Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon

Princess Margaret
Countess of Snowdon (more)
Born (1930-08-21)21 August 1930
Glamis Castle, Angus, Scotland
Died 9 February 2002(2002-02-09) (aged 71)
King Edward VII Hospital, London, England
Burial 9 April 2002[1]
Ashes interred at King George VI Memorial Chapel, St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle
Spouse Antony Armstrong-Jones, 1st Earl of Snowdon (m. 1960; div. 1978)
Issue David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon
Lady Sarah Chatto
Full name
Margaret Rose[2]
House Windsor
Father George VI
Mother Elizabeth Bowes-Lyon
British Royalty
House of Windsor
George V
Edward VIII, Duke of Windsor
George VI
Mary, Princess Royal and Countess of Harewood
Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester
Prince George, Duke of Kent
Prince John
Grandchildren
Elizabeth II
Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
Prince William of Gloucester
Prince Richard, Duke of Gloucester
Prince Edward, Duke of Kent
Prince Michael of Kent
Princess Alexandra, The Hon. Lady Ogilvy

Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, CI, GCVO, GCStJ (Margaret Rose; 21 August 1930 – 9 February 2002) was the younger daughter of King George VI and Queen Elizabeth of the United Kingdom and the only sibling of Queen Elizabeth II.

Margaret spent much of her childhood in the company of her older sister and parents. Her life changed dramatically in 1936, when her paternal uncle, King Edward VIII, abdicated to marry a divorcée, Wallis Simpson. Margaret's father became King, and her older sister became heir presumptive, with Margaret second in line to the throne. During World War II, the two sisters stayed at Windsor Castle, despite suggestions to evacuate them to Canada. During the war years, Margaret was considered too young to perform any official duties and instead continued her education.

After the war, Margaret fell in love with Group Captain Peter Townsend. In 1952, Margaret's father died, her sister became Queen, and Townsend divorced his first wife. Early the following year, he proposed to Margaret. Many in the government believed he would be an unsuitable husband for the Queen's 22-year-old sister, and the Church of England refused to countenance a marriage to a divorced man.[3] Margaret eventually abandoned her plans with him and in 1960, she accepted the proposal of the photographer Antony Armstrong-Jones, who was created Earl of Snowdon by the Queen. The couple had two children. They divorced in 1978.

Margaret was often viewed as a controversial member of the British royal family. Her divorce earned her negative publicity, and she was romantically associated with several men. Her health gradually deteriorated in the final two decades of her life. A heavy smoker for most of her adult life, she had a lung operation in 1985, a bout of pneumonia in 1993, and at least three strokes between 1998 and 2001. She died at King Edward VII Hospital on 9 February 2002.

Early life

Princess Margaret (front) with her sister Elizabeth (right) and grandmother Queen Mary (left)

Margaret was born on 21 August 1930 at Glamis Castle in Scotland,[4] her mother's ancestral home,[5] and was affectionately known as Margot within the royal family.[6] The Home Secretary, J. R. Clynes, was present to verify the birth. The registration of her birth was delayed for several days to avoid her being numbered 13 in the parish register.[7]

At the time of her birth, she was fourth in the line of succession to the British throne. Her father was Prince Albert, Duke of York (later George VI), the second son of King George V and Queen Mary. Her mother was Elizabeth, Duchess of York, the youngest daughter of the 14th Earl and the Countess of Strathmore and Kinghorne. The Duchess of York originally wanted to name her second daughter Ann Margaret, as she explained to Queen Mary in a letter: "I am very anxious to call her Ann Margaret, as I think Ann of York sounds pretty, & Elizabeth and Ann go so well together."[8] King George V disliked the name Ann but approved of the alternative "Margaret Rose".[9]

Margaret was baptised in the private chapel of Buckingham Palace on 30 October 1930 by Cosmo Lang, the Archbishop of Canterbury.[10]

Margaret's early life was spent primarily at the Yorks' residences at 145 Piccadilly (their town house in London) and Royal Lodge in Windsor.[13] The Yorks were perceived by the public as an ideal family: father, mother and children,[14] but unfounded rumours that Margaret was deaf and mute were not completely dispelled until Margaret's first main public appearance at her uncle Prince George's wedding in 1934.[15]

