Prototheca zopfii

Prototheca zopfii
Scientific classification
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Viridiplantae
Division: Chlorophyta
Class: Trebouxiophyceae
Order: Chlorellales
Family: Chlorellaceae
Genus: Prototheca
Species: P. zopfii
Binomial name
Prototheca zopfii

Prototheca zopfii is aerobic, unicellular, yeast-like, achlorophyllic (without chlorophyll) microalga.[1]

Distribution

P. zopfii[2] is opportunistic, environmental pathogen and ubiquitous in nature. This alga is mainly associated with wet areas and places with high organic contents. It can be found in tanks, well water, teat-dip containers, and milking machines.[3]

Reproduction

P. zopfii reproduce asexually by endosporulation.[4]

Culture media

Sabouraud agar is used as a cultural medium.[5]

Differential diagnosis

Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis are useful tool for rapid confirmative diagnosis.[6]

Pathogenicity

The species can infect man and animal, causing mastitis.[6] P. zopfii can cause bovine clinical mastitis in high milk-yielding cows.[7] Genotypes I and III are not involved in the pathogenicity of mastitis and probably are pollutants of milk, whereas genotype II is the main cause of mastitis.[6]

Outbreaks

Bovine mastitis outbreaks by P. zopfii is a global problem. It is reported from Europe,[8][9][10] Asia,[11] North America,[12][13] and South America.[14][15]

Antimicrobial therapy

P. zopfii is less susceptible or completely resistant to clotrimazole, fluconazole, econazole, flucytosine, cefoperazone, cephalexin, enrofloxacin, lincomycin, oxytetracycline, miconazole, colistin, a combination of amoxicillin with clavulanic acid, enrofloxacin, amoxicillin, tetracycline, penicillin, lincomycin, and novobiocin, whereas drugs such as nystatin, ketoconazole, and amphotericin B are effective against algae isolated from milk of mastitis-affected cows.[5]

References

  1. ↑ Ueno, R., Urano, N. and Suzuki, M. (2003). Microbiol. Lett., 223:275-280.
  2. ↑ Roesler U, Moller A, Hensel A, et al. Diversity within the current algal species Prototheca zopfii: a proposal for two Prototheca zopfii genotypes and description of a novel species, Prototheca blaschkeae sp. nov. Int J Syst Evol Microbiol 2006;56:1419—25.
  3. ↑ Osumi, T., Kishimoto, Y., Kano, R., Maruyama, H., Onozaki, M., Makimura, K., Ito, T., Matsubara, K. and Hasegawa, A (2008). Vet. Microbiol., 131(3-4):419-423.
  4. ↑ Bovine Mastitis, Neelesh Sharma et. al.,2012 , Satish Serial Publishing House. ISBN 978-93-81226-03-2. pp. 175-177.
  5. 1 2 Antimicrobial susceptibility of Prototheca zopfii isolated from bovine mastitis., Władysław Wawron, Mariola Bochniarz, Tomasz Piech, Jerzy Wysocki1, Marcin Kocik., Bull Vet Inst Pulawy 57, 485-488, 2013.DOI: 10.2478/bvip-2013-0084
  6. 1 2 3 Molecular characterization of Prototheca strains isolated from bovine mastitis., A. Aouay , F. Coppée , S. Cloet , P. Cuvelier , A. Belayew , P.-E. Lagneau , C. Mullender ., Journal de Mycologie Médicale (2008) 18, 224—227.
  7. ↑ Janosi,S., Ratz., F.., Szigeti, G., Kulcsar, M., Kerenyi, J., Lomko, T., Katona, F. and Huszenicza, G. (2001). Vet. Quart., 23: 58-61.
  8. ↑ Legneau, P.E.(1996).J. Mycol.Med.6:145-148.
  9. ↑ Aalbaek, B., Jensen, H.E. and Huda, A.(1998). Acta Pathol. Microbiol. Immunol.Scand., 106:483-488.
  10. ↑ Buzzini, P., Turchetti, B., Facelli,R., Baudino, R., Cavarero,F., Mattalia, L., Mosso, P. and Martini,A. (2004). Mycopathologia,158:427:430).
  11. ↑ Katoch,R.C.., Nagal,K.B., Sharma, M.(1997). Indian J. Anim. Sci.,67:292-93.
  12. ↑ Anderson, K.L. and Walker, R.L.(1988). J. Am. Vet. Med.Assoc.,193:553-556
  13. ↑ Higgins, R., and Larouche, Y.(1989). Med. Vet. Quebec, 19:140-141.
  14. ↑ Almeraya, A.P.(1994). Vet. Mexico, 25: 65-67
  15. ↑ Vargas, A.C.., Lazzari, A., Santurio,J.M.,Alves,S.H., Ferreira,G.,and Kreutz.,L.C.(1998). Mycopathologia, 142:135-137
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