Prince Guo

Prince Guo of the First Rank (Manchu: ᡩᠣᡵᠣᠨ
ᠠᠮᠪᠠᠯᡳ
ᠴᡳᠨ ᠸᠠᠩ; hošoi kengse cin wang), or simply Prince Guo, was the title of a princely peerage used in China during the Manchu-led Qing dynasty (1644–1912). As the Prince Guo peerage was not awarded "iron-cap" status, this meant that each successive bearer of the title would normally start off with a title downgraded by one rank vis-à-vis that held by his predecessor. However, the title would generally not be downgraded to any lower than a feng'en fuguo gong except under special circumstances.

The first bearer of the title was Yunli (1697–1738), the 17th son of the Kangxi Emperor. In 1723, he was awarded the status of a junwang (prince of the second rank) by his fourth brother, the Yongzheng Emperor, who succeeded their father. Yunli was known as "Prince Guo of the Second Rank". In 1728, he was promoted to a qinwang (prince of the first rank), hence he was known as "Prince Guo of the First Rank". The title was passed down over eight generations and was held by ten persons.

Members of the Prince Guo peerage

Yunli (1697–1738), the first Prince Guo

• Yunli (1697–1738; 1st), the Kangxi Emperor's 17th son, was a junwang from 1723 to 1728, promoted to qinwang in 1728, posthumously honoured as Prince Guoyi of the First Rank (果毅親王)
  • (a) Hongyan (弘曕; 1733–1765; 2nd), the Yongzheng Emperor's sixth son, adopted as Yunli's son & heir, initially a qinwang from 1738 to 1763, demoted to a beile in 1763 but promoted to a junwang in 1765, posthumously honoured as Prince Guogong of the Second Rank (果恭郡王)
    • 1 Yongtu (永瑹; 1752–1789; 3rd), held a junwang title from 1765 to 1789, posthumously honoured as Prince Guojian of the Second Rank (果簡郡王)
      • 1 Miancong (綿從; 1772–1791; 4th), Yongtu's eldest son, held the status of a beile from 1790 to 1791
    • 2 Yongcan (永璨; 1753–1810), Hongyan's second son, held the title of a first class defender general from 1775 to 1800
      • 1 Mianlü (綿律; 1774–1832; 5th), Yongcan's eldest son and Yongtu's adoptive son, held a beile title from 1791 to 1806, stripped of his title in 1806
        • 1 Yixiang (奕湘; 1796–1881; 7th), Mianlü's eldest son and Miancong's adoptive son, held the title of a grace defender duke from 1833 to 1872, awarded beizi status but not a beizi title in 1872, posthumously honoured as Grace Defender Duke Keshen (奉恩鎮國恪慎公)
          • 1 Zaikun (載坤; 1834–1890), held the title of a bulwark general from 1857 to 1876, his title stripped in 1876
            • Puzhen (溥鉁; 1885–1920)
              • 1 Yuting (毓鋌; b. 1919; 10th), Puzhen's eldest son and Puyan's adoptive son, held the title of a grace bulwark duke from 1918 to 1945
          • 3 Zaizhuo (載卓; 1849–1907; 8th), held the title of a grace bulwark duke from 1881 to 1907
            • 1 Puyan (溥閻; 1884–1918; 9th), Zaizhuo's eldest son, held the title of a grace bulwark duke from 1907 to 1918
      • 3 Miantong (綿㣚; 1783–1833; 6th), held a beizi title from 1806 to 1833
        • Yiwen (奕雯), Miantong's eldest son, held the title of a second class defender general from 1833 to 1862
          • 1 Zaipin (載品), held the title of a third class defender general from 1862 to 1904
            • 1 Putang (溥棠), held the title of a supporter general from 1905 to 1945

Family tree

Legend:

•   - Title bearers
•   - Emperors

		adoption
								Kangxi Emperor
								4								17
								Yongzheng Emperor								Yunli 1 允禮 1697 - 1738 Prince Guoyi 果毅親王 1728 – 1738
								6
								Hongyan 2 弘曕 1733 - 1765 Prince Guogong (of the Second Rank) 果恭郡王 1765
1
Yongtu 3 永瑹 1752 - 1789 Prince Guojian (of the Second Rank) 果簡郡王 1765 – 1789								Yongcan 永璨 1753 – 1810 First Class Defender General 一等鎮國將軍 1775 – 1800
1								1								3
Miancong 4 綿從 1772 – 1791 Beile 貝勒 1790 – 1791								Mianlü 5 綿律 1774 – 1832 Beile 貝勒 1791 – 1806 (title stripped)								Miantong 6 綿㣚 1783 – 1833 Beizi 貝子 1806 – 1833
								1								1
								Yixiang 7 奕湘 1796 – 1881 Grace Defender Duke Keshen acting Beizi 奉恩鎮國恪慎公 衔 貝子 1872 – 1881								Yiwen 奕雯 Second Class Defender General 二等鎮國將軍 1833 - 1862
1								3								1
Zaikun 載坤 1834 – 1890 Bulwark General 輔國將軍 1857 – 1876 (title stripped)								Zaizhuo 8 載卓 1849 – 1907 Grace Bulwark Duke 奉恩輔國公 (1881–1907)								Zaipin 載品 Third Class Defender General 三等鎮國將軍 1862 - 1904
								1								1
Puzhen 溥鉁 1885 – 1920								Puyan 9 溥閻 1884 – 1918 Grace Bulwark Duke 奉恩輔國公 1907 – 1918								Putang 溥棠 Supporter General 奉國將軍 1905 - 1945
1
Yuting 10 毓鋌 b. 1919 Grace Bulwark Duke 奉恩輔國公 1919 – 1945

See also

• Royal and noble ranks of the Qing dynasty

References

• Zhao, Erxun (1928). Draft History of Qing (Qing Shi Gao). Volume 220. China.