She was educated alongside her sister, Princess Elizabeth, by their Scottish governess Marion Crawford. Margaret's education was mainly supervised by her mother, who in the words of Randolph Churchill "never aimed at bringing her daughters up to be more than nicely behaved young ladies".[16] When Queen Mary insisted upon the importance of education, the Duchess of York commented, "I don't know what she meant. After all I and my sisters only had governesses and we all married well—one of us very well".[17] Margaret was resentful about her limited education, especially in later years, and aimed criticism at her mother.[17] However, Margaret's mother told a friend that she "regretted" that her daughters did not go to school like other children,[18] and the employment of a governess rather than sending the girls to school may have been done only at the insistence of King George V.[19]

Margaret's grandfather, George V, died when she was five, and her uncle acceded as King Edward VIII. Less than a year later, on 11 December 1936, Edward abdicated to marry Wallis Simpson, a twice-divorced American, whom neither the Church of England nor the Dominion governments would accept as queen. The Church would not recognise the marriage of a divorced woman with a living ex-husband as valid. Edward's abdication left a reluctant Duke of York in his place as King George VI, and Margaret unexpectedly became second in line to the throne, with the style The Princess Margaret to indicate her status as a child of the sovereign.[20] The family moved into Buckingham Palace; Margaret's room overlooked The Mall.[21]

William Timym, "HRH Princess Margaret", c. 1944

Margaret was a Brownie in the 1st Buckingham Palace Brownie Pack, formed in 1937. She was also a Girl Guide and later a Sea Ranger. She served as President of Girlguiding UK from 1965 until her death in 2002.[22][23]

At the outbreak of World War II, Margaret and her sister were at Birkhall, on the Balmoral Castle estate, where they stayed until Christmas 1939, enduring nights so cold that drinking water in carafes by their bedside froze.[24] They spent Christmas at Sandringham House before moving to Windsor Castle, just outside London, for much of the remainder of the war.[25] Viscount Hailsham wrote to Prime Minister Winston Churchill to advise the evacuation of the princesses to the greater safety of Canada,[26] to which their mother famously replied, "The children won't go without me. I won't leave without the King. And the King will never leave."[27]

Unlike other members of the royal family, Margaret was not expected to undertake any public or official duties during the war. She developed her skills at singing and playing the piano.[28] Her contemporaries thought she was spoilt by her parents, especially her father,[29] who allowed her to take liberties not usually permissible, such as being allowed to stay up to dinner at the age of 13.[17]

Crawford despaired at the attention Margaret was getting, writing to friends: "Could you this year only ask Princess Elizabeth to your party? ... Princess Margaret does draw all the attention and Princess Elizabeth lets her do that." Elizabeth, however, did not mind this, and commented, "Oh, it's so much easier when Margaret's there—everybody laughs at what Margaret says".[17] King George described Elizabeth as his pride and Margaret as his joy.[30]

Post-war years

Following the end of the war in 1945, Margaret appeared on the balcony at Buckingham Palace with her family and Prime Minister Winston Churchill. Afterwards, both Elizabeth and Margaret joined the crowds outside the palace, incognito, chanting, "we want the King, we want the Queen!"[31]

On 15 April 1946, Margaret was confirmed into the Church of England.[32] On 1 February 1947, she, Elizabeth and their parents embarked on a state tour of Southern Africa. The three-month-long visit was Margaret's first visit abroad, and she later claimed that she remembered "every minute of it".[33] Margaret was chaperoned by Peter Townsend, the King's equerry.[34] Later that year, Margaret was a bridesmaid at Elizabeth's wedding. In the next three years Elizabeth had two children: Charles and Anne, whose births shifted Margaret further down the line of succession.[35]

In 1950, the former royal governess, Marion Crawford, published a biography of Elizabeth and Margaret's childhood years, titled The Little Princesses, in which she described Margaret's "light-hearted fun and frolics"[36] and her "amusing and outrageous ... antics".[37] The royal family were appalled at what they considered Crawford's invasion of their privacy and breach of trust, as a result of which Crawford was ostracised from royal circles.[38]

As a beautiful young woman, with an 18-inch waist and "vivid blue eyes",[39] Margaret enjoyed socialising with high society and the young, aristocratic set, including Sharman Douglas, the daughter of the American ambassador, Lewis Williams Douglas.[40] Margaret was often featured in the press at balls, parties, and nightclubs.[41] The number of her official engagements increased (they included a tour of Italy, Switzerland and France), and she joined a growing number of charitable organisations as president or patron.[42]

Her 21st birthday party was held at Balmoral in August 1951.[43] The following month her father underwent surgery for lung cancer, and Margaret was appointed one of the Counsellors of State who undertook the King's official duties while he was incapacitated.[44] Her father died five months later, in February 1952, and her sister became queen.

