysian Meteorological Department – Pejabat Meteorologi Bayan Lepas". Met.gov.my. 16 December 2007. Retrieved 3 January 2011.
  42. ↑ "Penang/Bayan Lepas Climate Normals 1961–1990". National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. Retrieved 4 February 2015.
  43. ↑ "New Mayor for Penang Island City Council". www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved 2017-06-30.
  44. ↑ "Court Directory – Penang Bar Committee". penangbar.org. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
  45. ↑ "Key summary statistics for Local Authority areas, Malaysia, 2010" (PDF). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 5 February 2015. Retrieved 19 June 2013.
  46. ↑ List of cities and towns in Malaysia by population
  47. 1 2 3 4 5 6 "Penang’s mainland – Seberang Perai by the numbers". Penang’s mainland – Seberang Perai by the numbers,. Retrieved 2017-05-02.
  48. 1 2 3 "Population Distribution and Demography" (PDF). Malaysian Department of Statistics.
  49. 1 2 Wan Fairuz Wan Chik, S. Selvadurai, A. C. Er (2013). "History of Industrial Development Strategies in Penang since Independence: A Study of the SMEs". Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
  50. ↑ "The first and forgotten Chief Minister of Penang". The first and forgotten Chief Minister of Penang,. Retrieved 2017-05-10.
  51. 1 2 "Container Services". Port of Penang.
  52. 1 2 Natacha Aveline-Dubach, Sue-Ching Jou, Hsin-Huang Michael Hsiao (2014). Globalization and New Intra-Urban Dynamics in Asian Cities. Taiwan: Taiwan Resource Center for Chinese Studies. ISBN 9789863500216.
  53. ↑ "The housing market in Penang today". The housing market in Penang today,. Retrieved 2017-05-10.
  54. ↑ "Company’s initiative to help with savings on energy cost - SMEBiz News | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 2017-05-10.
  55. ↑ "Penang signs with Temasek to set up RM11.3b SSO hub". www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved 2017-05-10.
  56. 1 2 "Penang Economic Outlook". Penang Economic Outlook,. Retrieved 2017-05-10.
  57. ↑ "General Info". Port of Penang.
  58. ↑ "Measuring the performance of Malaysian container ports". Maritime Institute of Malaysia. http://www.mima.gov.my/mima/wp-content/uploads/Port%20performance%20FINAL%20(Nov12).pdf.
  59. ↑ "Container Services". Port of Penang.
  60. ↑ "2016 Budget and Economic Outlook" (PDF). Penang Institute.
  61. ↑ "The Summit Bukit Mertajam". Time Out Penang. Retrieved 2017-05-10.
  62. ↑ "Builder throws grand CNY open house for guests - Community | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 2017-05-10.
  63. ↑ Zabidi, Nor Diana. "Portal Rasmi Kerajaan Negeri Pulau Pinang - The Launching of Design Village Penang". www.penang.gov.my. Retrieved 2017-04-11.
  64. ↑ "The Design Village set to excite shoppers - Star2.com". Star2.com. 2017-05-12. Retrieved 2017-05-14.
  65. ↑ "events - auto-city". www.autocity.com.my. Retrieved 2017-05-10.
  66. ↑ "IKEA confirms Penang outlet will open in 2018 - Business News | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 2017-05-14.
  67. ↑ "‘Third bridge for Penang must be over 80m above sea level’ - Nation | The Star Online". www.thestar.com.my. Retrieved 2017-05-13.
  68. ↑ "ETS Butterworth-KL-Gemas Timetable" (PDF). Malayan Railway.
  69. ↑ "First phase of Penang Sentral to be ready this year". www.thesundaily.my. Retrieved 2017-02-07.
  70. ↑ "MRCB". mrcbland.com.my. Retrieved 2017-04-10.
  71. ↑ "Rapid Penang | www.rapidpg.com.my". www.rapidpg.com.my. Retrieved 2017-03-19.
  72. ↑ "Cityliner". www.cityliner.com.my. Retrieved 2017-03-25.
  73. ↑ "General Info". Port of Penang.
  74. ↑ "Measuring the performance of Malaysian container ports". Maritime Institute of Malaysia. http://www.mima.gov.my/mima/wp-content/uploads/Port%20performance%20FINAL%20(Nov12).pdf.
  75. ↑ "Container Services". Port of Penang.
  76. ↑ hermes (15 October 2016). "Penang's ferries in murky waters". The Straits Times. Retrieved 18 October 2016.
  77. ↑ "Ferry Services". Penang Port.
  78. ↑ "Penang Bird Park".
  79. ↑ "Bukit Mertajam Recreational Forest".
  80. ↑ "Homestay Mengkuang TitiToday is 30 March 2012".
  81. ↑ "Seafood Fest, Bukit Tambun, Penang".
  82. ↑ "Pulau Aman".
  83. ↑ "Penang Fireflies Tour".
  84. 1 2 "mainland boom".
This article is issued from Wikipedia. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.