Sifaka

Sifakas
Coquerel's sifaka (P. coquereli)
CITES Appendix I (CITES)[1]
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Strepsirrhini
Family: Indriidae
Genus: Propithecus
Bennett, 1832[2]
Type species
Propithecus diadema
Bennett, 1832
Diversity
9 species
Combined distribution of Propithecus[3]
Synonyms
  • Macromerus A. Smith, 1833

Sifakas (singular "sifaka"; /ʃɪˈfɑːk/; Malagasy pronunciation: [ˈsifakə̥]) are a genus (Propithecus) of lemur from the family Indriidae within the order Primates. The name of their family is an onomatopoeia of their characteristic "shi-fak" alarm call. Like all lemurs, they are found only on the island of Madagascar. All species of sifakas are threatened, ranging from vulnerable to critically endangered.[4]

Sifakas are medium-sized indrids with a head and body length of 40 to 55 centimetres (16 to 22 in) and a weight of 3 to 6 kilograms (6.6 to 13.2 lb). Their tail is just as long as their body, which differentiates them from the Indri. Their fur is long and silky, with coloration varying by species from yellowish-white to black brown. The round, hairless face is always black. As with all lemurs, the sifaka has special adaptations for grooming, including a toilet-claw on its second toe and a toothcomb.

Sifakas move by vertical clinging and leaping, meaning they maintain an upright position leaping from tree trunk to tree trunk and moving along branches. They are skillful climbers and powerful jumpers, able to make leaps of up to 10 m (32.8 ft) from one tree to the next. On the ground they move like all indrids with bipedal sideways hopping movements of the hind legs, holding their forelimbs up for balance.[5] Sifakas are diurnal and arboreal.

Sifakas are herbivores, eating leaves, flowers, and fruits. When not searching for food they spend a good part of the day sunbathing, stretched on the branches. Sifakas live in larger groups than the other indrids (up to 13 animals). They have a firm territory, which they mark with scent glands. Edges of different sifaka territories can overlap. Even though they defend their territory from invasion by others of their species, they may peacefully co-exist with other lemur species such as red-bellied lemur and the common brown lemur. Successful invasions are known to result in death of male members, group takeover, and infanticide.[6]

Sifaka skeleton

Predators of the sifaka include the fossa, a puma-like mammal native to Madagascar, and aerial hunters such as hawks.[7] The sifaka usually avoids these attacks with its agile acrobatics through the trees high above the ground. However, they have been known to attack by biting and scratching and have even been witnessed fighting off a Madagascar ground boa.[8]

A four to five-month gestation period ends with the birth of a single offspring in July. The young holds fast to the mother's belly when small, but then later is carried on her back. Young are weaned after about six months and reach full maturity at the age of two to three years. The life expectancy of the sifakas is up to 20 years.

Sifakas hop side-to-side when moving on the ground.

Classification

Propithecus distribution
Range of the verreauxi group:

red = P. verreauxi, green = P. coquereli,

purple = P. deckenii, orange = P. coronatus,

blue = P. tattersalli
Range of the diadema group:

red = P. perrieri, green = P. candidus,

purple = P. diadema, orange = P. edwardsi

References

  1. ↑ "Checklist of CITES Species". CITES. UNEP-WCMC. Retrieved 18 March 2015.
  2. ↑ Groves, C.P. (2005). Wilson, D.E.; Reeder, D.M., eds. Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. pp. 120–121. ISBN 0-801-88221-4. OCLC 62265494.
  3. ↑ "IUCN 2014". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Version 2014.3. International Union for Conservation of Nature. 2012. Retrieved 12 March 2015.
  4. ↑ "Mammals – full taxonomy and Red List status". The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species. Retrieved 2011-04-04.
  5. ↑ "Coquerel's Sifaka". Duke University Lemur Center. Retrieved 2009-06-15.
  6. ↑ Brockman, D. K.; Cobden, A. K.; Whitten, P. L. (2009). "Birth season glucocorticoids are related to the presence of infants in sifaka (Propithecus verreauxi)". Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences. 276 (1663): 1855. PMC 2674497 Freely accessible. PMID 19324777. doi:10.1098/rspb.2008.1912.
  7. ↑ "Descriptions and articles about the Coquerel's Sifaka (Propithecus coquereli) - Encyclopedia of Life". Encyclopedia of Life. Retrieved 2015-09-29.
  8. ↑ "Bring it on: Sifaka lemurs take down a three-metre boa in Madagascar | predator-vs-prey | Earth Touch News". Retrieved 2015-09-29.
  9. ↑ Groves, C.P.; Helgen, K.M. (2007). "Craniodental characters in the taxonomy of Propithecus" (PDF). International Journal of Primatology. 28 (6): 1363–1383. doi:10.1007/s10764-007-9226-5.
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