Romance with Peter Townsend

Margaret was grief-stricken by her father's death and was prescribed sedatives to help her sleep.[45] Of her father she wrote, "He was such a wonderful person, the very heart and centre of our happy family."[46] She was consoled by her deeply held Christian beliefs.[47] With her widowed mother, Margaret moved out of Buckingham Palace and into Clarence House, while her sister and her family moved out of Clarence House and into Buckingham Palace.[48]

Peter Townsend was appointed Comptroller of her mother's restructured household.[49] By 1953, he was divorced from his first wife and proposed marriage to Margaret. He was 16 years her senior and had two children from his previous marriage. Margaret accepted and informed her sister, the Queen, of her desire to marry Townsend. The Queen's consent was required by the Royal Marriages Act 1772. As in 1936, the Church of England refused to countenance the remarriage of the divorced. Queen Mary had recently died, and Elizabeth was about to be crowned. After her coronation, she planned to tour the Commonwealth for six months. The Queen told Margaret, "Under the circumstances, it isn't unreasonable for me to ask you to wait a year."[50] The Queen was counselled by her private secretary to post Townsend abroad, but she refused and instead transferred him from the Queen Mother's household to her own.[51] The British Cabinet refused to approve the marriage, and newspapers reported that the marriage was "unthinkable" and "would fly in the face of Royal and Christian tradition".[52] Churchill informed the Queen that the Dominion prime ministers were unanimously against the marriage and that Parliament would not approve a marriage that would be unrecognized by the Church of England unless Margaret renounced her rights to the throne.[53]

Churchill arranged for Townsend to be posted to Brussels. Polls run by popular newspapers appeared to show that the public supported Margaret's personal choice, regardless of Church teaching or the government's opinion.[54] For two years, press speculation continued. Margaret was told by clerics that she would be unable to receive communion if she married a divorced man.[55]

Papers released in 2004 to the National Archives show that the Queen and the new Prime Minister Sir Anthony Eden (who had been divorced and remarried himself) drew up a plan in 1955 under which Princess Margaret would have been able to marry Townsend by removing Margaret and any children from the marriage out of the line of succession. Margaret would be allowed to keep her royal title and her civil list allowance, stay in the country and even continue with her public duties. Eden summed up the Queen's attitude in a letter on the subject to the Commonwealth prime ministers "Her Majesty would not wish to stand in the way of her sister's happiness." Eden himself, was very sympathetic; "Exclusion from the Succession would not entail any other change in Princess Margaret's position as a member of the Royal Family," he wrote.[56] The final draft of this proposal was produced on 28 October 1955; on 31 October Margaret issued a statement:

I would like it to be known that I have decided not to marry Group Captain Peter Townsend. I have been aware that, subject to my renouncing my rights of succession, it might have been possible for me to contract a civil marriage. But mindful of the Church's teachings that Christian marriage is indissoluble, and conscious of my duty to the Commonwealth, I have resolved to put these considerations before others. I have reached this decision entirely alone, and in doing so I have been strengthened by the unfailing support and devotion of Group Captain Townsend.[57]

Other rumoured suitors included the Hon. Dominic Elliot, Billy Wallace, Colin Tennant,[58] and John Turner.[59][60]

Marriage

A ticket for the wedding procession

Margaret married the photographer Antony Armstrong-Jones at Westminster Abbey, on 6 May 1960. She reportedly accepted his proposal a day after learning from Peter Townsend that he intended to marry a young Belgian woman,[61] Marie-Luce Jamagne, who was half his age and bore a striking resemblance to Princess Margaret.[62] Margaret's announcement of her engagement, on 26 February 1960, took the press by surprise; she had taken care to conceal the romance from reporters.[63]

The ceremony was the first royal wedding to be broadcast on television,[61] and it attracted viewing figures of 300 million worldwide.[64] Despite the public enthusiasm, most foreign royal families of Europe disapproved of a king's daughter marrying a photographer. Queen Ingrid of Denmark was the only foreign queen to attend the wedding.[65]

Margaret's wedding dress was designed by Norman Hartnell and worn with the Poltimore tiara.[32] Margaret had eight young bridesmaids, led by her niece, Princess Anne. The other bridesmaids were her goddaughter, Marilyn Wills, daughter of her cousin Jean Elphinstone and Major John Lycett Wills; Annabel Rhodes, daughter of her cousin Margaret Elphinstone and Denys Rhodes; Lady Virginia Fitzroy, daughter of Hugh Fitzroy, Earl of Euston; Sarah Lowther, daughter of Sir John Lowther; Catherine Vesey, daughter of Viscount de Vesci; and Lady Rose Nevill, daughter of the Marquess of Abergavenny.[66] The Duke of Edinburgh escorted the bride, and the best man was Dr Roger Gilliatt.[67]

