Processing Instruction

A Processing Instruction (PI) is an SGML and XML node type, which may occur anywhere in the document, intended to carry instructions to the application.[1][2]

Processing instructions are exposed in the Document Object Model as Node.PROCESSING_INSTRUCTION_NODE, and they can be used in XPath and XQuery with the 'processing-instruction()' command.

Syntax

An SGML processing instruction is enclosed within <? and >.[3]

An XML processing instruction is enclosed within <? and ?>, and contains a target and optionally some content, which is the node value, that cannot contain the sequence ?>.[4]

<?PITarget PIContent?>

The XML Declaration at the beginning of an XML document (shown below) is not a processing instruction, however its similar syntax has often resulted in it being referred to as a processing instruction.[5]

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>

Examples

The most common use of a processing instruction is to request the XML document be rendered using a stylesheet using the 'xml-stylesheet' target, which was standardized in 1999.[6] It can be used for both XSLT and CSS stylesheets.

<?xml-stylesheet type="text/xsl" href="style.xsl"?>

<?xml-stylesheet type="text/css" href="style.css"?>

The DocBook XSLT stylesheets understand a number of processing instructions to override the default behaviour.[7]

A draft specification for Robots exclusion standard rules inside XML documents uses processing instructions.[8]

References

  1. ↑ Chapter 9. Customization methods: Processing instructions
  2. ↑ Comparison of SGML and XML; World Wide Web Consortium Note, 15 December 1997
  3. ↑ Bryan, Martin (1997). SGML and HTML Explained. Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 0-201-40394-3.
  4. ↑ Hossein Bidgoli (2004). The Internet encyclopedia, Volume 3. John Wiley and Sons. p. 877. ISBN 0-471-22203-8.
  5. ↑ Elliotte Rusty Harold, W. Scott Means. XML in a nutshell. p. 23. ISBN 978-0-596-00764-5.
  6. ↑ http://www.w3.org/TR/xml-stylesheet/
  7. ↑ http://docbook.sourceforge.net/release/xsl/current/doc/pi/pi-fo.html
  8. ↑ http://www.atrus.org/writings/technical/robots_pi/


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