Protectorate General to Pacify the North

Protectorate General to Pacify the North
Common name (669–757)
Simplified Chinese:安北都护府
Traditional Chinese:安北都護府
Pinyin:Anbei Duhu Fu
Wade-Giles:Anpei Tuhu Fu
Alternate Name (647–663)
Simplified Chinese:燕然都护府
Traditional Chinese:燕然都護府
Pinyin:Yanran Duhu Fu
Wade-Giles:Yenjan Tuhu Fu
Alternate Name (663–669)
Simplified Chinese:瀚海都护府
Traditional Chinese:瀚海都護府
Pinyin:Hanhai Duhu Fu
Wade-Giles:Hanhai Tuhu Fu
Alternate Name (757–784)
Simplified Chinese:镇北都护府
Traditional Chinese:鎮北都護府
Pinyin:Zhenbei Duhu Fu
Wade-Giles:Chenpei Tuhu Fu

The Protectorate General to Pacify the North or Grand Protectorate General to Pacify the North (647–784) was a Chinese military government established by Tang Dynasty in 647 to pacify the former territory of Xueyantuo, which extended from Lake Baikal to the north, the Gobi Desert to the south, the Khingan Mountains to the east, and the Altay Mountains to the west.

It was first established as Yanran at Shanyu Tai, southwest of present-day Urat Middle Banner, the northern slope of Lang Shan. This was later shifted to Hanhai and controlled by Uighurs instead of Han Chinese, around the banks of the Orkhon River, and named from its namesakes for a short period before it was changed to Anbei. The seat of governance remained there until the year 687.

History

In 646 the Tang dynasty conquered the Xuyantuo and on 9 January 647, 13 Tiele and Uyghur tribes surrendered to the Tang. Tang Taizong organized them into six commanderies and seven tributary prefectures under the Jimi system. The six commanderies were Hanhai (翰海府), Jinwei (金微府), Yanran (燕然府), Youling (幽陵府), Guilin (龜林府), and Lushan (盧山府). The seven prefectures were Gaolan (皐蘭州), Gaoque (高闕州), Jilu (雞鹿州), Jitian (雞田州), Yuxi (榆溪州), Dailin (蹛林州), and Douyan (竇顏州). Collectively these were known as the "Cantian Khan Circuit." On 10 April the Yanran Protectorate was created at the foothills of the Shanyu Plateau, southwest of present-day Urad Middle Banner, and governorship of the 13 tribes was handed over to the protector general, Li Suli (李素立), who served from 647-649.

On 5 February 663 the Yanran Protectorate was renamed Hanhai Protectorate.[1]

In August 669 the Hanhai Protectorate was renamed the Protectorate General to Pacify the North, otherwise known as the Anbei Duhufu.[2] Its seat was relocated to the city of Datong in present day Ejin Banner.

In 687 the seat of Anbei was moved to the city of Xi'an near modern Minle County due to incursions by the Second Turkic Khaganate.[2]

In 698 the seat was moved to Yunzhong near modern Horinger.[2]

In 708 the seat of Anbei was moved to the western Shouxiang city near modern Wuyuan County, Inner Mongolia.[2]

In 714 the Anbei and Chanyu protectorates were separated. Chanyu was re-located to Yunzhong while Anbei was re-located to the middle Shouxiang city, near modern Baotou.[2]

In 749 the seat was moved to the military settlement of Hengsai, near modern day Urad Middle Banner.[2]

Due to unfavorable farming conditions near the Hengsai settlement, Guo Ziyi resettled the army near modern Urad Front Banner in 755.[2]

Following the An Lushan Rebellion, the Chanyu and Anbei protectorates lost any real authority and survived in name only. Due to the taboo of An Lushan's name, the Anbei Protectorate was renamed the Zhenbei Protectorate in 757, which has the meaning of "Protectorate General to Suppress the North."[2]

In 758 the Hengsai Army changed its name to Tiande Army and came under control of the Zhenwu Jiedushi.[2][3]

In 840 a group of Uyghurs attacked the Tiande Army.[4]

In 843 the Chanyu Protectorate was renamed Anbei Protectorate[5]

List of protector generals

Jiedushi

See also

References

  1. ↑ Xiong 2008, p. 203.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Xiong 2008, p. 41.
  3. ↑ Xiong 2008, p. 679.
  4. ↑ Drompp 2005, p. 39.
  5. ↑ Xiong 2008, p. 82.

Bibliography

Further reading

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