The honeymoon was a six-week Caribbean cruise aboard the royal yacht Britannia.[68] As a wedding present, Colin Tennant gave her a plot of land on his private Caribbean island, Mustique.[69] The newly-weds moved into rooms in Kensington Palace.[70]

In 1961, Margaret's husband was created Earl of Snowdon. The couple had two children (both born by Caesarean section at Margaret's request):[71] David, Viscount Linley, born 3 November 1961, and Lady Sarah, born 1 May 1964.[72]

The marriage widened Margaret's social circle beyond the Court and aristocracy to include show business celebrities and bohemians. At the time, it was thought to reflect the breaking down of British class barriers.[73] The Snowdons experimented with the styles and fashions of the 1960s.[74]

Public life and charity work

Princess Margaret in 1965
Princess Margaret and the Earl of Snowdon with the United States president Lyndon B. Johnson and his wife Lady Bird at the White House on 17 November 1965

Margaret went on multiple tours of various places; in her first major tour she joined her parents and sister for a tour of South Africa in 1947. Her tour aboard Britannia to the British colonies in the Caribbean in 1955 created a sensation throughout the West Indies, and calypsos were dedicated to her.[75] As colonies of the British Commonwealth of Nations sought nationhood, Princess Margaret represented the Crown at independence ceremonies in Jamaica in 1962[76] and Tuvalu and Dominica in 1978. Her visit to Tuvalu was cut short by an illness, which may have been viral pneumonia,[77] and she was flown to Australia to recuperate.[78] Other overseas tours included the United States in 1963, Japan in 1969 and 1979,[79] the United States and Canada in 1974,[80] Australia in 1975,[81] the Philippines in 1980,[82] Swaziland in 1981,[83] and China in 1987.[84] During an official visit to Copenhagen, Denmark, in 1964, she was allegedly bugged by the KGB.[85]

Her main interests were welfare charities, music and ballet. She was president of the National Society and of the Royal Scottish Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Children and Invalid Children's Aid Nationwide (also called 'I CAN'). She was Grand President of the St John Ambulance Brigade and Colonel-in-Chief of Queen Alexandra's Royal Army Nursing Corps. She was also the president or patron of numerous organisations, such as the West Indies Olympic Association, the Girl Guides, Northern Ballet Theatre,[86] and the London Lighthouse (an AIDS charity that has since merged with the Terrence Higgins Trust).[17]

Private life

Reportedly, Margaret had her first extramarital affair in 1966, with her daughter's godfather Anthony Barton, a Bordeaux wine producer.[87] A year later she had a one-month liaison with Robin Douglas-Home, a nephew of former British Prime Minister Alec Douglas-Home.[88] Margaret claimed that her relationship with Douglas-Home was platonic, but her letters to him (which were later sold) were intimate.[89] Douglas-Home, who suffered from depression, committed suicide 18 months after the split with Margaret.[61] Claims that she was romantically involved with musician Mick Jagger,[90] actor Peter Sellers, and Australian cricketer Keith Miller are unproven.[91] According to biographer Charlotte Breese, entertainer Leslie Hutchinson had a "brief liaison" with Margaret in 1955.[92] A 2009 biography of actor David Niven included assertions, based on information from Niven's widow and a good friend of Niven's, that he had had an affair with the princess, who was 20 years his junior.[93] In 1975, the Princess was listed among women with whom actor Warren Beatty had had romantic relationships.[94] John Bindon, a Cockney actor who had spent time in prison, sold his story to the Daily Mirror, boasting of a close relationship with Margaret.[95]

By the early 1970s, the Snowdons had drifted apart. In September 1973, Colin Tennant (later Baron Glenconner) introduced Margaret to Roddy Llewellyn. Llewellyn was 17 years her junior. In 1974, she invited him as a guest to the holiday home she had built on Mustique.[96] It was the first of several visits. Margaret described their relationship as "a loving friendship".[97] Once, when Llewellyn left on an impulsive trip to Turkey, Margaret became emotionally distraught and took an overdose of sleeping tablets.[98] "I was so exhausted because of everything", she later said, "that all I wanted to do was sleep."[99] As she recovered, her ladies-in-waiting kept Lord Snowdon away from her, afraid that seeing him would distress her further.[100]

