Mosasaurinae

Mosasaurinae
Temporal range: Late Cretaceous, 92–66 Ma
Mounted skeleton of Mosasaurus conodon, Minnesota Science Museum
Scientific classification
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Reptilia
Order: Squamata
Superfamily: Mosasauroidea
Family: Mosasauridae
Subfamily: Mosasaurinae
Gervais, 1853
Type species
Mosasaurus hoffmannii
Mantell, 1829
Genera

The Mosasaurinae are a subfamily of mosasaurid marine lizards.

Russell (1967, pp. 123–124)[1] defined the Mosasurinae as differing from all other mosasaurs as follows: "Small rostrum present or absent anterior to premaxillary teeth. Fourteen or more teeth present in dentary and maxilla. Cranial nerves X, XI, and XII leave lateral wall of opisthotic through two foramina. No canal or groove in floor of basioccipital or basisphenoid for basilar artery. Suprastapedial process of quadrate distally expanded. Dorsal edge of surangular thin lamina of bone rising anteriorly to posterior surface of coronoid...At least 31, usually 42–45 presacral vertebrae present. Length of presacral series exceeds that of postsacral, neural spines of posterior caudal vertebrae elongated to form distinct fin. Appendicular elements with smoothly finished articular surfaces, tarsus and carpus well ossified." In his 1997 revision of the phylogeny of the Mosasauroidea, Bell (pp. 293–332) retained the Mosasaurinae as a clade, though he reassigned Russell's tribe Prognathodontini to the Mosasaurinae and recognized a new tribe of mosasaurines, the Globidensini.[2]

Skeleton of Clidastes liodontus mounted as if pursuing a fossil sea turtle

Genera referrable to the Mosasaurinae ("mosasaurines") have been found on all continents except Australia and South America. The lineage first appears in the Turonian and thrived until the mass extinction event at the end of the Maastrichtian. They ranged in size from one of the smallest known mosasaurs (Carinodens, 3–3.5 meters), to medium-sized taxa (Clidastes, 6+ meters), to the largest of the mosasaurs (Mosasaurus hoffamannii) reaching about 17 m in length. Many genera of mosasaurines were either piscivorous or generalists, preying on fish and other marine reptiles, but one lineage, the Globidensini, evolved specialized crushing teeth, adapting to a diet of ammonites and/or marine turtles.

Relationships

Cladogram of mosasaurs and related taxa modified from D.V. Grigoriev, 2013:[3]

Mosasaurinae


Dallasaurus turneri





Clidastes liodontus



Clidastes moorevillensis



Clidastes propython





"Prognathodon" kianda



Globidens


Globidens alabamaensis



Globidens dakotensis





"Prognathodon" overtoni



"Prognathodon" rapax



"Prognathodon" waiparaensis


Prognathodon


Prognathodon saturator




Prognathodon currii




Prognathodon solvayi



Prognathodon lutugini





Mosasaurini


Plesiotylosaurus crassidens




Eremiasaurus heterodontus




Plotosaurus bennisoni


Mosasaurus


Mosasaurus conodon



Mosasaurus hoffmanni



Mosasaurus missouriensis











References

  1. Russell, D. A., 1967. Systematics and morphology of American mosasaurs. Peabody Museum of Natural History, Yale University, Bulletin 23.
  2. Bell, G. L. Jr., 1997. A phylogenetic revision of North American and Adriatic Mosasauroidea. pp. 293–332 In Callaway J. M. and E. L Nicholls, (eds.), Ancient Marine Reptiles, Academic Press, 501 pp.
    • Gervais, P. 1853. Observations relatives aux reptiles fossiles de France. Acad. Sci. Paris Compt. Rendus 36:374–377, 470–474.
  3. Grigoriev, D. V. (2013). Redescription of Prognathodon lutugini (Squamata, Mosasauridae). Proceedings of the Zoological Institute RAS, 317(3): 246-261.

Further reading

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