In February 1976, a picture of Margaret and Llewellyn in swimsuits on Mustique was published on the front page of the News of the World tabloid. The press portrayed Margaret as a predatory older woman and Llewellyn as her toyboy lover.[101] The following month, the Snowdons publicly acknowledged that their marriage had irretrievably broken down.[102] Some politicians suggested removing Margaret from the Civil list. Labour MPs denounced her as "a royal parasite"[103] and a "floosie".[104] On 11 July 1978, the Snowdons' divorce was finalised.[105] It was the first divorce of a senior member of the royal family since Princess Victoria Melita of Edinburgh's, in 1901. In December 1978, Snowdon married Lucy Lindsay-Hogg.[106]

In August 1979, Louis Mountbatten, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma, and members of his family were killed by a bomb planted by the Provisional Irish Republican Army.[107] That October, while on a fundraising tour of the United States on behalf of the Royal Opera House, Margaret was seated at a dinner reception in Chicago with columnist Abra Anderson and mayor Jane Byrne. Margaret told them that the royal family had been moved by the many letters of condolence from Ireland.[108] The following day, Anderson's rival Irv Kupcinet published a claim that Margaret had referred to the Irish as "pigs".[109] Margaret, Anderson and Byrne all issued immediate denials,[108] but the damage was already done. The rest of the tour drew demonstrations, and Margaret's security was doubled in the face of physical threats.[110]

In 1981, Llewellyn married Tatiana Soskin, whom he had known for 10 years.[111] Margaret remained close friends with them both.[112] In January 1981, Margaret was a guest on the BBC Radio 4 programme Desert Island Discs.[113]

Illness and death

Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon, in later life

The Princess's later life was marred by illness and disability. She had smoked cigarettes since at least the age of 15 and had continued to smoke heavily for many years.[114] On 5 January 1985, she had part of her left lung removed; the operation drew parallels with that of her father over 30 years earlier.[115] In 1991, she quit smoking, though she continued to drink heavily.[116] In January 1993, she was admitted to hospital for pneumonia. She experienced a mild stroke in 1998 at her holiday home in Mustique. Early the following year the Princess suffered severe scalds to her feet in a bathroom accident, which affected her mobility to the extent that she required support when walking and sometimes used a wheelchair.[117] In January and March 2001, further strokes were diagnosed, which left her with partial vision and paralysis on the left side.[118] Margaret's last public appearances were at the 101st birthday celebrations of her mother in August 2001 and the 100th birthday celebration of her aunt, Princess Alice, Duchess of Gloucester, that December.[119]

We thank thee Lord who by thy spirit doth our faith restore
When we with worldly things commune & prayerless close our door
We lose our precious gift divine to worship and adore
Then thou our Saviour, fill our hearts to love thee evermore

Princess Margaret's epitaph, written by herself, is carved on a memorial stone in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle[120]

Princess Margaret died in the King Edward VII Hospital, London, on 9 February 2002 at the age of 71, after suffering another stroke.[121] Her funeral was held on 15 February 2002, the 50th anniversary of her father's funeral. In line with her wishes, the ceremony was a private service for family and friends.[122] Unlike most other members of the royal family, Princess Margaret was cremated, at Slough Crematorium. Her ashes were placed in the tomb of her parents, King George VI and Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother (who died seven weeks after Margaret), in the King George VI Memorial Chapel in St George's Chapel, Windsor Castle, two months later.[123] A state memorial service was held at Westminster Abbey on 19 April 2002.[124]

Legacy

Royal Monogram

Observers often characterised Margaret as a spoiled snob capable of cutting remarks and hauteur.[125] She was said to look down on her grandmother, Mary of Teck, because Mary was born a princess with the "Serene Highness" style, whereas Margaret was born a royal princess with the "Royal Highness" style.[126] Their letters, however, provide no indication of friction between them.[127]

Margaret could also be charming and informal. People who came into contact with her could be perplexed by her swings between frivolity and formality.[128] Former governess Marion Crawford wrote in her memoir, "Impulsive and bright remarks she made became headlines and, taken out of their context, began to produce in the public eye an oddly distorted personality that bore little resemblance to the Margaret we knew."[129]

Margaret's acquaintance Gore Vidal, the noted American writer, wrote, "She was far too intelligent for her station in life."[130] He recalled a conversation with Margaret in which she, discussing her public notoriety, said, "It was inevitable: when there are two sisters and one is the Queen, who must be the source of honour and all that is good, while the other must be the focus of the most creative malice, the evil sister."[130]

In June 2006, much of Margaret's estate was auctioned by Christie's to meet inheritance tax, though some of the items were sold in aid of charities such as the Stroke Association.[131] A world record price of £1.24 million was set by a Fabergé clock. The Poltimore tiara, which she wore for her wedding in 1960, sold for £926,400.[132] The sale of her effects totalled £13,658,000.[132] In April 2007, an exhibition titled Princess Line – The Fashion Legacy of Princess Margaret opened at Kensington Palace, showcasing contemporary fashion from British designers such as Vivienne Westwood inspired by Princess Margaret's legacy of style. Christopher Bailey's Spring 2006 collection for Burberry was inspired by Margaret's look from the 1960s.[133]

Princess Margaret's private life was for many years the subject of intense speculation by media and royal-watchers. Her house on Mustique, designed by her husband's uncle Oliver Messel, a stage designer, was her favourite holiday destination.[134] Allegations of wild parties and drug taking were made in a documentary broadcast after the Princess's death.

Biographer Warwick suggests that Margaret's most enduring legacy is an accidental one. Perhaps unwittingly, Margaret paved the way for public acceptance of royal divorce. Her life, if not her actions, made the decisions and choices of her sister's children, three of whom divorced, easier than they otherwise would have been.[135]

Places named after her

Plants named after her

Representation in media

Margaret has been portrayed by:

Titles, styles, honours and arms

Titles and styles

Honours

Foreign honours

Honorary military appointments

Australia Australia
Bermuda Bermuda
Canada Canada
United Kingdom United Kingdom

Arms

Issue

Name Birth Marriage Issue
David Armstrong-Jones, 2nd Earl of Snowdon 3 November 1961 8 October 1993 Serena Stanhope Charles Armstrong-Jones, Viscount Linley
Lady Margarita Armstrong-Jones
Lady Sarah Armstrong-Jones 1 May 1964 14 July 1994 Daniel Chatto Samuel Chatto
Arthur Chatto

Ancestry

Notes

  1. ↑ "Queen Mother is laid to rest". BBC News. Retrieved 11 January 2017.
  2. ↑ As a titled royal, Margaret held no surname, but when one was used, it was Windsor.
  3. ↑ In 2002, the Church of England changed its policy on marriages of divorced persons. Under certain circumstances, it now permits a person with a former spouse still living to remarry in church. See link
  4. ↑ "No. 33636". The London Gazette. 22 August 1930. p. 5225.
  5. ↑ Heald, p.1; Warwick, pp.27–28
  6. ↑ Davies, Caroline (11 February 2002). "A tale of two sisters' enduring affection". The Daily Telegraph.
  7. ↑ "Ma'am darling:The princess driven by loyalty and duty". The Independent. 25 February 1998. Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  8. ↑ Warwick, p.31
  9. ↑ Warwick, pp.31–32
  10. ↑ Her godparents were: the Prince of Wales (her paternal uncle, for whom his brother the Prince George stood proxy); Princess Ingrid of Sweden (her paternal cousin, for whom another cousin Lady Patricia Ramsay stood proxy); the Princess Victoria (her paternal great-aunt); the Lady Rose Leveson-Gower (her maternal aunt); and the Hon David Bowes-Lyon (her maternal uncle).[11][12]
  11. ↑ Heald, p.6; Warwick, p.33
  12. ↑ "Yvonne's Royalty Home Page: Royal Christenings". Yvonne Demoskoff.
  13. ↑ Crawford, pp.14–34; Heald, pp.7–8; Warwick, pp.35–39
  14. ↑ Warwick, pp.34, 120
  15. ↑ Warwick, pp.45–46
  16. ↑ Quoted in Warwick, p.52
  17. 1 2 3 4 5 Bradford
  18. ↑ Lisa Sheridan in From Cabbages to Kings, quoted by Warwick, pp.51–52
  19. ↑ Warwick, p.52
  20. ↑ Heald, p.11; Warwick, p.71
  21. ↑ Heald, p.18; Warwick, p.76
  22. ↑ Royal Support for the Scouting and Guiding Movements, Official Website of the British Monarchy, archived from the original on 24 January 2009, retrieved 25 July 2008
  23. ↑ The charitable princess, BBC News, 9 February 2002, retrieved 17 December 2008
  24. ↑ Crawford, p.110; Warwick, p.98
  25. ↑ Crawford, pp.104–119; Warwick, pp.99–101
  26. ↑ Warwick, p.102
  27. ↑ Biography of HM Queen Elizabeth the Queen Mother: Activities as Queen, Official website of the British monarchy, retrieved 28 July 2009
  28. ↑ Dempster, p.8
  29. ↑ Bradford; Heald, p.9
  30. ↑ Botham, p.9
  31. ↑ Aronson, p.92
  32. 1 2 Helen Molesworth, Property from the Collection of Her Royal Highness The Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon. Christie's Auction House, Jewellery Department, London, 2006. Auction of the Property of HRH Princess Margaret
  33. ↑ Aronson, p.97
  34. ↑ Heald, p.39
  35. ↑ Heald, p.53
  36. ↑ Crawford, p.111
  37. ↑ Crawford, p.164
  38. ↑ Heald, p.7; Warwick, pp.40–43
  39. ↑ Warwick, p.140
  40. ↑ Warwick, pp.138–139
  41. ↑ Warwick, pp.140–142
  42. ↑ Warwick, pp.154–159
  43. ↑ Heald, p.84; Warwick, p.163
  44. ↑ Warwick, p.167
  45. ↑ Warwick, p.170
  46. ↑ Warwick, pp.170–171
  47. ↑ Heald, p. 89; Warwick, p.180
  48. ↑ Heald, p.91; Warwick, p.176
  49. ↑ Warwick, p.182
  50. ↑ The Queen quoted by Princess Margaret, in Warwick, p.186
  51. ↑ Warwick, p.187
  52. ↑ e.g. The People newspaper quoted in Warwick, p.190
  53. ↑ Warwick, p.191
  54. ↑ Warwick, p.192
  55. ↑ Warwick, p.203
  56. ↑ Paul Reynolds (19 November 2016). "Did the Queen stop Princess Margaret marrying Peter Townsend?". bbc.co.uk. BBC. Retrieved 19 November 2016.
  57. ↑ Princess Margaret, 31 October 1955, quoted in Warwick, p.205
  58. ↑ Heald, p.105
  59. ↑ "Princess Meg To Marry Commoner Named Jones". Victoria Advocate. Victoria, Texas. Associated Press. 27 February 1960. p. 1. Retrieved 10 May 2013.
  60. ↑ "Princess Margaret and future PM John Turner may have 'nearly married', letters reveal". CBC News. 21 February 2015.
  61. 1 2 3 Caroline Davies (10 February 2002), "A captivating woman...", The Daily Telegraph, UK, retrieved 17 October 2008
  62. ↑ Heald, p. 112: "looked strikingly like Princess Margaret"; Warwick, p. 223: "more than a passing resemblance to the Princess"
  63. ↑ Heald, pp. 114–115; Warwick, p. 225
  64. ↑ Warwick, p.227
  65. ↑ Documentary Happy and Glorious – Royal Weddings On Film.
  66. ↑ "Margaret names her bridesmaids". Royal Musings.
  67. ↑ "On this day: 1960: Margaret weds Armstrong-Jones". BBC News.
  68. ↑ Heald, pp. 119–121; Warwick, pp. 229–230
  69. ↑ Heald, p. 122; Warwick, p. 271
  70. ↑ Heald, p.141; Warwick, p. 233
  71. ↑ Heald, pp. 140–141
  72. ↑ "Princess Margaret". The Guardian. Retrieved 27 July 2014.
  73. ↑ Haden-Guest, Anthony: "The New Class", The Queen (magazine), 1965
  74. ↑ Warwick, p. 239
  75. ↑ Payne, p.17
  76. ↑ Heald, pp.149–150
  77. ↑ Heald, pp.206–207
  78. ↑ Heald, p.207
  79. ↑ Heald, pp.154–163, 210
  80. ↑ Heald, p.187
  81. ↑ Heald, pp.188–190
  82. ↑ Heald, pp.225–226
  83. ↑ Heald, pp.229–233
  84. ↑ Heald, pp.245–247
  85. ↑ "Princess Margaret ‘spied on by KGB’". The Sun.
  86. ↑ "Northern ballet theatre". Retrieved 10 April 2013.
  87. ↑ Heald, p. 170; Warwick, p. 245
  88. ↑ Heald, p.170
  89. ↑ Warwick, pp. 245–246
  90. ↑ Aronson, p.229
  91. ↑ Cricinfo – Players and Officials – Keith Miller, Cricinfo, retrieved 13 October 2008
  92. ↑ Breese, Charlotte (2012). "Chapter Twelve: The Sweet Smell 1956-1959". Hutch. A&C Black. ISBN 9781408831137.
  93. ↑ Munn, Michael (24 May 2009)."Oh God, I wanted her to die", The Sunday Times, Retrieved 29 May 2009.
  94. ↑ Playgirl, Volume 3, 1975
  95. ↑ Aronson, p. 260
  96. ↑ Heald, p. 194; Warwick, p. 255
  97. ↑ Margaret, quoted in Warwick, p. 256
  98. ↑ Heald, p. 198; Warwick, p. 257
  99. ↑ Quoted in Warwick, p.257
  100. ↑ Warwick, p. 257
  101. ↑ Warwick, p. 258
  102. ↑ Heald, p. 197; Warwick, p.258
  103. ↑ Denis Canavan quoted in Warwick, p. 260
  104. ↑ Willie Hamilton quoted in Warwick, p. 261
  105. ↑ Aronson, p. 268
  106. ↑ Warwick, p. 263
  107. ↑ "1979: IRA bomb kills Lord Mountbatten", BBC On This Day, 27 August
  108. 1 2 Warwick, p. 267
  109. ↑ Heald, p. 217; Warwick, p. 267
  110. ↑ Warwick, pp. 267–268
  111. ↑ Warwick, p.274
  112. ↑ Heald, p.308; Warwick, p.256
  113. ↑ Desert Island Discs Archive – HRH Princess Margaret BBC Radio 4
  114. ↑ Heald, pp.32–33
  115. ↑ Warwick, p.276
  116. ↑ Heald, p.256
  117. ↑ Warwick, pp.290–291
  118. ↑ Warwick, pp.299–302
  119. ↑ Warwick, p.303
  120. ↑ Heald, p.294
  121. ↑ Warwick, p.304
  122. ↑ Warwick, p.306
  123. ↑ Warwick, pp.306–308
  124. ↑ Heald, p.295
  125. ↑ Heald, pp.130–131, 222–223
  126. ↑ Heald, p.89
  127. ↑ Heald, pp.15–16, 89
  128. ↑ Heald, p.146
  129. ↑ Crawford, p.226
  130. 1 2 Vidal, Gore (2006), Point to Point Navigation, Little, Brown, ISBN 0-316-02727-8
  131. ↑ Heald, pp.297–301
  132. 1 2 Heald, p.301
  133. ↑ Heald, pp.296–297
  134. ↑ See, for example, Roy Strong quoted in Heald, p.191
  135. ↑ Warwick, pp.308–309
  136. 1 2 Yanne, Andrew; Heller, Gillis (2009). Signs of a Colonial Era. Hong Kong University Press. pp. 20–23. ISBN 978-962-209-944-9.
  137. ↑ "Channel 4 Docudrama 'The Queen' Episode One synopsis".
  138. ↑ Princess Margaret at no time assumed the title "Princess Margaret, Mrs Antony Armstrong-Jones" (see e.g. issues of the London Gazette 1 November 1960, 25 November 1960, 24 February 1961, 28 February 1961, 3 March 1961 and 24 March 1961).
  139. ↑ "No. 37976". The London Gazette (Supplement). 6 June 1947. p. 2569.
  140. ↑ "No. 39863". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 May 1953. p. 2940.
  141. ↑ "No. 40818". The London Gazette. 29 June 1956. p. 3803.
  142. ↑ "No. 52253". The London Gazette. 24 August 1990. p. 13769.
  143. ↑ "No. 39865". The London Gazette (Supplement). 26 May 1953. p. 2997.
  144. ↑ "No. 49902". The London Gazette. 19 October 1984. p. 14141.
  145. ↑ "No. 41535". The London Gazette (Supplement). 28 October 1958. p. 6639.
  146. ↑ "No. 54745". The London Gazette (Supplement). 21 April 1997. p. 4766.
  147. ↑ "No. 40286". The London Gazette (Supplement). 24 September 1954. p. 5499.
  148. ↑ "No. 41801". The London Gazette (Supplement). 25 August 1959. p. 5421.
  149. ↑ "No. 47234". The London Gazette (Supplement). 10 June 1977. p. 7079.
  150. ↑ Marks of cadency in the British royal family, Heraldica.org, retrieved 17 October 2008

References

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Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon
Born: 21 August 1930 Died: 9 February 2002
Academic offices
Preceded by
The Earl of Harrowby		 President of the University College of North Staffordshire
1956–1962 		College becomes Keele University
New title Chancellor of Keele University
1962–1986 		Succeeded by
Baron Moser
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